Deck 6: D: Learning

Question 1

Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

A)blinking when air is blown into your eye
B)blinking when you hear your favourite song
C)your favourite song
D)a puff of air to your eye

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A research participant hears a tone followed by a puff of air directed toward his eye.Later,he blinks when he hears the tone.Before ending the experiment,what could the researcher do in order to extinguish the blinking to that tone?

A)present the tone alone repeatedly
B)present the puff of air alone repeatedly
C)increase the loudness of the tone
D)increase the amount of air that is directed toward the eye

Answer 2

A

Question 3

When Ivan Pavlov presented meat powder,the dog salivated.The meat powder was the ________ and salivation was the ________.

A)UR,US
B)US,UR
C)CS,CR
D)CR,CS

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food,the cats come running to the kitchen.Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the conditioned stimulus is the __________.

A)cat food
B)cat
C)running of the cats
D)cupboard door opening

Question 5

An experiment finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he hears a certain piece of music.The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then plays the piece of music.The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone.In this situation the UNCONDITIONED response is the:

A)increased heartbeat.
B)piece of music.
C)sound of the buzzer.
D)listening to the music.

Question 6

Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food,the cats come running to the kitchen.Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the unconditioned stimulus is the __________.

A)cat food
B)cat
C)running of the cats
D)cupboard door opening

Question 7

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat,Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented.In this experiment,the ringing of the bell was the __________.

A)unconditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned response
C)conditioned stimulus
D)conditioned response

Question 8

When Casey opens the closet door to get some dog food,her dog salivates.What is the conditioned stimulus in this example?

A)dog food
B)the cat running
C)the sound of the closet door opening
D)the dog

Question 9

What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur?

A)unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response
B)conditioned response and unconditioned response
C)neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
D)neutral stimulus and conditioned stimulus

Question 10

Some of the simplest and most basic learning that involves the acquisition of fairly specific patterns of behaviours in the presence of well-defined stimuli is:

A)motivation.
B)cognitive dissonance.
C)integration.
D)conditioning.

Question 11

Learning is a process by which experience results in __________.

A)acquisition of motivation
B)relatively permanent behaviour change
C)amplification of sensory stimuli
D)delayed genetic behavioural contributions

Question 12

Classical conditioning was discovered by _______.

A)Pavlov
B)Watson
C)Thorndike
D)Skinner

Question 13

Many individuals decide that they feel hungry and eat lunch when they see both hands of the clock on the 12,indicating that it is noontime.This may occur regardless of how recently they ate breakfast.In this example,the conditioned response is:

A)the act of eating breakfast.
B)the act of eating lunch.
C)the counting of the number of hours since breakfast.
D)the watching of the hands of the clock.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about classical conditioning is true?

A)Most classical conditioning requires repeated trials.
B)One trial is usually enough for conditioning to occur.
C)Learning will continue to increase indefinitely.
D)Learning is more effective if trials follow each other very quickly.

Question 15

We associate the name of _______ most closely with classical conditioning.

A)B.F.Skinner
B)Robert Rescorla
C)Albert Bandura
D)Ivan Pavlov

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of learning?

A)The human brain continues to grow and develop after birth.
B)A human male develops the capacity to produce sperm cells at puberty.
C)Drinking coffee makes a person more aroused.
D)A student does not swat at a wasp buzzing around her head.

Question 17

The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behaviour or potential behaviour is known as __________.

A)learning
B)intelligence formation
C)imprinting
D)cognition

Question 18

Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with __________.

A)vicarious learning
B)the law of effect
C)operant conditioning
D)classical conditioning

Question 19

The process by which experience results in a relatively permanent change in what one is capable of doing is called:

A)knowledge.
B)intelligence.
C)learning.
D)performance.

Question 20

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat,Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented.In this experiment,the presentation of the meat was the:

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Question 21

As she walked through her neighbourhood,Jodie,a 6-year-old girl,frequently saw a large brown dog.She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it,but as her hand approached the animal,it barked and bit her.The bite was painful and caused her to cry.Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any colour or size.Jodie's crying when she sees dogs is the

A)US.
B)CS.
C)UR.
D)CR.

Question 22

As she walked through her neighbourhood,Jodie,a 6-year-old girl,frequently saw a large brown dog.She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it,but as her hand approached the animal,it barked and bit her.The bite was painful and caused her to cry.Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any colour or size.In the example,the dog's bark and bite are the

A)US.
B)CS.
C)UR.
D)CR.

Question 23

New learning that works in the opposite direction from the original learning results in ________.

A)shaping
B)generalization
C)spontaneous recovery
D)extinction

Question 24

In classical conditioning,the stimulus that normally evokes an automatic response even without new learning is called the

A)conditioned stimulus.
B)reflexive stimulus.
C)unconditioned stimulus.
D)orienting stimulus.

Question 25

Of the four basic elements of classical conditioning,the one the organism learns to respond to is the

A)US.
B)UR.
C)CS.
D)CR.

Question 26

How does one know he/she has classically conditioned a person or an animal?

A)The unconditioned stimulus all by itself elicits the unconditioned response.
B)The unconditioned stimulus all by itself elicits the conditioned response.
C)The conditioned stimulus all by itself elicits the conditioned response.
D)The unconditioned response all by itself elicits the conditioned response.

Question 27

Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Canada Day festival,but at first pay just scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers.However,after just a few firecrackers have been exploded,some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the unconditioned stimulus?

A)the person lighting the firecrackers
B)the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers
C)the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers
D)the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode

Question 28

Rachel has found that when she opens up the cupboard door to get the cat food,the cats come running to the kitchen.Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning,that the unconditioned stimulus is the __________ and that the conditioned stimulus is the ___________.

A)cat food;cupboard door opening
B)kitchen;cat food
C)cupboard door opening;cat food
D)cat food;kitchen

Question 29

Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Canada Day festival,but at first pay scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers.However,after just a few firecrackers have been exploded,some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the conditioned stimulus?

A)the person lighting the firecrackers
B)the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers
C)the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers
D)the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode

Question 30

Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?

A)A child learns to blink her eyes to a bell because the ringing of the bell has been followed by a puff of air to the eye.
B)A pigeon learns to peck at a disk in a Skinner box to get food.
C)Rich saw that when Donna banged her fist against a particular vending machine,she got a free soft drink,so now he bangs his fist against that machine when he wants a free soft drink.
D)A monkey learns to escape from a cage.

Question 31

Bobby and Sue were parked at Lover's Lane.When Bobby kissed Sue,his breathing accelerated.Sue always wore Chanel 5 when she went out with Bobby.Bobby's accelerated breathing when he and Sue kissed is the

A)US.
B)UR.
C)CS.
D)CR.

Question 32

Many animals fear snakes,what does research suggest is the source of this fear?

A)operant conditioning
B)instinct
C)classical conditioning
D)shaping

Question 33

In classical conditioning,when a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response,the neutral stimulus eventually elicits a similar response or becomes a/an _______ stimulus.

A)conditioned
B)discriminative
C)higher-order
D)unconditioned

Question 34

As she walked through her neighbourhood,Jodie,a 6-year-old girl,frequently saw a large brown dog.She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it,but as her hand approached the animal,it barked and bit her.The bite was painful and caused her to cry.Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any colour or size.The sight of dogs is the

A)US.
B)CS.
C)UR.
D)CR.

Question 35

Bobby and Sue were parked at Lover's Lane.When Bobby kissed Sue,his breathing accelerated.Sue always wore Chanel 5 when she went out with Bobby.Whenever Bobby smelled Chanel 5,he began to breathe faster.Sue's kiss was the

A)US.
B)UR.
C)CS.
D)CR.

Question 36

Bobby and Sue were parked at Lover's Lane.When Bobby kissed Sue,his breathing accelerated.Sue always wore Chanel 5 when she went out with Bobby.Chanel 5 is the

A)US.
B)UR.
C)CS.
D)CR.

Question 37

Paul is coming down with the flu,but he eats spaghetti anyway and subsequently becomes violently ill.A month later he sees that spaghetti is being served in the dining hall and is overcome by nausea.What type of learning is illustrated by this episode?

A)operant conditioning
B)cognitive learning
C)latent learning
D)classical conditioning

Question 38

Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Canada Day festival,but at first pay scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers.However,after just a few firecrackers have been exploded,some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the unconditioned response?

A)the person lighting the firecrackers
B)the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers
C)the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers
D)the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode

Question 39

Bobby and Sue were parked at Lover's Lane.When Bobby kissed Sue,his breathing accelerated.Sue always wore Chanel 5 when she went out with Bobby.Bobby's faster breathing rate when he smells Chanel 5 is the

A)US.
B)UR.
C)CS.
D)CR.

Question 40

In classical conditioning,one must pair the _______ before conditioning can occur.

A)US and CR
B)US and CS
C)CR and CS
D)UR and CR

Question 41

In the experiment with Little Albert,the conditioned response was _______.

A)the rat
B)the laboratory
C)the loud noise
D)fear

Question 42

Pairing the US and CS is essential for _______ to occur.

A)extinction
B)classical conditioning
C)operant conditioning
D)shaping

Question 43

When Luke kissed Laura,her heart rate increased.Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave.Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice,her heart raced.Laura's increased heart rate when Luke kissed her was the

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Question 44

When Luke kissed Laura,her heart rate increased.Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave.Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice,her heart raced.Luke's kiss was the

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Question 45

In the classic study of fear conditioning in a human infant (the "Albert" experiment),what was the CS?

A)the rat
B)the rabbit
C)the loud noise
D)the crying response

Question 46

In the experiment with Little Albert,the unconditioned stimulus was _______.

A)the experimenter
B)the laboratory
C)the loud noise
D)the rat

Question 47

Spontaneous recovery

A)occurs before the pairing of the CS and US.
B)occurs after a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement.
C)is an unlearned response.
D)can occur once a response has been extinguished.

Question 48

When Luke kissed Laura,her heart rate increased.Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave.Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice thereafter,her heart raced.Old Spice After Shave was the

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Question 49

An experimenter finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he sees a picture of a nude female.The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then presents such a picture.The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone.In this situation the CONDITIONED response is the ________.

A)increased heartbeat
B)nude female's picture
C)sounds of the buzzer
D)viewing of the picture

Question 50

An experimenter finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he sees a picture of a nude female.The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then presents such a picture.The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone.In this situation the UNCONDITIONED response is the _______.

A)increased heartbeat
B)female's picture
C)sounds of the buzzer
D)viewing of the picture

Question 51

Who was Little Albert?

A)developer of the concept of classical conditioning
B)an animal trained by using operant conditioning procedures
C)creator of methods for teaching children
D)a child who developed a fear as part of a demonstration of classical conditioning

Question 52

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat,Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented.In this experiment,salivation to the meat was the _______.

A)unconditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned response
C)conditioned stimulus
D)conditioned response

Question 53

When Luke kissed Laura,her heart rate increased.Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave.Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice,her heart would race.Laura's increased heart rate when she smelled Old Spice was the

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Question 54

One of the best-known examples of classical conditioning in humans was the Little Albert study,conducted by _______.

A)Pavlov
B)Freud
C)Watson
D)Skinner

Question 55

In the experiment with Little Albert,the unconditioned response was _______.

A)fear of the loud noise
B)fear of the rat
C)fear of the experimenter
D)fear of the laboratory

Question 56

When a stimulus similar to the CS also elicits the CR,the phenomenon is called _______.

A)stimulus discrimination
B)stimulus generalization
C)spontaneous recovery
D)second-order conditioning

Question 57

In the classic study of fear conditioning in a human infant (the "Albert" experiment),what was the US?

A)the rat
B)the rabbit
C)the loud noise
D)the crying response

Question 58

In the experiment with Little Albert,the conditioned stimulus was __________.

A)Albert
B)the rat
C)the loud noise
D)the laboratory room

Question 59

Taste aversions seem to be specific examples of what type of learning?

A)classical conditioning
B)insight learning
C)vicarious learning
D)operant conditioning

Question 60

Repeatedly presenting a CS by itself will result in ________.

A)extinction
B)spontaneous recovery
C)stimulus discrimination
D)stimulus generalization

Question 61

Once conditioning has been acquired,presenting just the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus produces

A)extinction.
B)generalization.
C)a new conditioned response.
D)spontaneous recovery.

Question 62

As she walked through her neighbourhood,Jodie,a 6-year-old girl,frequently saw a large brown dog.She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it,but as her hand approached the animal,it barked and bit her.The bite was painful and caused her to cry.Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any colour or size.This illustrates which of the following?

A)generalization
B)discrimination
C)extinction
D)spontaneous recovery

Question 63

Of the following phenomena,which one best explains the spreading of phobias to objects similar to the one to which the phobia was originally acquired?

A)discrimination
B)extinction
C)generalization
D)spontaneous recovery

Question 64

Which two learning processes seem to be opposites?

A)acquisition and generalization
B)discrimination and extinction
C)discrimination and generalization
D)acquisition and discrimination

Question 65

If a rat has learned to press a lever to obtain pellets of food and,all of a sudden,the response permanently ceases to produce any food,then _______ will occur.

A)shaping
B)discrimination
C)generalization
D)extinction

Question 66

Stimulus generalization occurs

A)only when a response is followed by a reinforcer.
B)only to those with a high capacity to learn.
C)after extinction.
D)when a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli similar to the CS.

Question 67

The spread of conditioning to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus is called

A)associative linkage.
B)generalization.
C)higher-order conditioning.
D)spontaneous recovery.

Question 68

The process of presenting the conditioned stimulus alone so often that the learner no longer associates it with the unconditioned stimulus and stops making the conditioned response is called _________ .

A)extinction
B)generalization
C)spontaneous recovery
D)shaping

Question 69

Stimulus discrimination

A)is a response followed by a reinforcer.
B)occurs when responses are made to stimuli that are similar to the original CS.
C)is the removal of a stimulus.
D)occurs when responses are made to certain stimuli,but not to others.

Question 70

Little Albert learned through classical conditioning to fear ______.

A)brown cats
B)black dogs
C)white rats
D)his mother

Question 71

The process of learning to respond only to a single specific object or event is called _________ .

A)extinction
B)inhibition
C)stimulus generalization
D)discrimination

Question 72

If a dog salivates when it sees a green light or a yellow light,it is exhibiting ________.

A)generalization
B)discrimination
C)higher-order conditioning
D)extinction

Question 73

When a CS is repeatedly presented by itself,______ will occur.

A)generalization
B)discrimination
C)extinction
D)stimulus substitution

Question 74

This is the first exam you have ever taken in Professor Smith's class.You know nothing about her tests,and she has never done anything harmful to you or anyone else.Nonetheless,you are anxious about the test.Your anxiety in this situation is an example of

A)generalization.
B)discrimination.
C)backward conditioning.
D)none of the above.

Question 75

John's heart has been conditioned to beat rapidly whenever he smells Windsong perfume on a woman.However,John's heart also races when he smells Chanel 5 and other perfumes.This illustrates

A)stimulus generalization.
B)discrimination.
C)extinction.
D)spontaneous recovery.

Question 76

Laura's heart rate had been conditioned to increase whenever she smelled Old Spice After Shave.However,her heart would also race to the aroma of Brut and English Leather.This reaction is known as:

A)shaping.
B)stimulus generalization.
C)operant conditioning.
D)discrimination.

Question 77

A small boy has just recently delighted his parents because he learned to call his father "daddy." However,it has now become an embarrassment to his mother when she takes him out with her because he keeps calling other men "daddy." This is an example of

A)associative linkage.
B)generalization.
C)higher-order conditioning.
D)spontaneous recovery.

Question 78

Reacting to a stimulus that is similar to the one you have learned to react to is called ___________ .

A)stimulus generalization
B)response generalization
C)higher-order conditioning
D)modelling

Question 79

A pigeon learns to peck only at a red disk.It will not peck at an identical disk of any other colour.This illustrates the concept of ___________.

A)extinction
B)discrimination
C)avoidance training
D)desensitization

Question 80

When a CR has been conditioned to a particular stimulus,the organism will also tend to make the CR in response to other stimuli.This phenomenon is called

A)discrimination.
B)spread of effect.
C)generalization.
D)response shifting.