Deck 1: True-False

Question 1

Introspection as a scientific method failed because it did not generate replicable observations.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Broca's research was consistent with Descartes' philosophical position that mental processes were grounded in the brain.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The work of William James was largely influenced by Darwin's theory of natural selection.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Broca's research was consistent with Hobbes' philosophical position that mental processes were grounded in the brain.

Question 5

The Greek philosopher most associated with philosophical empiricism is Aristotle.

Question 6

Franz Joseph Gall asserted that the size of bumps or indentations on the skull reflected the size of the brain regions beneath and thus indicated personality traits.

Question 7

René Descartes believed that the brain and the mind are fundamentally the same thing.

Question 8

Today,most psychologists believe that the mind and brain are separate physical entities.

Question 9

Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig in 1879.

Question 10

The structuralist approach gradually faded,mostly because of the inadequacies of psychoanalysis.

Question 11

Functionalists depended on introspection to study subjective observations of personal experience.

Question 12

Philosophical empiricists believe that certain knowledge is innate.

Question 13

Helmholtz developed introspection as a tool for understanding the structure of consciousness.

Question 14

Plato believed that certain types of knowledge are innate or inborn.

Question 15

Wilhelm Wundt believed that consciousness could be broken down into its component parts.

Question 16

The classical Greek philosophers tested their theories using the scientific method.

Question 17

William James brought Wundt's structuralist school of psychology to the United States.

Question 18

Wilhelm Wundt first used reaction time to measure the speed of a nervous impulse.

Question 19

Psychology is universally defined as the scientific study of observable behavior.

Question 20

Wilhelm Wundt was most interested in how consciousness is an adaptive feature of the human existence.

Question 21

Psychoanalysis emphasizes the function of conscious mental processes that occur during sexual experiences.

Question 22

Freud's theories have proven difficult to test.

Question 23

Behaviorists believe that the behavior of nonhuman animals-not human behavior-is the proper subject matter of psychology.

Question 24

Behavioral measures typically are more subjective than introspective measures.

Question 25

Behaviorists deny the existence of all mental processes,such as thinking and consciousness.

Question 26

The founder of behaviorism was William James.

Question 27

Freud believed that unconscious mental processes shape feelings,thoughts,and behaviors.

Question 28

Margaret Floy Washburn was an early female behaviorist who denied the existence of animal minds.

Question 29

Maslow and Rogers are regarded as being more optimistic about the human condition than Freud.

Question 30

The greatest contribution of psychoanalysis was the research in experimental psychology that it generated.

Question 31

Functionalists focused their attention on the adaptive features of observable behavior.

Question 32

Behaviorism focused on the scientific study of objectively observable behavior.

Question 33

Functionalism was the dominant school of psychology from the 1890s until the advent of the computer in the 1950s.

Question 34

Charcot used hypnosis to treat patients with hysteria.

Question 35

William James did not believe that consciousness could be broken down into basic elements.

Question 36

John Watson was largely influenced by the work of Ivan Pavlov.

Question 37

The goal of psychoanalysis is to banish unwanted feelings and memories into the unconscious.

Question 38

G.Stanley Hall established the first psychological laboratory in the United States.

Question 39

Humanistic psychologists called people in treatment "patients" to emphasis the biological nature of psychological disorders.

Question 40

John Watson taught "Little Albert" to fear a harmless white rat.

Question 41

George Miller demonstrated that we can briefly hold only about 12 pieces of information in memory at any given moment.

Question 42

Noam Chomsky was an outspoken supporter of B.F.Skinner's theory of language.

Question 43

B.F.Skinner focused on the consequences of behavior as determinants of whether or not it would reoccur.

Question 44

If a behavior is reinforced,it is more likely to occur again.

Question 45

By studying how quickly rats pressed levers for food pellets before and after surgery that removed parts of their brains,Karl Lashley hoped to discover the precise spot in the brain where learning occurs.

Question 46

Frederic Bartlett demonstrated that our expectancies play a large role in the accuracy of our memories.

Question 47

John Watson believed that fears were largely innate and the result of our evolutionary history.

Question 48

With the advent of computers,cognitive psychologists began conceptualizing the mind as hardware and the brain as software.

Question 49

Jean Piaget demonstrated that even toddlers grasp the concept that the mass of an object remains constant even if it is divided.

Question 50

Frederic Bartlett conceptualized memory as a photographic representation of a past experience.

Question 51

Jean Piaget studied the perceptual and cognitive errors of children in order to understand the development of the human mind.

Question 52

Gestalt psychologists believed that the mind imposes organization on what it perceives.

Question 53

Gestalt psychology was a Russian movement influenced by the work of Ivan Pavlov.

Question 54

The Gestaltists' view was diametrically opposed to the functionalists' claim that experience can be broken down into separate elements.

Question 55

In his classic studies on memory,Hermann Ebbinghaus demonstrated that meaningful information is easily forgotten.

Question 56

To test his theories,B.F.Skinner raised his daughter in a conditioning chamber,or "Skinner Box."

Question 57

Gestalt psychologists believed that the entirety of a perceptual experience can be greater than the sum of its component parts.

Question 58

John Watson developed the concept of reinforcement with rats pressing levers for food.

Question 59

The advent of computers led,in part,to the rise of cognitive psychology.

Question 60

B.F.Skinner believed that humans did not have free will.

Question 61

Darwin's theory of natural selection no longer plays a prominent role among today's evolutionary psychologists.

Question 62

Gordon Allport believed that prejudice was a natural result of a perceptual error.

Question 63

Critics of evolutionary psychology argue that evolutionary hypotheses are extremely difficult to test.

Question 64

John Garcia demonstrated that it is easier for rats to form associations between lights and sickness than scents and sickness.

Question 65

Behavioral neuroscience is a field of psychology that attempts to understand the links between the mind and the brain.

Question 66

Physiological psychology was the forerunner of behavioral neuroscience.

Question 67

Someone with damage to their Broca's area cannot understand spoken words.

Question 68

Psychological historians trace the beginnings of social psychology to the functionalist research of William James.

Question 69

Attempting to understand the atrocities of the Nazis gave rise,in part,to the field of social psychology.

Question 70

Social psychologists believe that the presence of others can influence performance on complicated,but not simple,tasks.

Question 71

Karl Lashley discovered that by removing small sections of a rat's brain,he could completely erase its memory of a previously learned maze.

Question 72

An evolutionary psychologist would argue that traits such as jealousy exist because they are reinforced at an early age.

Question 73

Structuralists,such as Wilhelm Wundt,denied the importance of culture to psychology.

Question 74

Karl Lashley discovered that maze learning tends to be localized to a small area in the left-brain hemisphere termed the Broca's area.

Question 75

Social psychology began as a rejection of Gestalt psychology.

Question 76

The anthropologist Margaret Mead introduced the evolutionary psychology movement.

Question 77

An advantage of the evolutionary over the behavioral approach to psychology is that evolutionary hypotheses can more easily be tested.

Question 78

Gordon Allport believed that prejudice was primarily a learned behavior.

Question 79

Cognitive psychology is a field of psychology that attempts to understand the links between brain activity and cognitive processes.

Question 80

Behavioral and cognitive psychology have benefited greatly from the knowledge obtained from invasive experimental brain surgery techniques in human participants.