Deck 1: Multiple Choice

Question 1

Attempts to develop a scientific approach to psychology related the mind to the:

A)unconscious.
B)spirit.
C)brain.
D)soul.

Answer 1

brain.

Question 2

Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior.Behavior refers to:

A)perceptions,thoughts,memories,and feelings.
B)explanations.
C)urges.
D)observable actions of humans and nonhuman animals.

Answer 2

observable actions of humans and nonhuman animals.

Question 3

Some early philosophers believed that all knowledge was acquired through experience,an idea now known as:

A)functionalism.
B)philosophical empiricism.
C)structuralism.
D)nativism.

Answer 3

philosophical empiricism.

Question 4

Some early philosophers believed that certain kinds of knowledge were innate or inborn,a theory known as:

A)functionalism.
B)nativism.
C)philosophical empiricism.
D)structuralism.

Question 5

The notion that the mind at birth is a tabula rasa is consistent with the views of:

A)Plato.
B)Descartes.
C)Aristotle.
D)Gall.

Question 6

The older position of nativism is reflected in psychological views that emphasize the effect of _____ on behavior.

A)nurture
B)intuition
C)schemas
D)nature

Question 7

Which early philosopher advocated philosophical empiricism?

A)Hippocrates
B)Plato
C)Aristotle
D)Descartes

Question 8

Which early philosopher advocated the philosophical view of nativism?

A)Hippocrates
B)Plato
C)Aristotle
D)Descartes

Question 9

_____ refers to the private inner experience of perception,thoughts,memories,and feelings.

A)Mind
B)Dualism
C)Behavior
D)Empiricism

Question 10

The early roots of psychology are firmly planted in physiology and in:

A)anatomy.
B)logic.
C)dualism.
D)philosophy.

Question 11

Which early philosopher was interested in certain kinds of knowledge as being innate or inborn?

A)Hippocrates
B)Plato
C)Aristotle
D)Descartes

Question 12

Today,psychologists believe that thoughts and feelings:

A)arise from electrical and chemical activities of the brain.
B)arise from a nonphysical mind interacting with the pineal gland in the brain.
C)are not proper subject matter for science research.
D)usually are not adaptive in helping us function effectively in the world.

Question 13

Nature is to nurture as nativism is to:

A)experience.
B)adaptation.
C)behaviorism.
D)phrenology.

Question 14

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II introduces material from the following publications:
Bowlby,J.(1969/1982).Attachment and loss,Vol.1: Attachment.New York: Basic Books.
Preckel,K. ,Scheele,D. ,Eckstein,M. ,Maier,W. ,& Hurlemann,R.(2015).The influence of oxytocin on volitional and emotional ambivalence.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,10(7),987-993.doi:10.1093/scan/nsu147
Catherine is a college freshmen who is shocked at the intensity of the jealousy expressed by her roommate's boyfriend.Interested in understanding the relationship between Tara and Will,she becomes fascinated to learn in introductory psychology that jealousy has been studied from a variety of perspectives.She goes to the library and begins researching this topic.
Psychology is the scientific study of:

A)mind and body.
B)mind and behavior.
C)mood and behavior.
D)mood and body.

Question 15

Which statement is compatible with modern psychological science?

A)The scientific method cannot be applied to the study of thinking and emotion.
B)Thoughts,feelings,and behavior arise from electrical and chemical events in the brain.
C)Psychologists should confine their analyses to the study of observable behavior.
D)Mental processes are the only subject matter worthy of study in psychology.

Question 16

Psychology is the _____ study of mind and behavior.

A)dualistic
B)phrenological
C)scientific
D)subjective

Question 17

Plato is to _____ as Aristotle is to _____.

A)philosophical structuralism;nativism
B)nativism;philosophical empiricism
C)nativism;dualism
D)dualism;nativism

Question 18

Some early psychological theorists believed that much of human behavior was instinctive;that is,our behavior is much more determined by nature than our nurture.This view is MOST consistent with:

A)Plato's nativism.
B)Gall's phrenology.
C)Aristotle's philosophical empiricism.
D)Locke's tabula rasa.

Question 19

The fact that very young children almost universally master the basics of language without formal training is MOST consistent with:

A)Plato's nativism.
B)Gall's phrenology.
C)Aristotle's philosophical empiricism.
D)Locke's tabula rasa.

Question 20

Among the first to struggle with how the mind works were the:

A)Greek philosophers.
B)dualists led by Descartes.
C)18th-century phrenologists.
D)18th-century German physiologists.

Question 21

After suffering a stroke,Irma could no longer produce speech,although she clearly understood what others were saying to her.The stroke probably damaged her:

A)hippocampus.
B)amygdala.
C)Wernicke's area.
D)Broca's area.

Question 22

_____ believed that the mind and body are made of different things,with the mind being made of an immaterial or spiritual substance.

A)Gall
B)Hobbes
C)Descartes
D)Aristotle

Question 23

Some early psychological theorists believed that all of human behavior was learned;that is,our behavior is much more determined by nurture than our nature.This view is MOST consistent with:

A)Plato's nativism.
B)Gall's phrenology.
C)Aristotle's philosophical empiricism.
D)James's functionalism.

Question 24

A new-age mystic believes that the source of parental love is localized to a brain region immediately above the brain stem.Her view is MOST consistent with which practice?

A)psychoanalysis
B)humanism
C)mesmerism
D)phrenology

Question 25

_____ was the FIRST to identify a specialized brain region involved in the production of speech.

A)Broca
B)Gall
C)Flourens
D)Helmholtz

Question 26

Which statement BEST summarizes the now discredited study of phrenology?

A)The mind is a blank slate and human behavior is entirely determined by experience.
B)There exists a nonphysical mind controlling a physical body.
C)Mental events are localized in specific brain regions.
D)Observable behavior is the property subject matter for psychology.

Question 27

The research of Flourens and Broca:

A)established phrenology as a true science.
B)confirmed Descartes' belief that the mind and body were linked via the pineal gland.
C)is consistent with the view of the mind held by Thomas Hobbes.
D)demonstrated that mental processes can occur independently of brain activity.

Question 28

After suffering a stroke,Lisa was able to understand what people said to her but was unable to speak to them.The stroke probably damaged her:

A)hypothalamus.
B)Broca's area.
C)nodes of Ranvier.
D)cerebellum.

Question 29

Luca believes that our nonphysical minds direct the actions of our brain and body.His beliefs are MOST similar to which philosopher or scientist?

A)Descartes
B)Aristotle
C)Hobbes
D)Broca

Question 30

Dr.Quack touches specific bumps on a patient's skull and then indicates specific character traits for the patient,for example,"This patient is cautious." Dr.Quack is engaging in:

A)structuralism.
B)phrenology.
C)mesmerism.
D)psychoanalysis.

Question 31

A spiritual leader believes that the soul and the body are fundamentally different from each other but are linked via a special structure in the brain.His beliefs are similar to those of:

A)Gall.
B)Descartes.
C)Hobbes.
D)Broca.

Question 32

Reaching conclusions in psychological science requires:

A)introspection.
B)the ability to test a theory.
C)insights based on personal observations.
D)philosophical empiricism.

Question 33

Kolby believes that a nonphysical spiritual entity inside each of us controls our physical body and the decisions that we make.Her beliefs are MOST consistent with which philosophical view?

A)behaviorism
B)philosophical empiricism
C)phrenology
D)dualism

Question 34

Damage to which brain region impairs the production of speech?

A)the pineal gland
B)Broca's area
C)the hippocampus
D)the temporal lobe

Question 35

Xue does not believe that we have a nonphysical mind.Rather,he believes that the mind is what the brain does.His views are MOST similar to those of:

A)Freud.
B)Plato.
C)Descartes.
D)Hobbes.

Question 36

Today,most psychologists would agree with which statement concerning mental processes?

A)The scientific method cannot be applied to the study of thinking and emotion.
B)Mental processes are nonphysical entities that control the brain and body.
C)Mental processes arise from brain functioning.
D)Mental processes are the only subject matter worthy of study in psychology.

Question 37

The problem of dualism refers to how:

A)different areas in the brain control different types of behavior and cognition.
B)mental activity can be reconciled and coordinated with physical behavior.
C)brain activity produces consciousness.
D)both genetic and environmental factors influence human behavior.

Question 38

The modern view that the subjective experience of having a mind is the result of brain activity can be traced to which philosopher?

A)Hobbes
B)Plato
C)Descartes
D)James

Question 39

The major limitation of the works of the classical Greek philosophers to an understanding of human behavior is that:

A)the works tended to underestimate the role of nature in determining human behavior.
B)the forces that govern human behavior have changed considerably since their time.
C)the works tended to underestimate the role of nurture in shaping human behavior.
D)these philosophers did not develop ways to test their theories.

Question 40

Phrenology suggested that specific mental abilities and characteristics were located in specific regions of the brain.It was developed by:

A)Descartes.
B)Flourens.
C)Gall.
D)Broca.

Question 41

Who wrote the book Principles of Physiological Psychology in 1874,establishing psychology as a new domain of science?

A)Helmholtz
B)Wundt
C)Flourens
D)Titchener

Question 42

Penny wanted to find out how long it would take her sister Cathy to press a button when she hears a tone.Penny is studying what type of process?

A)classical conditioning
B)introspection
C)reaction time
D)stimulus time

Question 43

A person's subjective experience of the world and the mind is:

A)empiricism.
B)dualism.
C)structuralism.
D)consciousness.

Question 44

An experimenter increases the intensity of a very dim light until participants report being able to see it.In this context,the light is serving as a:

A)introspective measure.
B)reaction time measure.
C)response device.
D)stimulus.

Question 45

Early psychologists using structuralist methods to the study of psychology attempted to:

A)use free association to gain insight into the unconsciousness.
B)analyze conscious experience into its most basic parts.
C)use reaction-time measures to map or structure neural networks in the brain.
D)identify the adaptive functions of mental activity.

Question 46

The research of Flourens and Broca jump-started the scientific study of mental processes because it:

A)confirmed predictions made by phrenology.
B)uncovered evidence consistent with dualism.
C)conceptualized mental processes in terms of both nature and nurture.
D)viewed mental processes as arising from brain activity.

Question 47

The study of biological processes,especially those of the human body,is called:

A)psychology.
B)anatomy.
C)phrenology.
D)physiology.

Question 48

What technique did psychologists who studied structuralism use?

A)conditioning
B)introspection
C)psychoanalysis
D)hypnosis

Question 49

The early roots of psychology are firmly planted in philosophy and in:

A)physiology.
B)logic.
C)dualism.
D)sociology.

Question 50

Hermann von Helmholtz is MOST remembered for:

A)debunking phrenology.
B)opening the first laboratory to conduct purely psychological experiments.
C)being the first to measure the speed of a nervous impulse.
D)discovering the relation between emotion and the amygdala.

Question 51

Penny wanted to find out how long it would take her sister Cathy to press a button when she hears a tone.The amount of time from the onset of the tone to the button press is termed a _____ time.

A)reaction
B)behavior
C)stimulus
D)response

Question 52

Historians generally credit the emergence of psychology as a science to:

A)Wundt.
B)Helmholtz.
C)Watson.
D)Titchener.

Question 53

Wundt believed that scientific psychology should focus on analyzing the basic elements comprising consciousness,an approach his students later termed:

A)psychoanalysis.
B)functionalism.
C)consciousness.
D)structuralism.

Question 54

Presented with a stimulus,student observers in Wundt's lab were asked to report on their "raw" sensory experience,a technique known as:

A)inspection.
B)circumspection.
C)retrospection.
D)introspection.

Question 55

In the context of experimental research,sensory input from the environment is termed a:

A)process.
B)reaction.
C)stimulus.
D)response.

Question 56

The FIRST laboratory devoted exclusively to psychology as an independent field of study opened in:

A)Paris in 1859.
B)Leipzig in 1879.
C)Berlin in 1889.
D)Cornell University in 1909.

Question 57

_____ was the FIRST to measure the speed of a nervous impulse.

A)Hermann von Helmholtz
B)Paul Broca
C)Wilhelm Wundt
D)Pierre Flourens

Question 58

Wundt believed that scientific psychology should focus on analyzing:

A)decision making.
B)observable behavior.
C)consciousness.
D)brain functioning.

Question 59

Hermann von Helmholtz is to _____ as Wilhelm Wundt is to _____.

A)phrenology;functionalism
B)reaction time;structuralism
C)reaction time;functionalism
D)phrenology;structuralism

Question 60

An acupuncturist asks you to verbally respond as soon as you feel a pinprick as she stimulates your upper thigh,hamstring,calf,and foot with a needle.Based on Helmholtz's research,you will react MOST quickly when the _____ is stimulated.

A)upper thigh
B)hamstring
C)calf
D)foot

Question 61

The major reason why structuralism ultimately failed as a school of psychology was that:

A)by associating itself with Darwin it drew harsh criticism from some religious authorities.
B)there was no evidence suggesting that Freud's theories were accurate.
C)the methods used by structuralists did not produce replicable observations.
D)it denied the existence of the mind.

Question 62

William James founded which school of psychology?

A)structuralism
B)behaviorism
C)functionalism
D)psychoanalysis

Question 63

Whereas Wundt was interested in the relationship between the elements of consciousness,Titchener was interested in identifying the:

A)basic elements themselves.
B)functional value of those elements.
C)behavioral correlates of those elements.
D)cross-cultural differences in those elemental relationships.

Question 64

An early approach to psychology that focused on how mental processes enable people to adapt to their environment is called:

A)structuralism.
B)social Darwinism.
C)functionalism.
D)behaviorism.

Question 65

Edward Titchener is known for:

A)establishing structuralism in the United States.
B)writing a devastating critique of the behaviorist works of B.F.Skinner.
C)establishing the functionalist concentration within psychology.
D)writing the first book on physiological psychology.

Question 66

William James is to _____ as Wilhelm Wundt is to _____.

A)functionalism;behaviorism
B)functionalism;structuralism
C)structuralism;behaviorism
D)structuralism;functionalism

Question 67

Sigmund Freud is to William James as _____ is/are to _____.

A)the elements of the unconscious;the basic elements of consciousness
B)psychoanalysis;behaviorism
C)humanism;functionalism
D)psychoanalysis;functionalism

Question 68

The unpredictable nature of results from introspection contributed to the decline of:

A)empiricism.
B)functionalism.
C)humanism.
D)structuralism.

Question 69

William James is to _____ as John Watson is to _____.

A)functionalism;behaviorism
B)functionalism;structuralism
C)structuralism;behaviorism
D)structuralism;functionalism

Question 70

Edward Titchener is to _____ as William James is to _____.

A)functionalism;behaviorism
B)functionalism;structuralism
C)structuralism;behaviorism
D)structuralism;functionalism

Question 71

Edward Titchener is to _____ as John Watson is to _____.

A)functionalism;behaviorism
B)functionalism;structuralism
C)structuralism;behaviorism
D)structuralism;functionalism

Question 72

A participant seated in an otherwise dark room stares at the flickering of a lit candle and reports on her subjective experiences,such as the visual experience of the candle flickering and the hepatic sensation of warmth.The psychologist conducting this experiment is MOST likely to be _____,and the method being used is _____.

A)Wundt;psychoanalysis
B)Wundt;introspection
C)James;functionalism
D)Titchener;functionalism

Question 73

William James viewed consciousness as being similar to:

A)a flowing stream.
B)the parts of an atom.
C)an explanatory fiction.
D)the parts of a clock.

Question 74

Which psychologist established functionalism as an approach to psychology?

A)James
B)Titchener
C)Wundt
D)Watson

Question 75

Whereas _____ was interested in the relationship between the elements of consciousness,_____ was interested in identifying the basic elements themselves:

A)Titchener;Wundt
B)Wundt;Titchener
C)Wundt;James
D)Titchener;James

Question 76

Which psychologist established the structuralism school of psychology in the United States?

A)John Watson
B)Edward Titchener
C)G)Stanley Hall
D)William James

Question 77

All scientific disciplines require:

A)replicable observations.
B)adopting a nativist approach.
C)the use of subjective techniques.
D)theorizing from a dualistic perspective.

Question 78

In one experiment,Wundt instructed participants in one group to concentrate on perceiving a tone when it sounded before pressing a button.Participants in another group were simply instructed to press the button as soon as the tone sounded.Wundt found that participants in the first group responded slightly more slowly.This experiment was designed to distinguish between:

A)the sensation and perception of a stimulus.
B)reaction time and accuracy.
C)the perception and interpretation of a stimulus.
D)the sensation of a stimulus and reaction time.

Question 79

Which early school of psychology was most concerned with the adaptive importance of mental processes?

A)structuralism
B)functionalism
C)behaviorism
D)empiricism

Question 80

Sigmund Freud is to Edward Titchener as _____ is/are to _____.

A)the elements of the unconscious;the elements of consciousness
B)psychoanalysis;behaviorism
C)empiricism;structuralism
D)structuralism;functionalism