Deck 10: Personality

Question 1

In his research into the personality traits of animals,Samuel Gosling found that ________ are the most similar to human beings.

A)chimpanzees
B)octopuses
C)dogs
D)white rats

Answer 1

chimpanzees

Question 2

You have decided to engage in a debate with several famous personality psychologists about the stability of personality traits.One of them makes the following statement: "Behaviors are not as consistent as you might think.The situation in which you find yourself often determines the way you act." This point is most likely to have been made by:

A)Paul Costa.
B)Hermann Rorschach.
C)Walter Mischel.
D)Carl Rogers.

Answer 2

Walter Mischel.

Question 3

Mei is Chinese American.She is very loyal to her family.Her sister lives with her,and she mails money back to China to her father and younger brother.Mei's way of life is typical of someone who comes from a culture that is _________.

A)collectivist
B)low in power distance
C)feminine
D)low in uncertainty avoidance

Answer 3

collectivist

Question 4

Gordon has reached middle adulthood,and his friends and family have noticed that in recent years he has become more agreeable,open,and conscientious while at the same time becoming less neurotic and impulsive.These changes in Gordon demonstrate the ________ principle.

A)projective
B)actualization
C)maturity
D)dynamic growth

Question 5

Why would an evolutionary psychologist be concerned with the issue of personality variations in humans and non-humans?

A)because the establishment that personality is quite consistent and not varying has been used to explain why human beings have been and remain the dominant species on the planet
B)because such research helps us understand how human beings develop from birth through adulthood
C)because personality trait research has been seen in every subfield of psychology,and evolutionary psychology has adopted the question as a matter of obligation
D)because the variations in personality traits may actually be related to the adaptation and survival of certain species

Question 6

Which of the following is considered to be an individualistic culture?

A)Japan
B)Qatar
C)Mexico
D)England

Question 7

The ________ principle refers to the fact that as you age the traits that are related to positive growth and development tend to increase,while those traits that tend to obstruct such growth decrease.

A)dynamic systems
B)growth
C)character
D)maturity

Question 8

Psychologists see the study of ________ as an attempt to account for the individuality of the human mind.

A)personality
B)nurture
C)character
D)motivation

Question 9

Which of the following choices describes the cultural personality of the United States?

A)individualistic
B)high in power distance
C)low in individualism
D)high in uncertainty avoidance

Question 10

Animal species beyond human beings?

A)neuroticism
B)boldness
C)adventurousness
D)guilt

Question 11

Jay is an executive with a large financial firm.Any time his investments do poorly,he throws temper tantrums and breaks things.Then he starts barking orders at his secretary.Which personality structure would Freud say is exerting control?

A)id
B)superego
C)ego
D)preconscious

Question 12

On which of the following personality traits has research found stability across the lifespan?

A)Stability is found on virtually all dimensions of personality.
B)Stability is found in extraversion and introversion.
C)Stability is found in extraversion and introversion as well as cooperativeness.
D)Stability is found on cooperativeness and openness to new experiences.

Question 13

The unique and relatively stable ways in which each individual thinks,acts,and feels is called __________.

A)personality
B)nurture
C)a trait
D)nature

Question 14

What has been the primary criticism of the majority of research studies finding that personality traits are consistent across different places and cultures?

A)the fact that this approach tends to reflect a view of the self that is made up of a collection of non-Western,collectivistic traits
B)the fact that only those studies that were conducted under the auspices of a university psychology department were included,and thus they did not reflect societies with fewer economic advantages
C)the fact that the researchers were all white and all male,and thus they had a very jaded view of the research data they collected
D)the fact that this approach tends to reflect a view of the self that is made up of a collection of Western,individualistic traits

Question 15

You are quite hungry but don't have any money.If you were described as "all id and only id'" what would you do?

A)distract yourself with images of food
B)steal a hot dog from the vendor on the corner
C)run all the way home to get something to eat as soon as possible
D)use the defense mechanism of denial to thwart the hunger pangs until an appropriate meal can be obtained

Question 16

Freud believed that the _____________ was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality.

A)id
B)preconscious mind
C)manifest awareness
D)unconscious mind

Question 17

Crisp wants to examine the question of whether personality traits change or are stable over time.What would be the best kind of research design that he could employ to study this topic?

A)a correlational study
B)a case study
C)a cross-sectional study
D)a longitudinal study

Question 18

What is Freud's term for the irrational,hedonistic side of personality?

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)preconscious

Question 19

The question of whether people's behaviors can best be predicted by individual personality traits or external circumstances is called the ________ debate.

A)internalization-externalization
B)unidirectional-bidirectional
C)nature-nurture
D)person-situation

Question 20

The term ________ selection is used to refer to situations in which genetic variance is maintained when both extremes of the same trait (e.g.,aggression vs.passivity)are favored to the same degree under different conditions.

A)balancing
B)dynamic
C)adaptive
D)evolutionary

Question 21

For Freud,the only personality structure present at birth is the ______.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)preconscious

Question 22

In the metaphor the angel,the devil,and me,the angel is the ____________.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)unconscious

Question 23

"If it feels good,do it" best describes the ______________.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)preconscious

Question 24

There were three friends.Maybe you've heard of them! Harry was rational,logical,and cunning.Hermione was rule oriented,moral,and always ethical.Ron was pleasure seeking,found it hard to delay gratification,and usually just did what he wanted.According to Freud,Hermione was mostly ___________.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)libido

Question 25

Many have compared Freud's idea of the mind to an iceberg.If that were the case and you were standing on the deck of a ship in Alaska,what part of the mind would you see above the water?

A)ego
B)superego
C)id
D)preconscious

Question 26

There were three friends.Maybe you've heard of them! Harry was rational,logical,and cunning.Hermione was rule oriented,moral,and always ethical.Ron was pleasure seeking,found it hard to delay gratification,and usually just did what he wanted.According to Freud,Harry was mostly ____________.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)conscience

Question 27

The ego operates according to the ______.

A)guilt/pride principle
B)reality principle
C)pleasure principle
D)reflex principle

Question 28

For Freud,thoughts and feelings that are well below the surface of awareness and cannot normally be recalled are in the ______ mind.

A)unconscious
B)preconscious
C)collective unconscious
D)conscious

Question 29

An individual operating on the reality principle seeks ____________.

A)immediate gratification
B)perfect accomplishments
C)to reveal unconscious motivations
D)rational means for obtaining gratification

Question 30

Yongmei is studying for her math test.Her boyfriend Marcus asks if she can go to the movies with him.She would love to go but she knows she has to study for the math test in order to pass the class.What part of Yongmei's personality will say "You must stay home and study because passing the class is necessary for you to graduate"?

A)her ego,because it is the moral conscience of her personality
B)her id,because studying is what she really wants to do
C)her libido,because she knows her boyfriend will love her more if she studies
D)her superego,because it is this part of the personality that is the moral conscience

Question 31

In Sigmund Freud's theory,the _______ operates according to the pleasure principle.

A)id
B)ego
C)thanatos
D)superego

Question 32

The pleasure principle is associated with which element of Freud's personality theory?

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)preconscious

Question 33

What is Freud's term for the executive of the personality that has a realistic plan for obtaining gratification of an individual's desires?

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)preconscious

Question 34

In Freud's theory,the id is to fun as the superego is to ____________.

A)guilt
B)pride
C)anger
D)freedom

Question 35

In the metaphor the angel,the devil,and me,the devil is the _________.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)libido

Question 36

The job of the _________ is to find practical ways for the _________ to get its pleasure needs met without offending the morality of the ________.

A)id; ego,superego
B)ego; id; superego
C)ego; superego; id
D)superego; id; ego

Question 37

A personality that consisted of only the ego and the id would be completely ______.

A)illogical
B)selfless
C)rational
D)amoral

Question 38

There were three friends.Maybe you've heard of them! Harry was rational,logical,and cunning.Hermione was rule oriented,moral,and always ethical.Ron was pleasure seeking,found it hard to delay gratification,and usually just did what he wanted.According to Freud,Ron was mostly ___________.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)libido

Question 39

For Freud,the moral guardian of personality is the ______.

A)id
B)superego
C)ego
D)libido

Question 40

Jessie becomes furious when her favorite hockey player is intentionally hurt by an opponent.According to Freud's model of the mind,her id would unconsciously say _________.

A)"Thou shalt not kill."
B)"I wish I'd never come to this game."
C)"What,me angry? I never get angry."
D)"I'm so angry I could kill that player."

Question 41

According to Freud,during the first 18 months of life,the dominant source of sensual pleasure is the ________.

A)genitals
B)mouth
C)hands
D)anus

Question 42

Toilet training takes place during which of Freud's psychosexual stages?

A)oral
B)anal
C)latency
D)phallic

Question 43

What is the correct sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages?

A)latency,anal,oral,genital,phallic
B)oral,genital,latency,phallic,anal
C)anal,oral,latency,phallic,genital
D)oral,anal,phallic,latency,genital

Question 44

According to Freud,the result of conflict between the id and superego is ___________.

A)libido
B)depression
C)psychosis
D)anxiety

Question 45

According to Freud,the stage in which children develop a sexual attraction to the parent of the opposite sex and,through resolving this attraction,develop their male or female identity is the _________ stage.

A)anal
B)genital
C)oral
D)phallic

Question 46

What is Freud's term for the unconscious efforts by the ego to deny or distort reality for the purpose of protecting itself when conflict becomes too intense?

A)false cognitions
B)coping techniques
C)disordered thinking
D)defense mechanisms

Question 47

According to Freud,personality develops through a series of psychosexual stages.During infancy,the psychosexual stage is called the ________ stage.

A)latency
B)oral
C)anal
D)phallic

Question 48

Dan plays the trumpet,is on the debate team,bites his nails,and chews gum.Freud might say Dan was fixated in the ________ stage.

A)oral
B)anal
C)phallic
D)genital

Question 49

Carolyn took home some printer paper from the office.Later,she felt guilty for stealing it so she brought some paper to work to replace what she took.Freud would suggest that Carolyn's ________ was responsible for making her feel bad over what she did.

A)id
B)unconscious mind
C)ego
D)superego

Question 50

According to Freud,the ______ acts as our conscience.

A)id
B)superego
C)ego
D)collective unconscious

Question 51

Mahmoud was just told that his father has cancer.Mahmoud's first response is that there must be a mistake and he demands that the doctor repeat his tests.Which defense mechanism is at work here?

A)reaction formation
B)denial
C)repression
D)undoing

Question 52

When anxiety provoking memories are prevented from reaching conscious awareness,such as not remembering lying to parents,it is called ________.

A)denial
B)sublimation
C)repression
D)regression

Question 53

According to Freud's theory of personality development,there are ________ stages through which each person must pass.

A)3
B)5
C)7
D)8

Question 54

Anthony is sick of writing papers and studying for tests,but he knows he needs a college degree if he wants to be successful in his chosen career.So every morning Anthony gives himself a dressing down - in essence yelling at himself - to make himself get out of bed and go to classes,and every evening he does the same thing to get himself to do his work.According to Freud,which personality structure is in control here?

A)id
B)ego
C)unconscious
D)superego

Question 55

Jeromy has been having an affair with another woman.One afternoon his wife came home later than usual and Jeromy became angry,accusing his wife of infidelity.Which defense mechanism is behind Jeromy's accusation?

A)denial
B)projection
C)rationalization
D)reaction formation

Question 56

According to Freud,the reality principle is the way in which ______.

A)the ego tries to delay satisfying the id's desires until it can do so safely and successfully
B)the id tries to obtain gratification and avoid pain
C)the ego ideal establishes standards of what one would like to be
D)young children instinctively seek self-actualization

Question 57

According to Freud and his followers,what is the most significant event that occurs during the anal stage of psychosexual development?

A)The child is toilet trained.
B)The child discovers his or her genitals.
C)The child develops sexual feelings toward the parent of the other sex.
D)The child has nightmares that reflect the development of sexual feelings.

Question 58

When Candace ordered a hot fudge sundae and a diet soda,she told herself that the calories from the ice cream really were not a big deal because the diet soda sort of balanced it all out.Which of Freud's defense mechanisms is motivating Candace?

A)repression
B)rationalization
C)sublimation
D)projection

Question 59

The age at which a baby was weaned from a breast or bottle would probably have most impact on the ________ stage.

A)oral
B)anal
C)phallic
D)genital

Question 60

When Freud referred to the sexual drive of babies and young children,to what was he really referring?

A)the fact that sexual orientation is established from birth
B)the fact that a child's sexual energy is focused on a specific body part
C)the fact that children need to be taught about sexual morality from a very early age
D)the recognition that children experience sexual pleasure in largely the same ways that adults do

Question 61

Which term was given to psychoanalysts who broke away from a strict interpretation of Freud's theory and developed theories of their own that were based upon Freud's work?

A)retro-Freudians
B)nouveau-Freudians
C)neo-Freudians
D)anti-Freudians

Question 62

Carl Jung's term for the part of our personality that Freud referred to as the unconscious was the _____________.

A)personal unconscious
B)archetype
C)collective unconscious
D)animus

Question 63

Your teacher organizes a debate on Freudian theory.You are assigned to be on the anti-Freud side and,therefore,must point out problems in the theory.Which of the following will be at the top of your list?

A)Children do not have sexual motives.
B)Several of his concepts have no supporting scientific data.
C)Defense mechanisms actually increase anxiety.
D)Psychoanalytic therapy is effective for treating psychotics only.

Question 64

According to Freud,personality develops through a series of psychosexual stages.The last stage is called the ___________.

A)latency stage
B)anal stage
C)genital stage
D)phallic stage

Question 65

According to Jung,the memories and behavior patterns inherited from past generations are part of the ________.

A)persona
B)personal unconscious
C)alter-ego
D)collective unconscious

Question 66

Jung believed that there were two levels to the unconscious mind,the personal and the ________.

A)collective
B)animus
C)anima
D)preconscious

Question 67

Which neo-Freudian viewed personality disturbances as resulting from the feelings of inferiority all people share?

A)Carl Jung
B)Alfred Adler
C)Carl Rogers
D)Karen Horney

Question 68

In the classic sitcom The Odd Couple,it was amazing that Oscar and Felix got along because Oscar was such a slob and Felix was so obsessively neat.From a Freudian perspective,what could be said about the way these two men made it through the anal stage of development?

A)Oscar was anally fixated,but Felix was not.
B)Oscar and Felix were both anally fixated,but in different ways.
C)Neither Oscar nor Felix were anally fixated.They just had different personalities.
D)Felix was anally fixated,but Oscar was not.

Question 69

In the classic sitcom The Odd Couple,it was amazing that Oscar and Felix got along because Oscar was such a slob and Felix was so obsessively neat.From a Freudian perspective,what could be said about the way these two men made it through the anal stage of development?

A)Oscar had an anal expulsive personality and Felix had an anal retentive personality.
B)Oscar had an anal retentive personality and Felix had an anal expulsive personality.
C)Both Oscar and Felix were anally fixated.
D)Neither Oscar nor Felix were anally fixated.

Question 70

Neo-Freudian Carl Jung developed a theory of personality that,among other points,separated human beings into two important sides of a specific trait.Those sides were:

A)introversion and extroversion.
B)neuroses and psychoses.
C)psychoticism and socialism.
D)feminism and masculism.

Question 71

Which defense mechanism figured prominently in the theory of Alfred Adler?

A)repression
B)compensation
C)depression
D)rationalization

Question 72

According to Jung,each person's own repressed thoughts that have been pushed out of awareness are contained in the __________.

A)persona
B)personal unconscious
C)archetype
D)collective unconscious

Question 73

Among the neo-Freudians,_______________ focused on feelings of inferiority as the basis of personality disturbances.

A)Karen Horney
B)Carl Jung
C)Alfred Adler
D)Abraham Maslow

Question 74

What did Sigmund Freud believe could happen if our needs were delayed at a particular psychosexual stage?

A)We could become fixated at that stage.
B)We would revert to our biological predispositions.
C)We would be more capable of overcoming the obstacle in adulthood.
D)We could become overly dependent on the superego for future guidance.

Question 75

Carl Jung's term for recurring themes that have been important to humans in many cultures and settings (such as the concepts of mother,hero,or warrior),is ______.

A)personas
B)animas
C)animisms
D)archetypes

Question 76

Steve is extremely uptight and controlling.According to Freudian theory,he became fixated at the ________ stage of psychosexual development.

A)oral
B)anal
C)latency
D)genital

Question 77

Which of the Freudian stages of personality development begins around puberty?

A)oral
B)anal
C)phallic
D)genital

Question 78

Neo-Freudian Alfred Adler believed that the key developmental task faced by most people was __________.

A)trust vs.mistrust
B)overcoming feelings of inferiority
C)becoming a fully-functioning human being
D)dealing with one's archetypes

Question 79

The neo-Freudian,Carl Jung,suggested the existence of a collective unconscious that contains images shared by all people.These images are what he called ________.

A)schemas
B)paradigms
C)archetypes
D)prototypes

Question 80

Who among the following was NOT a neo-Freudian?

A)Horney
B)Rogers
C)Jung
D)Adler