Deck 8: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Instinct approaches to motivation have faded because they lacked the goal of _________ in psychology.

A)description
B)explanation
C)prediction
D)change

Answer 1

explanation

Question 2

Early in psychology's history Charles Darwin,William James,and others proposed that motivation was a result of:

A)instincts.
B)incentives.
C)drives.
D)emotions.

Answer 2

instincts.

Question 3

Which of the following activities is inconsistent with drive-reduction theory?

A)eating food that tastes bad
B)going swimming on a hot day
C)eating when you are not hungry
D)smoking pot to relax

Answer 3

eating when you are not hungry

Question 4

A famed psychologist claims that motivated behaviors result from an effort to reduce tension caused by bodily needs such as hunger or thirst.This psychologist's approach most closely matches ______ theory.

A)incentive
B)homeostatic
C)instinct
D)drive-reduction

Question 5

What do we call biologically determined,unlearned patterns of behavior?

A)drives
B)instincts
C)incentives
D)emotions

Question 6

The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state of functioning is called:

A)stability.
B)equilibrium.
C)homeostasis.
D)arousal.

Question 7

__________ theory encompasses the idea that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of stimulation or stimulation.

A)Arousal
B)Instinct
C)Stimulus
D)Expectancy

Question 8

An instinct is a tendency that is:

A)taught.
B)conditioned.
C)unlearned.
D)easily controlled.

Question 9

The chief function of homeostasis is to:

A)increase arousal.
B)maintain a steady state.
C)regulate emotions.
D)control sexual urges.

Question 10

The process by which activities are guided and maintained so that goals are met is called:

A)motivation.
B)emotion.
C)achievement.
D)synergy.

Question 11

Homeostasis is most like which of the following?

A)a car
B)a thermometer
C)a cooler
D)a thermostat

Question 12

The theory stating that behaviors are motivated by an organism's attempts to reduce tension from conditions such as hunger or thirst,and return the body to a state of balance,is called ______ theory.

A)drive-reduction
B)homeostatic
C)needs
D)disequilibrium

Question 13

In arousal theory,people are said to have a(n)__________ level of tension.

A)ultimate
B)low
C)optimal
D)high

Question 14

According to drive-reduction theory,what occurs each time a behavior results in drive reduction?

A)tension is increased
B)stability is reduced
C)tension is reduced
D)drives are increased

Question 15

Salmon swimming upstream to spawn provide an example of:

A)incentives.
B)motives.
C)instincts.
D)needs.

Question 16

An internal state of tension created by biological needs is called a(n):

A)emotion.
B)impulse.
C)drive.
D)instinct.

Question 17

__________ is a state of tension resulting from the deprivation of physical needs,such as those for food and water.

A)Motivation
B)A drive
C)Homeostasis
D)An instinct

Question 18

In the early twentieth century,psychologists were inclined to explain motivated behavior by attributing it to:

A)emotions.
B)incentives.
C)learned responses.
D)instincts.

Question 19

Indiana Jones goes off to foreign lands in search of artifacts hidden in dangerous places and guarded by fierce protectors.From the perspective of arousal theory,Dr.Jones would be described as high in a characteristic known as:

A)need for achievement.
B)extraversion.
C)sensation seeking.
D)incentive value.

Question 20

The Yerkes-Dodson Law says:

A)performance on a task is affected by levels of arousal.
B)the more money you make the better your job will be.
C)nausea from bad food causes a reluctance to eat that food again.
D)performance on tests is better in the morning.

Question 21

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy,which needs must be met first?

A)esteem
B)safety
C)physiological
D)belongingness and love

Question 22

Molly looks forward to the social interaction that her job offers.Kellie likes her job because it gives her time away from her noisy,squabbling household.Molly's behavior is driven by _____.Kellie is motivated by _____.

A)approach social motives; approach social motives
B)approach social motives; avoidance social motives
C)avoidance social motives; approach social motives
D)avoidance social motives; avoidance social motives

Question 23

Which of the following is one of the three inborn and universal needs that help people feel like causal agents; that is,like they are able to make things happen in their lives?

A)autonomy
B)relevance
C)incompetence
D)rejection

Question 24

In 1938,a psychologist named ____________ cataloged a variety of social motives.

A)Henry Murray
B)B.F.Skinner
C)William McDougall
D)Erik Erikson

Question 25

The pursuit of an activity for its own sake is propelled by:

A)the need for affiliation.
B)intrinsic motivation.
C)biological drives.
D)extrinsic motivation.

Question 26

Sam is known to be the fastest worker in the mail room.He has worked in the mail room for only a short time,but prides himself on being competent and a quick learner.He often gets positive comments from coworkers and his boss,which helps to motivate him and has a positive effect as he continues to challenge himself at work.As a result of his efficient style,he is also given more freedom than other workers as his boss is impressed by his ability to sort and organize mail.Sam is likely to be _______________ motivated as he continues to challenge and push himself to perform even better each day.

A)intrinsically
B)extrinsically
C)internally
D)externally

Question 27

Which of the following shows a focus on the lowest of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A)Joan wants to live in a house with all the modern conveniences so that she may show off her status to others.
B)Frank feels that he is a good salesman because he likes what he does and knows how to do it well.
C)Barbara knows that as a teacher she is a good person because she realizes the importance of imparting knowledge to society.
D)Mark works hard as an attorney only so that he can attract more clients and make more money to pay for food,heat,and shelter for his family.

Question 28

Which of these is the correct sequence of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs from the lowest to the highest?

A)physiological,safety,belongingness/love,esteem,self-actualization
B)esteem,safety,self-actualization,belongingness/love,physiological
C)safety,self-actualization,belongingness/love,esteem,physiological
D)safety,physiological,esteem,belongingness/love,self-actualization

Question 29

Although Kim just ate a huge meal and feels "stuffed," the idea of a chocolate sundae is too good to pass up,so she orders one.Which motivational term explains the appeal - the external pull - of the sundae?

A)incentive
B)instinctive
C)drive reduction
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 30

The need for _____________ involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals.

A)achievement
B)affiliation
C)sensation seeking
D)arousal

Question 31

Ethan is an award-winning swimmer.His desire to compete and win is part of his need for:

A)attention.
B)affiliation.
C)arousal.
D)achievement.

Question 32

Self-determination theory (SDT)is founded on which of the following?

A)the need for affiliation
B)intrinsic motivation
C)extrinsic motivation
D)a mastery goal

Question 33

The __________ is the area of the brain that controls hunger..

A)amygdala
B)hypothalamus
C)medulla
D)hippocampus

Question 34

Which level of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy is epitomized by the U.S.Army's slogan "Be all that you can be"?

A)safety
B)self-esteem
C)belongingness
D)self-actualization

Question 35

_________ social motives direct us toward seeking positive social rewards,whereas _________ social motives drive us to behaviors in order to move away from negative social consequences.

A)Extrinsic; intrinsic
B)Approach; avoidance
C)Primary; secondary
D)Drive-reduction; incentive

Question 36

Rewards that attract or "pull" people to action are:

A)instincts.
B)incentives.
C)stimuli.
D)drives.

Question 37

According to Abraham Maslow,developing one's potential to its fullest extent results in:

A)safety.
B)self-esteem.
C)belongingness.
D)self-actualization.

Question 38

According to Maslow,the motive of self-actualization makes one want to:

A)fulfill one's maximum potential.
B)have frequent contact with others.
C)possess as many material goods as possible.
D)convince others of one's true worth.

Question 39

The two areas of the hypothalamus involved in recognizing hunger on the one hand and feeling full on the other are the:

A)ventromedial hypothalamus and lateral hypothalamus.
B)lateral hypothalamus and basal hypothalamus.
C)basal hypothalamus and ventrolateral hypothalamus.
D)dorsal and ventral hypothalamus.

Question 40

Jay is motivated by money and the things money will bring him.Janet is motivated by a belief in the importance of doing good things,and her actions are based on that belief.They each place different types of "meaning" on what they should strive to achieve.Which theory incorporates both of these types of motivational causes?

A)sensation-seeking theory
B)entity theory
C)increment theory
D)expectancy-value theory

Question 41

Health care professionals use a measure called the __________ to classify individuals' proper body weight.

A)ideal weight
B)height/weight ratio
C)set point estimate
D)body mass index (BMI)

Question 42

This brain structure acts as a feeding center to stimulate eating.

A)thalamus
B)temporal lobe
C)ventromedial hypothalamus
D)lateral hypothalamus

Question 43

During Thanksgiving dinner Dirk suddenly announced,"I think my ventromedial hypothalamus just kicked in." What is Dirk suggesting?

A)Dirk needs to go to the bathroom.
B)Dirk is full.
C)Dirk is very hungry.
D)Dirk has a bad headache.

Question 44

Obesity is defined as the condition of being at least _____ percent over the ideal body weight.

A)10
B)20
C)30
D)40

Question 45

Pounds.He would be considered to be obese when and if he weighed ________ pounds.

A)275
B)300
C)320
D)330

Question 46

People who are attempting to become extremely thin by refusing to eat may suffer from:

A)bulimia nervosa.
B)obesity phobia.
C)anorexia nervosa.
D)dissociation.

Question 47

Pounds,but just can't seem to do it.He diets and exercises some,and his weight fluctuates,but it always goes back to around 173 pounds.This weight is Norman's:

A)set point.
B)metabolic rate.
C)genetic weight.
D)ideal weight.

Question 48

Pounds most of her adult life.However,it seemed like whenever Anna Nicole gained weight it was easy to lose and get back to 125.But when she wanted to go below 125 it took forever,and even the slightest deviation from her diet got her back to 125.What explanation would you give Anna Nicole?

A)Use better diet products.
B)Start a reality TV show.
C)Her weight,125,is her set point.Leave it alone.
D)Her BMR is not tied to her set point.

Question 49

The pancreas secretes a hormone called ______ to regulate the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates.

A)insulin
B)leptin
C)CCK
D)ghrelin

Question 50

A newspaper reporter looks for interesting stories related to weight,weight control,and obesity.In recent years,which of these titles might have been used for a story?

A)"Leptin: A Hormone Regulating Body Fat"
B)"Stomach Size: An Overlooked Factor in Hunger"
C)"When It Comes to Weight,Focus on the Right Hemisphere"
D)"Obesity: Not Really a Problem Anymore"

Question 51

Emily has an intense interest in food but eats sparingly and with disgust.She has an intense fear of becoming obese,and even though she looks emaciated,she still claims she "feels fat" and refuses to eat enough to maintain even a minimal normal body weight for her frame.She is most likely suffering from:

A)anorexia nervosa.
B)bulimia.
C)hormone under secretion.
D)leptin reduction.

Question 52

During a binge episode,the person usually consumes large amounts of:

A)carbohydrates.
B)proteins.
C)fats.
D)sugars.

Question 53

Each of the following is a characteristic of bulimia nervosa EXCEPT:

A)recurrent episodes of binge eating.
B)refusal to maintain body weight at or above minimal normal weight for age and height.
C)recurrent inappropriate behaviors,such as self-induced vomiting,to try to prevent weight gain.
D)appearing to have a normal body weight or being slightly overweight.

Question 54

An excessive influence of body shape or weight on self-image is termed:

A)homeostasis.
B)dysmorphia.
C)overvaluation.
D)bulimia.

Question 55

Lisa suffered a stroke that virtually destroyed her lateral hypothalamus (LH).This damage will likely:

A)cause Lisa to refuse to eat or eat very little.
B)cause Lisa to overeat.
C)greatly increase Lisa's metabolism.
D)greatly reduce Lisa's metabolism.

Question 56

An eating disorder characterized by eating binges that are often followed by self-induced vomiting is called:

A)anorexia nervosa.
B)bulimia nervosa.
C)hormone under secretion.
D)leptin reduction.

Question 57

Which area of the hypothalamus has been directly implicated as a fullness center that serves to inhibit eating?

A)ventromedial hypothalamus
B)lateral hypothalamus
C)suprachiasmatic nucleus
D)orbitofrontal hypothalamus

Question 58

Tyra,a woman with bulimia nervosa,is sitting down to a binge meal.Which of the following foods is LEAST likely to be on the menu?

A)cake
B)steak
C)candy
D)cookies

Question 59

Which of the following is a hunger cue?

A)high concentrations of glucose in the blood
B)low glucose levels in the blood
C)CCK in the blood
D)a distended stomach

Question 60

Consider the following eating disorder symptoms: 1)Underweight; 2)Restricted Eating; 3)Vomiting/Laxative Use/Excessive Exercise.Which of the disorders reviewed in your textbook features none of these symptoms? Which features all three?

A)Binge eating disorder features none of these symptoms.Bulimia features all three.
B)Binge eating disorder features none of these symptoms.Anorexia nervosa features all three.
C)Bulimia features none of these symptoms.Binge eating disorder features all three.
D)Bulimia features none of these symptoms.Anorexia nervosa features all three.

Question 61

Basal metabolic rate refers to the rate at which:

A)glucose is converted into fat.
B)insulin is converted into protein.
C)calories are burned when a person is at rest.
D)proteins are digested to create calories.

Question 62

Which theory states that a stimulus triggers physiological changes that produce emotion?

A)Cannon-Bard theory
B)James-Lange theory
C)two-factor theory
D)dual pathway theory

Question 63

Which statement about emotions would have most likely been made by William James?

A)When something happens,your body reacts,then you experience an emotion.
B)If someone points a gun at you,you will experience fear and then you will run.
C)All emotions arise from the same set of bodily functions.
D)It is only after you experience joy that your heart will begin to race.

Question 64

You are walking through a store when you run into a friend you have not seen in a long time and whom you miss very much.According to the James-Lange theory,what might happen?

A)You experience physiological changes followed by a feeling of happiness.
B)You feel happiness followed by physiological changes.
C)You experience physiological changes and a feeling of happiness simultaneously.
D)You experience physiological changes and context appraisal followed by a feeling of happiness.

Question 65

Which is the best explanation of the Cannon-Bard theory?

A)Bodily arousal occurs before emotional response.
B)Emotions arise from learned triggers.
C)Emotion is nothing but a reflexive response based on instincts.
D)Bodily arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously.

Question 66

What is the correct sequence of events in emotional response according to the Cannon-Bard theory?

A)stimulus --> emotion --> physiological changes
B)stimulus --> physiological changes --> emotion
C)physiological changes --> stimulus --> emotion
D)stimulus --> emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous)

Question 67

Which of the following personality characteristics is typical of those who engage in overeating in general,as well as binge eating?

A)perfectionism
B)obsessive-compulsive tendencies
C)high conscientiousness
D)impulsivity

Question 68

Lashley (1938)stated that the thalamus would have to be pretty sophisticated to make sense of all the possible emotions and relay them to the proper areas of the cortex and body.Which theory of emotion was Lashley criticizing?

A)two-factor theory
B)James-Lange
C)Cannon-Bard theory
D)dual pathway theory

Question 69

Seeing a snake,running away from it,and then becoming frightened is the sequence of events postulated by the ________ theory.

A)two-factor theory
B)Cannon-Bard
C)James-Lange
D)Yerkes-Dodson

Question 70

The ______ theory of emotion states that the experience of emotion occurs simultaneously with biological changes.

A)Cannon-Bard
B)James-Lange
C)excitation transfer
D)dual pathway

Question 71

Which theory of emotion emphasizes the role of the thalamus?

A)dual pathway theory
B)James-Lange
C)Cannon-Bard theory
D)two-factor theory

Question 72

Which statement is most consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A)"I run because I'm afraid."
B)"I'm happy because I laugh."
C)"I'm crying because I'm sad."
D)"I'm anxious because I perspire."

Question 73

Which theory of emotion proposes that stimuli cause physiological changes in our bodies and emotions result from those physiological changes?

A)Cannon-Bard
B)James-Lange
C)two-factor theory
D)excitation transfer

Question 74

Levels of the neurotransmitters _______ and _______ are abnormal in those with anorexia nervosa as well as in obese individuals.

A)norepinephrine; serotonin
B)norepinephrine; acetylcholine
C)dopamine; acetylcholine
D)dopamine; serotonin

Question 75

Which sequence of events in emotional responses is characteristic of the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A)stimulus --> emotion --> physiological changes
B)stimulus --> physiological changes --> emotion
C)physiological changes --> stimulus --> emotion
D)stimulus --> emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous)

Question 76

You are walking in the forest and see a bear.According to the Cannon-Bard theory,what happens next?

A)You experience physiological changes followed by fear.
B)You feel fear followed by physiological changes.
C)You experience physiological changes and a feeling of fear simultaneously.
D)You experience physiological changes and context appraisal followed by fear.

Question 77

Owns _____ Barbie dolls.

A)1 or 2
B)several
C)about 10
D)nearly 20

Question 78

One of the problems associated with asthma is that after patients experience difficulty breathing,they often make their symptoms worse by concentrating on them and/or worrying about them.Consequently,many doctors include relaxation exercises as part of a treatment program to prevent patients from making their asthmatic reactions worse.This example of how our awareness of physiological changes can influence or even cause subsequent emotions is most supportive of which of the following theories of emotion?

A)excitation transfer
B)Cannon-Bard
C)James-Lange
D)Yerkes-Dodson

Question 79

Which statement best reflects the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A)Our hearts race,we see a monster,we feel fear.
B)We see a monster,we feel fear,our hearts race.
C)We see a monster,our hearts race,we feel fear.
D)We feel fear,our hearts race,we see the monster.

Question 80

Tommy's body burns calories more quickly than does Ricky's.Based on this information,which of the following statements is true?

A)Tommy's basal metabolic rate is higher than Ricky's.
B)Tommy's set point is higher than Ricky's.
C)Tommy's BMI is higher than Ricky's.
D)Tommy's homeostatic level is higher than Ricky's.