Deck 4: Consciousness

Question 1

What do we call a state of consciousness that can result from spiritual rituals,disease,or injury?

A)daydreaming
B)meditative absorption
C)a stream of consciousness
D)an altered state of consciousness

Answer 1

an altered state of consciousness

Question 2

Sleep researchers have identified _______ levels or stages of non-REM sleep.

A)two
B)four
C)seven
D)nine

Answer 2

four

Question 3

Which of the following most accurately defines consciousness?

A)an ordered experience
B)cortical activity in the brainstem
C)a state of internal and external awareness
D)transcendence

Answer 3

a state of internal and external awareness

Question 4

Dreaming,meditation,intoxication,sleep,and hypnosis are all types of __________.

A)altered states of consciousness
B)self-awareness
C)waking consciousness
D)self-absorption

Question 5

Which device would a sleep researcher use to monitor a sleeping person's brain waves?

A)electromyograph (EMG)
B)electrocardiograph (EKG)
C)electro-oculograph (EOG)
D)electroencephalograph (EEG)

Question 6

You are watching sleep researchers monitor the sleep of a normal adult.The participant is hooked up to an EEG.What brain waves would you observe as the person becomes drowsy and then enters the first stage of sleep?

A)alpha eventually replaced by delta
B)delta eventually replaced by theta
C)beta eventually replaced by alpha
D)delta eventually replaced by beta

Question 7

________ occurs when an earlier stimulus influences our response to a later stimulus.It often affects people on an unconscious level.

A)Chunking
B)Priming
C)Interference
D)Rumination

Question 8

Research by James Vicary conducted in the 1950s demonstrating the effects of ________ turned out to be a hoax.

A)night terrors
B)hypnosis
C)subliminal perception
D)meditation

Question 9

What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings,sensations,and thoughts,as well as external stimuli?

A)thinking
B)cognition
C)conscience
D)consciousness

Question 10

You see an advertisement for a method of learning a foreign language that seems simple-just rev up the iPod and fall asleep.The accompanying product description cites proof that people can learn while asleep.Being a good psychological detective,what question would you ask about the offered proof?

A)Did the individuals actually dream about the foreign language?
B)What did the EEG indicate about the participants' level of sleep?
C)Did the researchers use only long sleepers who would spend more time with the tapes?
D)Were study breaks included in the tape to provide greater comprehension of the material?

Question 11

Consciousness is the ________________.

A)state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes
B)awareness of ourselves and the environment
C)memory of personally experienced events
D)intentional recollection of an item of information

Question 12

Have you ever driven to a location only to find that when you arrived you had virtually no memory of your trip? If so,your driving was a(n)________ process.

A)automatic
B)hypnopompic
C)hypnogogic
D)controlled

Question 13

A commonly seen linguistic error is the ________ slip,where something sort of "pops" out of one's mouth that they did not consciously mean to say.

A)Mendelian
B)Vicarian
C)Freudian
D)Hobsonian

Question 14

The state we are in when we are mentally aware and our nervous system is aroused is called ______.

A)altered state of consciousness
B)waking consciousness
C)self-awareness
D)intelligence

Question 15

The brain waves produced during relaxed wakefulness are called __________ waves.

A)alpha
B)beta
C)delta
D)theta

Question 16

Stephanie and Zack have a new baby girl,Nora,who has been demonstrating very unusual sleep disturbances.Their doctor feels that the baby should undergo a noninvasive sleep study to monitor several of her physiological functions while she is asleep.Which of the following would the physician most likely prescribe?

A)polysomnography
B)positron emission tomography
C)functional magnetic resonance imaging
D)a multi-lead electrocardiograph

Question 17

Emily is currently experiencing the most severe of the disorders of consciousness (DOCs).In what state would we find her?

A)Emily would be deceased.
B)Emily would be in a coma.
C)Emily would be in a persistent vegetative state.
D)Emily would be in an ephemeral vegetative state.

Question 18

Of sleep?

A)REM sleep
B)Non-REM sleep
C)REMN sleep
D)paradoxical sleep

Question 19

Mental activities that differ noticeably from normal waking consciousness are known as ________.

A)hyperconsciousness
B)an unconscious state
C)relaxed wakefulness
D)an altered states of consciousness

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a key principle of consciousness?

A)Consciousness is dynamic.
B)Consciousness is temporary.
C)Consciousness involves both arousal and awareness.
D)Consciousness can be altered.

Question 21

Universal sleep stage progressions are to sleep ________ as individual changes in sleep stage progressions are to sleep ________.

A)cycles; architecture
B)spindles; cycles
C)cycles: spindles
D)architecture; cycles

Question 22

When approximately ________ of your brain waves are delta waves, you have entered NREM stage 3 sleep.

A)10
B)20
C)40
D)75

Question 23

Most dreaming occurs during _____ sleep.

A)non-REM
B)REM
C)Stage 3
D)Stage 4

Question 24

John will likely experience the REM rebound effect tonight if he:

A)takes a sleeping pill before bed tonight.
B)drinks too much caffeine prior to sleeping.
C)did not sleep much last night.
D)slept more than 8 hours last night.

Question 25

Which of the following is CORRECT concerning REM deprivation?

A)REM deprivation results in long-term mental illness whose symptoms resemble schizophrenia.
B)REM deprivation only occurs among the elderly who suffer from different forms of dementia.
C)REM deprivation leads to increased amounts of REM sleep on subsequent nights of sleep.
D)REM deprivation can lead to both visual and auditory impairments.

Question 26

This pioneering researcher who conducted a study that suggested that people deprived of REM sleep would experience a rebound of that type of sleep in future sleep sessions was:

A)Sigmund Freud.
B)William Dement.
C)C.G.Jung.
D)William James.

Question 27

If the EEG record reveals evidence of sleep spindles,you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is in which stage of sleep?

A)REM
B)NREM stage 1
C)NREM stage 2
D)NREM stage 4

Question 28

Louisa has just drifted off to sleep on the sofa,and is almost immediately awakened by her mother who urges her to go to bed.Louisa insists that she was not sleeping,but is now terrified by the ghost that she is sure she has seen.Louisa is probably experiencing a(n):

A)hypnogogic hallucination.
B)hypnopompic jerk.
C)hypnopompic illusion.
D)nightmare.

Question 29

Periods of REM sleep alternate with periods of non-REM sleep in a cycle that recurs about every ______________ minutes or so.

A)20
B)100
C)150
D)210

Question 30

Kara is in Stage 1 of the sleep cycle.Which of the following is TRUE?

A)Kara will remain in this stage for hours.
B)Kara is in a deep sleep.
C)Kara is easily aroused,and if awakened,will probably be unaware that she was sleep.
D)Kara is snoring very loudly.

Question 31

If you are awakened from sleep and you feel as though you had not even been asleep,then you were most likely in which stage of sleep?

A)NREM stage 1
B)NREM stage 2
C)NREM stage 3
D)REM

Question 32

Your brain waves are being monitored in a sleep laboratory.If you are in deep sleep less than an hour after falling asleep,what brain waves will be detected?

A)beta
B)alpha
C)theta
D)delta

Question 33

Sleep are called __________.

A)delta waves
B)sleep spindles
C)paradoxical sleep waves
D)beta waves

Question 34

Delta waves begin to emerge during _____ of the sleep cycle.

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 2
C)Stage 3
D)Stage 4

Question 35

Stage 4 sleep is marked by mostly _________ waves.

A)alpha
B)beta
C)theta
D)delta

Question 36

REM sleep refers to __________________.

A)dreamless sleep
B)sleep induced by sleeping pills
C)sleep periods in which sleepwalking is likely
D)sleep periods in which a person's eyes move rapidly

Question 37

Sleep,you report a vivid visual event.What term do psychologists use for such a phenomenon?

A)hypnotic illusion
B)positive image
C)hypnopompic jerk
D)hypnogogic hallucination

Question 38

The predictable shifting through the different stages of NREM and REM sleep is called one's sleep ________.

A)wave
B)hypnopompia
C)rebound
D)cycle

Question 39

People in Stage 4 sleep _____________.

A)dream all the time
B)are hard to wake up
C)are easy to wake up
D)hallucinate

Question 40

The deepest stage of sleep is __________ sleep.

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 2
C)REM
D)Stage 4

Question 41

Which of the following can be an emotional symptom of sleep deprivation?

A)hyperactivity
B)cheerfulness
C)depression
D)nausea

Question 42

Our sleep-wake cycle follows a(n)______ rhythm.

A)infradian
B)diurnal
C)circadian
D)ultradian

Question 43

Melatonin,a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms,is secreted by the _________ gland.

A)thymus
B)pancreatic
C)thyroid
D)pineal

Question 44

The restoration theory views sleep as ________.

A)having evolutionary advantages
B)helping the body repair the wear and tear of the day's events
C)a means to cope with stress
D)important only to the extent that we don't enter a state of sleep deprivation

Question 45

What aspect of circadian rhythms might explain why we tend to feel so tired at night?

A)Body temperature bottoms out on Monday mornings.
B)The three biorhythm patterns converge at low points on Mondays.
C)Heart rates typically increase at night.
D)There is an organ in the brain sensitive to light changes,which then affects our sleepiness.

Question 46

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or trouble remaining asleep throughout the night is ______.

A)somnambulism
B)cataplexy
C)narcolepsy
D)insomnia

Question 47

According to this theory,sleep serves an adaptive function to help us increase our chances of survival.

A)restorative theory
B)evolutionary theory
C)psychoanalytic theory
D)dream theory

Question 48

When you fly across the country,traversing several time zones,your circadian rhythm is likely to be interrupted by:

A)jet lag.
B)sleep deprivation.
C)sleep debt.
D)REM rebound.

Question 49

Melatonin is a _______________ that causes you to feel sleepier when it increases in the bloodstream.

A)hormone
B)sleeping pill
C)depressant
D)stimulant

Question 50

According to this theory,sleep is necessary for growth and repair of the body.

A)restoration theory
B)adaptive theory
C)psychoanalytic theory
D)dream theory

Question 51

A phenomenon closely related to disruptions of the wake-sleep cycle is ________.

A)hyperactivity
B)jet lag
C)cognitive dissonance
D)the phi phenomenon

Question 52

The hormone melatonin reaches peak levels in the body during the ____________.

A)morning
B)early evening
C)afternoon
D)night

Question 53

Each of the following is a sleep disorder EXCEPT _________.

A)narcolepsy
B)REM rebound
C)insomnia
D)night terrors

Question 54

Melatonin is to ___________ as an aspirin is to ____________.

A)nausea; nightmare
B)nightmare; blood clots
C)insomnia; headache
D)sleep apnea; blood thinner

Question 55

A biological cycle,or rhythm,that is approximately 24 hours long is called a(n)______ cycle.

A)infradian
B)circadian
C)diurnal
D)ultradian

Question 56

Losing too much sleep on several consecutive nights can amount to a problematic level of _________.

A)sleep debt
B)NREM rebound
C)hypnogogia
D)somniloquy

Question 57

Which of the following is true of circadian rhythms?

A)They are artificial inventions of timekeepers.
B)They are internally generated cycles.
C)They are sequences of events that occur once a month.
D)They occur on the same schedule regardless of the changes from day to night.

Question 58

If you have been waking up several times a night for several weeks and then take a long time to fall back to sleep,you may be suffering from ____________.

A)insomnia
B)parasomnia
C)hypersomnia
D)reverse insomnia

Question 59

To treat your sleep problem you are told that you should practice good "sleep hygiene," and might benefit from cognitive-behavioral therapy.What sleep disorder have you been experiencing?

A)enuresis
B)narcolepsy
C)insomnia
D)REM sleep behavior disorder

Question 60

Which statement is correct concerning how much sleep people need?

A)Most older people need at least 10 hours.
B)Men need more sleep than women.
C)The average adults need about 7 to 8 hours of sleep a night.
D)Women need more sleep than men.

Question 61

REM behavior disorder results from _________________.

A)too much sleep
B)not enough sleep
C)failure of the brain mechanisms to block brain signals to the muscles
D)deterioration of the medial hypothalamus

Question 62

REM behavior disorder most commonly occurs among _________________.

A)older men
B)older women
C)children
D)the poor

Question 63

If your physician says you need a treatment called a CPAP device,you are suffering from ________.

A)insomnia
B)narcolepsy
C)sleep apnea
D)sleep terrors

Question 64

The difference between insomnia and apnea is that _________.

A)apnea affects primarily the elderly,whereas insomnia is characteristic of children
B)insomnia is treatable but apnea is not
C)insomnia is characterized by sleeplessness,whereas apnea is characterized by breathing difficulties
D)apnea is a precursor to narcolepsy,whereas insomnia is not

Question 65

Your friend has experienced excessive daytime sleepiness.He is laughing with you and suddenly falls to the ground asleep.Your friend is probably suffering from ____________.

A)narcolepsy
B)parasomnia
C)REM rebound
D)sleep apnea

Question 66

___________________ is a disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep,causing the person to gasp and momentarily awaken.

A)Sleep apnea
B)Insomnia
C)Narcolepsy
D)Non-REM sleep

Question 67

CPAP stands for _____________.

A)continuous positive airway pressure
B)cancer prevention application procedure
C)controlled pulmonary air pump
D)correctable pointed airflow problem

Question 68

Which of the following conditions would you least like the pilot flying your airplane to have?

A)enuresis
B)narcolepsy
C)sleep terror
D)diurnal sleep pattern disorder

Question 69

Narcolepsy occurs when ______________.

A)REM sleep intrudes into wakefulness
B)NREM sleep intrudes into wakefulness
C)inadequate sleep occurs over a period of weeks
D)inadequate levels of stage 4 sleep cause neurological damage

Question 70

Risa experiences sudden,temporary interruptions of breathing during sleep.Risa's condition is known as _______.

A)a night terror
B)insomnia
C)sleep apnea
D)narcolepsy

Question 71

__________ are sleep disturbances in which unusual or undesirable behaviors occur during sleep.

A)Dyssomnias
B)Parasomnias
C)Nightmares
D)Apneas

Question 72

A student nurse looks at a patient's chart and does not understand the meaning of serious sleep apnea,so she asks the head nurse for assistance.How might the head nurse describe this condition?

A)The patient is mentally ill and tends to try to suffocate himself at times.
B)The patient cannot sleep unless he has several pillows he uses to deaden sounds that might awaken him.
C)The patient appears to awaken throughout the night and start walking,but he will not respond to commands.
D)The patient has a potentially life-threatening condition in which air does not flow into or out of his nose or mouth for periods of time while he is asleep.

Question 73

Which of the following statements might help you determine if an individual has narcolepsy?

A)"I have difficulty getting to sleep."
B)"I don't have an adverse reaction to sleeping pills."
C)"I sometimes suddenly fall asleep in the middle of a conversation."
D)"When I get up in the morning,I have the feeling that I had really bad nightmares."

Question 74

Around ________ percent of all children experience sleepwalking episodes.

A)15
B)35
C)55
D)75

Question 75

Which of these individuals has the highest risk for having sleep apnea?

A)John,62 years old,who is overweight
B)Angela,21 years old,who is depressed
C)Alicia,42 years old,who is suffering from anorexia
D)Juan,8 years old,who is experiencing episodes of enuresis

Question 76

You find it hard to sleep due to your roommate's sleeping behavior.She snores quite a bit and at times it sounds as though she has great difficulty breathing.Your roommate may have ________.

A)sleep apnea
B)night terrors
C)nightmares
D)narcolepsy

Question 77

You are telling a joke to your friend who is laughing uproariously and then suddenly collapses to the floor asleep.You are not surprised to later learn that he has a sleep disorder known as ___________.

A)enuresis
B)narcolepsy
C)sleep terror
D)daytime insomnia

Question 78

Sleep research supports three "helpful hints" to avoid insomnia.Which of the following statements is NOT a helpful hint?

A)Wind down before going to sleep.
B)Exercise regularly.
C)Try to nap as much as possible.
D)It is better to go to bed at about the same time every night.

Question 79

JP is 56 years old and slightly overweight.His wife reports that he snores loudly.What sleep disorder seems to fit JP's symptoms?

A)narcolepsy
B)sleep apnea
C)sleep terror
D)REM sleep behavior

Question 80

Mary has been suffering from insomnia for several months.Which piece of advice would you give to help her deal with it?

A)Take sleeping pills.
B)Go to bed every night at different times to "shock your sleep system."
C)Study in bed and then go immediately to sleep.
D)Don't do anything but sleep in your bed.