Deck 13: Section 1: Motivation

Question 1

One of the differences between managers and leaders is that managers focus on visions, missions, goals, and objectives, and leaders focus solely on productivity and efficiency.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Since there are no consistent trait differences between leaders and non-leaders, or between effective and ineffective leaders, trait theory is wrong.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The three major situational leadership theories all assume that the effectiveness of any leadership style (the way a leader generally behaves toward followers) depends on the situation.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The leadership behavior of consideration has also been referred to as "concern for people" and "employee-centered leadership."

Question 5

The leadership trait of integrity refers to the extent to which leaders do what they said they would do.

Question 6

Managers tend to have a short-term perspective, leaders tend to have a long-term perspective.

Question 7

Fiedler's contingency theory is based on the assumption that leaders are capable of adapting and adjusting their leadership styles to fit the demands of different situations.

Question 8

As described in the path-goal theory, directive leadership is similar to the key leadership behavior of initiating structure.

Question 9

As a leader behavior, initiating structure is the degree to which a leader structures the roles of followers by setting goals, giving directions, setting deadlines, and assigning tasks.

Question 10

The primary difference between leaders and managers is that leaders are concerned with doing the right thing, while managers are concerned with doing things right.

Question 11

While consideration primarily affects subordinates' job performance, initiating structure primarily affects subordinates' job satisfaction.

Question 12

There is no such thing as a "best" leadership style for all situations and employees.

Question 13

Initiating structure leader behavior has also been referred to as "job-centered leadership" and "concern for production."

Question 14

Researchers believe leaders can simultaneously be considerate and initiate structure because consideration and initiating structure are independent behaviors.

Question 15

In Fiedler's contingency theory, the two situational factors that determine the favorability of a situation are leader- member relations and task structure.

Question 16

As a leader behavior, consideration refers to the extent to which leaders do what they said they would do.

Question 17

Leadership is the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals.

Question 18

According to the trait theory, all effective leaders possess a similar set of traits or characteristics.

Question 19

Fiedler's contingency theory states that in order to maximize work group performance, leaders must be matched to the situation that best fits their leadership style.

Question 20

Directive leadership is a leadership style in which leaders set challenging goals, have high expectations of employees, and display confidence that employees will assume responsibility and put forth extraordinary effort.

Question 21

Ford Motor Company has always attracted and nurtured capable managers, but it has failed to do the same for leaders. Ford is embarking on a sweeping attempt to mass-manufacture leaders. It wants to build an army of "warrior-entrepreneurs." Ford's "warrior-entrepreneurs" will be expected to _______.

A) take a long-term perspective
B) inspire and motivate employees to embrace change
C) realize that results are more important than processes
D) be architects rather than builders
E) do all of these things

Question 22

Relatively stable characteristics such as abilities, psychological motives, or consistent patterns of behavior, form the basis for the _______of leadership.

A) situational theory
B) behavioral theory
C) trait theory
D) expectancy theory
E) path-goal theory

Question 23

Which of the following is a major concern of managers (as opposed to leaders)?

A) maintaining the status quo
B) inspiring and motivating others
C) taking a long-term view
D) promoting change
E) organizational improvements

Question 24

Oftentimes when an individual is running for a local political office, he or she makes lots of promises. When the individual wins the election and assumes office, he or she is often unable to carry through on political promises, an inability which leads to a perceived problem with_______ .

A) Honesty
B) Integrity
C) Empathy
D) Drive
E) Charisma

Question 25

Which of the following is a major concern of leaders (as opposed to managers)?

A) controlling and limiting the choices of others
B) solving problems so that work can be done
C) preserving the status quo
D) inspiring and motivating others
E) a focus on productivity and efficiency

Question 26

One of the criticisms of the television industry is the networks' desire to maintain ratings by thinking in terms of next week's programming. The networks are also more concerned with how to get high program ratings quickly. This criticism assumes_______ .

A) doing the right things is more important than doing things right in the television industry
B) the television industry benefits from strong leadership
C) long-term strategy is more important than tactics in the television industry
D) the television industry has a shortage of effective leadership
E) the television industry attracts more architects than builders

Question 27

The normative decision theory helps leaders decide how much employee participation should be used when making decisions.

Question 28

Strategic leadership is defined as the ability to think strategically and create a strategic plan for an organization.

Question 29

Which of the following statements about leaders and managers is true?

A) Organizations need both leaders and managers.
B) Leaders are critical to getting out the day-to-day work.
C) Managers are critical to inspiring employees and setting long-term direction.
D) Most organizations place greater emphasis on leadership than on management.
E) All of these statements about leaders and managers are true.

Question 30

According to the normative decision theory, using the right degree of employee participation improves the quality of decisions and the extent to which employees accept and are committed to decisions.

Question 31

The "great person" theory is another name for the_______ theory of leadership.

A) Trait
B) Behavioral
C) Situational
D) path-goal
E) leader formalization

Question 32

When Jack Welch, former Chairman of General Electric, a Fortune 5 company, assumed the role of CEO, he immediately began to make drastic changes in the company's structure and product lines. He envisioned a bloated, inefficient General Electric becoming an efficient, profitable organization over time. He inspired and motivated his employees to change. Jack Welch_______ .

A) would be characterized as a leader
B) had a short-term perspective
C) emphasized means rather than ends
D) acted as a builder rather than an architect
E) would be characterized as a manager

Question 33

Companies whose executives do not try to motivate employees to create long-term solutions to the problems facing the companies are most likely_______

A) are true leaders
B) are more interested in doing the right thing than doing things right
C) are promoting long-term change
D) tend to focus on organizational visions, missions, goals, and objectives rather than organizational efficiency and productivity
E) are more than likely managers rather than leaders

Question 34

Transformational leadership is leadership that generates awareness and acceptance of a group's purpose and mission and gets employees to see beyond their own needs and self-interest for the good of the group.

Question 35

_______is the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals.

A) management
B) leadership
C) interpersonal influence
D) supervision
E) autonomy

Question 36

Which of the following traits refers to the extent to which leaders are truthful with others?

A) Honesty
B) self-confidence
C) emotional stability
D) Charisma
E) Extroversion

Question 37

According to an article from CIO Magazine, "Leadership grows from courage and integrity." From this opening statement, you know the article will discuss leadership from the _______.

A) University of Michigan perspective
B) trait theory viewpoint
C) situational approach to leadership
D) motivational approach to leadership
E) Hershey and Blanchard perspective

Question 38

Which one of the following traits refers to high levels of effort and is characterized by achievement, motivation, ambition, energy, tenacity, and initiative?

A) desire to lead
B) motivational cues
C) Drive
D) self-confidence
E) Charisma

Question 39

Within the path-goal model, the achievement-oriented and participative leadership styles directly parallel the key leadership behaviors of initiating structure and consideration, respectively.

Question 40

While transformational leaders use visionary and inspirational appeals to influence followers, transactional leadership is based on an exchange process.

Question 41

Leaders who possess the trait of _______are more decisive and assertive and more likely to gain others' confidence.

A) emotional stability
B) Integrity
C) self-confidence
D) Drive
E) cognitive ability

Question 42

Which of the following is another term for initiating structure leadership behavior?

A) considerate leader behavior
B) employee-centered leadership
C) concern for people
D) concern for production
E) formalized people skills

Question 43

United Fruit Company is the owner of the Chiquita brand of bananas. United Fruit emphasized how the fruit was to be picked and packed for transportation and shows no concern for the workers. United Fruit can be considered using______type of managing.

A) Achievement
B) Charisma
C) Consideration
D) initiating structure
E) Vision

Question 44

Which of the following statements about the two basic leader behaviors that are central to successful leadership is true?

A) These behaviors are referred to as initiating structure and consideration.
B) These behaviors are dependent, meaning that leaders can only do one at a time.
C) The worst leadership style entails the use of both behaviors in equal amounts.
D) The best leadership style entails high levels of both of these behaviors.
E) Most effective leaders select one behavior, adopt it, and maintain that style of leadership for their entire careers.

Question 45

Which of the following traits refers to the tendency of leaders to remain even-tempered and consistent in their outlook and the way they treat others even when things go wrong?

A) Honesty
B) Integrity
C) emotional stability
D) self-confidence
E) cognitive ability

Question 46

Hot Topic is a fast­growing clothing chain targeted to the alternative teen demographic. Hot Topic's CEO Betsy McLaughlin relies on her employees to locate new trends. McLaughlin almost daily consults with her employees for suggestions on what the stores should carry. She relies on their input before making inventory decisions and treats her employees as equals. McLaughlin is demonstrating______ .

A) achievement-orientation
B) consideration
C) charisma
D) initiating structure
E) Empathy

Question 47

In terms of leadership behavior, the term ______refers to the extent to which a leader is friendly, approachable, supportive, and shows concern for employees.

A) initiating structure
B) job-centered leadership
C) Consideration
D) concern for production
E) Autonomy
Refers to the extent to which a leader is friendly, approachable,

Question 48

Which of the following is another term for considerate leadership behavior?

A) initiating structure behavior
B) participative management
C) job-centered leadership
D) concern for production
E) employee-centered leadership

Question 49

Which of the following statements about the two basic leader behaviors that are central to successful leadership is true?

A) These behaviors are referred to as initiating structure and constructing networks.
B) These behaviors are independent, meaning that leaders can do both at the same time.
C) These behaviors both impact primarily on job performance.
D) These behaviors have minimal impact on work environments.
E) All of these statements about the two basic leader behaviors that are central to successful leadership are true.

Question 50

Research at three universities has confirmed that two basic leader behaviors, _______and_______are central to successful leadership.

A) initiating structure; consideration
B) initiating structure; job-centered leadership
C) employee-centered leadership; consideration
D) concern for production; job-centered leadership
E) autonomous; participative

Question 51

Recently, a newly appointed CEO of a major corporation began by firing the entire management committee. A few months later, this same executive, fired two of his hand-picked senior executives. From this information, it is obvious that this executive was more concerned about his employees'______ than their job satisfaction.

A) worker synergy
B) motivational cues
C) job performance
D) worker responsiveness
E) Vision

Question 52

Doris Cunningham, CEO of Members Choice Federal Credit Union in West Virginia, believes keeping staff excited about the business they're in is one of a leader's primary roles. She believes a spirit of enthusiasm must start at the top. This indicates that Cunningham is high in______ .

A) Achievement
B) Charisma
C) Consideration
D) initiating structure
E) Vision

Question 53

Bill Belichick is the coach of the New England Patriots football team. As a successful coach, he has to schedule structured practices, emphasize careful planning, and assign tasks. He also has to show the players that he genuinely cares about them as people. According to the Blake and Mouton grid, Belichick's leadership style would be characterized as ______.

A) authority-compliance
B) country club management
C) middle-of-the-road management
D) team management
E) impoverished management

Question 54

College football coaching requires that coaches design every facet of practices, set goals for their players, determine schedules, and even direct all of the plays during the games. College football coaching uses ______type of managing.

A) Achievement
B) Consideration
C) Charisma
D) Initiating structure
E) Empathy
Type of

Question 55

Successful business leaders are not like other people. Successful business leaders_______ .

A) have a desire to lead
B) have emotional stability
C) are knowledgeable about business
D) are self-confident
E) are accurately described by all of these

Question 56

A CEO who tours company plants to meet and talk to employees at all levels in order to better understand their concerns and feelings is demonstrating which type of leader behavior?

A) consideration
B) leader formalization
C) autonomy
D) reciprocity
E) initiating structure

Question 57

Walter Reed Army Institute of Research has made a study of how important it is for military leaders to be friendly with and to show concern for their troops. Its research shows that a leadership behavior high in______positively influences soldiers and their ability to adapt to stressful environments.

A) Achievement
B) Charisma
C) Consideration
D) initiating structure
E) Vision positively

Question 58

Research shows that while initiating structure impacts primarily on______ , consideration impacts primarily on______ .

A) job satisfaction; job performance
B) job performance; job satisfaction
C) job performance; motivational drive
D) job satisfaction; worker synergy
E) job description; job specification

Question 59

Which of the following is the best leadership style for all situations?

A) team management
B) middle of the road management
C) authority-compliance
D) country club management
E) none of these

Question 60

Which of the following is another term for considerate leadership behavior?

A) initiating structure behavior
B) job-centered leadership
C) concern for people
D) concern for production
E) participative management

Question 61

Which of the following approaches to implementing Fiedler's contingency theory in the workplace has proven effective?

A) accurately measuring and matching leaders to situations
B) teaching managers how to change situational favorableness
C) arbitrary definition of situations
D) only hiring supervisors with appropriate leadership traits
E) creating standing plans concerning leader actions and reactions

Question 62

According to the path-goal theory of leadership,______ is very similar to considerate leader behavior.

A) directive leadership
B) supportive leadership
C) participative leadership
D) achievement-oriented leadership
E) people-oriented leadership

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT one of the four leadership styles identified in the path-goal theory of leadership?

A) Directive
B) Supportive
C) Participative
D) Charismatic
E) achievement-oriented

Question 64

Recently, a newly appointed CEO of a major corporation began by firing the entire management committee. A few months later, this same executive, fired two of his hand-picked senior executives. From this information, it is obvious that this executive was more concerned about his employees' than their job satisfaction. In terms of situational favorableness, this executive demonstrated______ .

A) leader-member relations
B) initiating structure
C) goal commitment
D) power position
E) all of these

Question 65

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, what type of leadership is being practiced that involves letting employees know precisely what is expected of them, giving them specific guidelines for performing tasks, scheduling work, setting standards of performance, and making sure that people follow standard rules and regulations.

A) people-oriented leadership
B) supportive leadership
C) participative leadership
D) achievement-oriented leadership
E) directive leadership

Question 66

Recently, a newly appointed CEO of a major corporation began by firing the entire management committee. A few months later, this same executive, fired two of his hand-picked senior executives. From this information, it is obvious that this executive was more concerned about his employees' ______ than their job satisfaction. In terms of Fiedler's contingency theory, this executive was most concerned with establishing ______ .

A) situational favorableness
B) Consideration
C) position power
D) goal commitment
E) empowerment quality

Question 67

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, what leadership style involves being friendly and approachable to employees, showing concern for them and their welfare, treating them as equals, and creating a friendly climate.

A) directive leadership
B) supportive leadership
C) leadership empowerment
D) achievement-oriented leadership
E) participative leadership

Question 68

In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term______ refers to the degree to which leaders are able to hire, fire, reward,and punish workers.

A) situational favorableness
B) leader-member relations
C) task structure
D) position power
E) situational unfavorableness
Refers to the degree to which leaders are able to hire, fire, reward,

Question 69

Which of the following is an example of a situational theory of leadership?

A) stimulus-response theory
B) trait theory
C) Fiedler's contingency theory
D) equity theory of leadership
E) charismatic theory

Question 70

W. L. Gore is the company that created Gore-Tex among many other innovative products. W.L.Gore employees (known as associates) don't have titles or bosses in the traditional sense. Instead, associates make commitments to work on projects that they believe are most worthy of their time. At W.L. Gore, few leaders are appointed; leaders simply emerge as needed by the other employees or the project itself. The Gore company more than likely adheres to the______ theory of leadership.

A) Contingency
B) Normative
C) Strategic
D) Trait
E) Visionary

Question 71

A directive leader, one who lets his employees know precisely what is expected of them, give them specific guidelines for performing tasks, schedules work, set standards of performance, and makes sure that people follow standard rules and regulations would most likely have______

A) been very friendly with his employees
B) told employees precisely what he expected them to do
C) used employees' inputs before making decisions
D) assumed his employees would assume responsibility and put forth extraordinary effort
E) used delegation

Question 72

Which of the following leadership theories assumes that leadership styles are consistent and difficult to change?

A) path-goal theory
B) normative decision theory
C) the Vroom theory
D) the status quo theory of leadership
E) none of these

Question 73

Some employees called former General Electric, CEO Jack Welch, "Bloody Jack" because his restructuring efforts eliminated numerous jobs and product lines without thought about how individual employees were impacted. Mr. Welch was viewed as "the hatchet man," and the source of the firings. Under Fiedler's contingency theory, someone acting like Mr. Welch would be viewed as having______ .

A) an emphasis on initiating structure
B) a relationship orientation
C) weak position power
D) strong position power
E) an emphasis on consideration

Question 74

In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term______ refers to the degree to which a particular situation either permits or denies a leader the chance to influence the behavior of group members.

A) situational favorableness
B) leader-member relations
C) task structure
D) position power
E) task favorableness

Question 75

According to which of the following leadership model occurs when leaders make it clear how followers can achieve organizational goals, take care of problems that prevent followers from achieving goals, and then find more and varied rewards to motivate followers who achieve those goals, these leaders are demonstrating _____________?

A) Fiedler's contingency theory
B) Blake and Mouton's leadership grid
C) the Vroom-Yetton-Jago normative decision model
D) the path-goal theory
E) the Boston Consulting Group leadership matrix

Question 76

When Leon was hired to manage the distribution center, his supervisor advised him to "Do things that satisfy followers today or will lead to future rewards or satisfaction" and "Offer employees something unique and valuable beyond what they're experiencing or can already do for themselves". Leon's supervisor's advice was designed to help Leon become a successful leader. Which leadership theory does Leon's supervisor apparently believe to be most effective in making a good leader?

A) the trait theory of leadership
B) strategic leadership
C) the path-goal theory
D) the theory of initiating structure
E) the contingency theory

Question 77

Recently, a newly appointed CEO of a major corporation began by firing the entire management committee. A few months later, this same executive, fired two of his hand-picked senior executives. From this information, it is obvious that this executive was more concerned about his employees' performances than their job satisfaction. From this information, what type of leadership style is being used?

A) achievement-oriented
B) supportive
C) charismatic
D) directive
E) participative

Question 78

Larry Tobin is now president of Fairwinds Credit Union in Florida. After Mr. Tobin assumed the presidency at Fairwinds, he made several personnel changes. Which of the following seems most important to Tobin?

A) situational favorableness
B) initiating structure
C) position power
D) goal commitment
E) empowerment quality

Question 79

Mr. Jan Carlson, the former CEO of Scandinavian Airline Systems (SAS), believes the most important role for a leader is to instill confidence in people. According to the path-goal theory, this statement indicates that his leadership style would be______ .

A) directive
B) achievement-oriented
C) employee-centered
D) supportive
E) job-centered

Question 80

Larry Tobin is now president of Fairwinds Credit Union in Florida where he started as a part-time teller. He's learned to ignore one bit of advice he's frequently heard, "Work with what you have." Tobin doesn't buy that view. He subscribes to the philosophy that calls for "having the right people on the bus and the right people in the right seats on the bus." After Tobin assumed the helm at Fairwinds, he made several personnel changes. This ability to make these personnel changes defines Tobin's______ .

A) employee orientation
B) position power
C) goal specificity
D) Instrumentality
E) tactical leadership skills