Deck 6: A: Consciousness and Cognition

Question 1

You see an advertisement for a method of learning a foreign language that seems simple-just put on a tape and fall aslee

A)Did the individuals actually dream about the foreign language?
B)What did the EEG indicate about the participants' level of sleep?
C)Did the researchers use only long sleepers who would spend more time with the tapes?
D)Were study breaks included in the tape to provide greater comprehension of the material?

Answer 1

What did the EEG indicate about the participants' level of sleep?

Question 2

Which statement is correct concerning how much sleep people need?

A)Most people need at least 10 hours.
B)Men need more sleep than women.
C)Most people need between 7 and 8 hours of sleep.
D)Women need more sleep than men.

Answer 2

Most people need between 7 and 8 hours of sleep.

Question 3

The hypothalamus controls the ___________.

A)hypnotic suggestibility ratio
B)sleep-wake cycle
C)frequency of nightmares
D)growth hormones that occur during sleep

Answer 3

sleep-wake cycle

Question 4

Which device would a sleep researcher use to monitor a sleeping person's brain waves?

A)electromyograph (EMG)
B)electrocardiograph (EKG)
C)electro-oculograph (EOG)
D)electroencephalograph (EEG)

Question 5

Mental activities that differ noticeably from normal waking consciousness are known as ________.

A)hyperconsciousness
B)unconscious states
C)relaxed wakefulness
D)altered states of consciousness

Question 6

The state we are in when we are awake and reasonably alert is called ______.

A)altered state of consciousness
B)waking consciousness
C)self-awareness
D)intelligence

Question 7

A biological cycle,or rhythm,that is approximately 24 hours long is called a(n)______ cycle.

A)infradian
B)circadian
C)diurnal
D)ultradian

Question 8

What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings,sensations, and thoughts?

A)thinking
B)cognition
C)conscience
D)consciousness

Question 9

If the EEG record reveals evidence of very small and very fast waves,you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is ___________________.

A)really not sleeping and is awake
B)in stage 2
C)in stage 3
D)in stage 4

Question 10

Our awareness of various mental processes,such as making decisions,daydreaming,reflecting,and concentrating,is called ______.

A)consciousness
B)creativity
C)intelligence
D)self-awareness

Question 11

REM sleep refers to __________________.

A)dreamless sleep
B)sleep induced by sleeping pills
C)sleep periods in which sleepwalking is likely
D)sleep periods in which a person's eyes move rapidly

Question 12

What used to be called "the gentle tyrant"?

A)drugs
B)dreams
C)sleep
D)meditation

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT an altered state of consciousness?

A)concentration
B)meditation
C)daydreaming
D)intoxication

Question 14

You are watching sleep researchers monitor the sleep of a normal adult.The participant is hooked up to an EEG.What brain waves would you observe as the person becomes drowsy and then
Enters the first stage of sleep?

A)alpha eventually replaced by delta
B)delta eventually replaced by theta
C)alpha eventually replaced by theta
D)delta eventually replaced by beta

Question 15

Daydreaming,meditation,intoxication,sleep,and hypnosis are all types of ________.

A)self-awareness
B)self-absorption
C)waking consciousness
D)altered states of consciousness

Question 16

What aspect of circadian rhythms might explain why we tend to feel so tired at night?

A)Body temperature bottoms out on Monday mornings.
B)The three biorhythm patterns converge at low points on Mondays.
C)Heart rates typically increase at night.
D)There is an organ in the brain sensitive to light changes,which then affects our sleepiness.

Question 17

What do we call a state of consciousness that can result from the use of alcohol,drugs,or hypnosis?

A)daydreaming
B)meditative absorption
C)stream of consciousness
D)altered state of consciousness

Question 18

The sleep-wake cycle is ultimately controlled by the part of the brain called the __________.

A)optical nerve
B)frontal lobe
C)hypothalamus
D)median forebrain bundle

Question 19

Consciousness is the ________________.

A)state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes
B)awareness of ourselves and the environment
C)memory of personally experienced events
D)intentional recollection of an item of information

Question 20

Our sleep-wake cycle follows a(n)______ rhythm.

A)infradian
B)diurnal
C)circadian
D)ultradian

Question 21

Each of the following is true of sleepwalking EXCEPT ______.

A)more boys than girls sleepwalk
B)sleepwalking is more common among children than adults
C)sleepwalkers usually do not recall their nightly activities the next morning.
D)waking a sleepwalker is dangerous

Question 22

Which of the following is CORRECT concerning REM deprivation?

A)REM deprivation results in long-term mental illness.
B)REM deprivation only occurs among the elderly.
C)REM deprivation leads to increased amounts of REM sleep on subsequent nights of sleep.
D)REM deprivation can lead to visual impairments.

Question 23

Which of the following individuals is most likely to sleepwalk?

A)a 10-year-old child
B)a 24-year-old adult
C)a 44-year-old adult
D)a 74-year-old adult

Question 24

Stage 4 sleep is marked by _________ waves.

A)alpha
B)beta
C)theta
D)delta

Question 25

The stage of sleep in which delta waves begin to appear is ________ slee

A)stage 1
B)stage 2
C)stage 3
D)stage 4

Question 26

The stage of sleep marked by the production of very slow delta waves is ________ slee

A)stage 1
B)stage 2
C)stage 3
D)stage 4

Question 27

Each of the following is a sleep disorder EXCEPT _________.

A)narcolepsy
B)REM rebound
C)insomnia
D)night terrors

Question 28

What would you expect to see on the EEG record of a person who is engaged in an episode of sleepwalking?

A)paradoxical sleep waves
B)very large sleep spindles
C)evidence of deep sleep (stage 4)
D)a record that is virtually the same as a daydreaming person

Question 29

Judith is startled when her 6-year-old daughter,Laura,sleepwalks into the family room.It is most likely that Laura is experiencing the _______________ stage of the sleep cycle.

A)REM
B)first
C)third
D)fourth

Question 30

REM behavior disorder most commonly occurs _________________.

A)in men over 60
B)in women under 60
C)in children
D)among the poor

Question 31

If the EEG record reveals evidence of sleep spindles,you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is in which stage of sleep?

A)REM
B)stage 1
C)stage 2
D)stage 4

Question 32

People in stage 4 sleep _____________.

A)dream all the time
B)are hard to wake up
C)are easy to wake up
D)hallucinate

Question 33

REM behavior disorder results from _________________.

A)too much sleep
B)not enough sleep
C)failure of the brain mechanisms to block brain signals to the muscles
D)deterioration of the medial hypothalamus

Question 34

What term do sleep researchers use to designate stages 1-4 of sleep?

A)REM sleep
B)Non-REM sleep
C)REMN sleep
D)paradoxical sleep

Question 35

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Night terrors are a rare disorder.
B)Nightmares,but not night terrors,suggest some psychological problems.
C)Night terrors,but not nightmares,suggest some psychological problems.
D)Both nightmares and night terrors suggest psychological problems.

Question 36

The deepest stage of sleep is ________ slee

A)stage 1
B)stage 2
C)stage 3
D)stage 4

Question 37

Which of the following statements is correct?

A)Sleepwalking has never been used successfully as a murder defense.
B)There have been cases in which sleepwalking was a successful murder defense.
C)Sleepwalking in prisons is a common occurrence.
D)A famous attorney reported that he tried a murder case while he was sleepwalking.

Question 38

Short,rhythmic bursts of brainwave activity that appear during stage 2 sleep are called __________.

A)delta waves
B)sleep spindles
C)paradoxical sleep waves
D)beta waves

Question 39

Sleep spindles appear during ______ slee

A)stage 1
B)REM
C)stage 2
D)stage 4

Question 40

Sleepwalking occurs _________.

A)primarily during REM sleep
B)primarily during NREM Stage 4 sleep
C)equally as often in REM and NREM sleep
D)only in REM sleep

Question 41

Sleep research supports three of the following helpful hints.Which statement is NOT accurate?

A)Don't try too hard to get to sleep.
B)In cases of insomnia,don't associate your bedroom with wakefulness.
C)Sleeping pills help cure insomnia.
D)It is better to go to bed at about the same time every night.

Question 42

Which of the following statements might help you determine if an individual has narcolepsy?

A)"I have difficulty getting to sleep."
B)"I don't have an adverse reaction to sleeping pills."
C)"I sometimes fall into a deep sleep in the middle of a conversation."
D)"When I get up in the morning,I have the feeling that I had really bad nightmares."

Question 43

Jim is 56 years old and slightly overweight.His wife reports that he snores loudly.What sleep disorder seems to fit Jim's symptoms?

A)narcolepsy
B)sleep apnea
C)sleep terror
D)REM sleep behavior

Question 44

You are telling a joke to your friend who is laughing uproariously and then suddenly collapses to the floor.You are not surprised to later learn that he has a sleep disorder known as ???___________.

A)enuresis
B)narcolepsy
C)sleep terror
D)daytime insomnia

Question 45

The difference between insomnia and sleep apnea is that _________.

A)sleep apnea affects primarily the elderly,whereas insomnia is characteristic of children
B)insomnia is treatable but sleep apnea is not
C)insomnia is characterized by sleeplessness,whereas sleep apnea is characterized by breathing difficulties
D)sleep apnea is a precursor to narcolepsy,whereas insomnia is not

Question 46

___________________ is a disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep,causing the person to choke, gasp,and momentarily awaken.

A)Sleep apnea
B)Insomnia
C)Narcolepsy
D)Non-REM sleep

Question 47

If you have been waking up too early for several weeks,you are probably suffering from ____________.

A)insomnia
B)parasomnia
C)hypersomnia
D)reverse insomnia

Question 48

Surgery to which organ in the body may relieve symptoms of apnea?

A)septum
B)uvula
C)olfactory membrane
D)auditory canal

Question 49

A sleep disorder that may require the use of a machine to force air gently into the nasal passages is called ______________.

A)sleep apnea
B)insomnia
C)narcolepsy
D)cataplexy

Question 50

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night is ______.

A)zombulism
B)cataplexy
C)narcolepsy
D)insomnia

Question 51

If your physician says you need a treatment called CPAP,you are suffering from ________.

A)insomnia
B)narcolepsy
C)sleep apnea
D)sleep terrors

Question 52

Mary is having insomnia.Which piece of advice would you give to help her deal with it?

A)Take sleeping pills.
B)Go to bed every night at different times.
C)Study in bed and then go immediately to sleep.
D)Don't do anything but sleep in your bed.

Question 53

To treat your sleep problem you are told that you should avoid caffeine,you should set your alarm clock to wake up at the same time each day,and you should get out of bed if you cannot slee

A)enuresis
B)narcolepsy
C)insomnia
D)REM sleep behavior disorder

Question 54

Sleep research supports three "helpful hints" to avoid insomnia.Which of the following statements is NOT a helpful hint?

A)Don't try too hard to get to sleep.
B)In cases of insomnia,don't associate your bedroom with wakefulness.
C)Try to nap as much as possible.
D)It is better to go to bed at about the same time every night.

Question 55

One of the main semantic problems with using sleepwalking as a defense for murder is ______________.

A)sleepwalkers really don't walk
B)the correct term for this type of behavior is REM behavior disorder
C)true sleepwalking does not really exist
D)most murderers do not sleep well

Question 56

Your friend has experienced excessive daytime sleepiness.He is laughing with you and suddenly falls to the ground.Your friend is probably suffering from ____________.

A)narcolepsy
B)parasomnia
C)REM rebound
D)sleep apnea

Question 57

CPAP stands for _____________.

A)continuous positive airway pressure
B)cancer prevention application procedure
C)controlled pulmonary air pump
D)correctable pointed airflow problem

Question 58

A student nurse looks at a patient's chart and does not understand the meaning of serious sleep apnea,so she asks the head nurse for assistance.How might the head nurse describe this condition?

A)The patient is mentally ill and tends to try to suffocate himself at times.
B)The patient cannot sleep unless he has several pillows he uses to deaden sounds that might awaken him.
C)The patient appears to awaken throughout the night and start walking,but he will not respond to commands.
D)The patient has a potentially life-threatening condition in which air does not flow into or out of his nose or mouth for periods of time while he is asleep.

Question 59

Which of these individuals has the highest risk for having sleep apnea?

A)John,62 years old,who is overweight
B)Angela,21 years old,who is depressed
C)Alicia,42 years old,who is suffering from anorexia
D)Juan,8 years old,who is experiencing episodes of enuresis

Question 60

Sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by _________.

A)difficulty falling or remaining asleep
B)nodding off without warning in the middle of the day
C)difficulty breathing while asleep
D)experiencing temporary paralysis immediately after waking up from sleep

Question 61

The trial-and-error method of solving problems is also known as ______________.

A)the use of a heuristic device
B)the use of algorithms
C)the mechanical solution
D)the A.I.solution

Question 62

PET scans have demonstrated that when you are creating a visual image ____________.

A)the image is generated by the retinal ganglion cells and sent to the cortex
B)the image is generated by the thalamus and sent to the brain
C)the areas associated with stored knowledge send information to the visual cortex
D)there is no locus in the brain that can be determined for the generation of visual images

Question 63

In Kosslyn's "imaginary island" study,researchers found that it does take longer to view a mental image that _____________.

A)is larger or covers more distance than one that is smaller and more compact
B)has more items in it
C)has more colors in it
D)contains living things as compared to nonliving items

Question 64

Sally is enrolled in a high school geometry course,which she describes as "drawing figures and figuring drawings." In a typical class,students draw geometric figures and use a formula to calculate an aspect of the figure such as its area.Each time Sally uses a formula she is making use of what psychologists call ___________.

A)heuristics
B)logarithms
C)algorithms
D)convergence

Question 65

You ask a student to describe the path to his dorm room.The most likely way in which he will do this is to _________.

A)recite a rote list of directions he memorized
B)give you the GPS location of his dorm room
C)walk through a mental image of the path and describe it to you as he does it
D)none of these

Question 66

Which example would most people take longest to identify as a fruit (even though it technically is a fruit)?

A)grape
B)apple
C)orange
D)olive

Question 67

Seventy percent of the students in a classroom are women and 30 percent are men.One student is described as ambitious,athletic,and assertive.Why are most people likely to think this description refers to a male student?

A)They are using the availability heuristic.
B)They are using the representativeness heuristic.
C)People seek only confirming information.
D)People tend to make relative comparisons.

Question 68

Which is the most likely prototype for the concept "vehicle"?

A)glider
B)car
C)scooter
D)bicycle

Question 69

In problem solving,the term rule of thumb refers to ______________.

A)heuristics
B)algorithms
C)mnemonic devices
D)cognitive shortcuts

Question 70

Concepts are ideas that represent ___________.

A)a class or category of objects,events,or activities
B)patterns of behavior
C)higher-order conditioning and secondary reinforcers
D)none of these

Question 71

Kosslyn asked subjects if frogs have lips and a stubby tail.What did the subjects report?

A)They visualized a frog,starting with the face ("no lips")and mentally rotated the image to look for the stubby tail.
B)They visualized a frog,starting with the face ("no lips"),had it disappear,and then visualized a completely new frog for a second time with its backside to them.
C)They knew the answer but did not have to generate an image.
D)They felt that that task was impossible to accomplish.

Question 72

Don tells Ray he wants to get a new sports car.Ray immediately understands why,because he is familiar with the common characteristics of sports cars and knows what makes them different from family cars.Ray is using mental categories called ________.

A)classes
B)concepts
C)attributes
D)classifications

Question 73

Before enrolling in an abnormal psychology course,Gary's idea of psychological disorders had been influenced primarily by talk shows.He expected to hear the same kinds of stories he had heard on talk shows.What an eye-opening experience the course turned out to be! How would a cognitive psychologist describe the influence the course had on Gary's idea of psychological disorders?

A)Gary learned the value of algorithms.
B)Gary now uses heuristics.
C)The course increased Gary's ability to use visual imagery.
D)The course altered Gary's concept of psychological disorders.

Question 74

What systematic problem-solving method guarantees a solution,provided that one exists?

A)heuristic method
B)algorithmic method
C)mnemonic device
D)cognitive shortcut

Question 75

Compared to formal concepts learned in science and math,natural concepts tend to be ____________.

A)easier to learn
B)very clear and well defined
C)fuzzy with unclear boundaries
D)good fits with a rigid classification system

Question 76

What problem-solving strategies don't guarantee solutions but make efficient use of time?

A)heuristics
B)algorithms
C)mnemonic devices
D)cognitive shortcuts

Question 77

When people are asked to say how many windows they have in their dwelling,the amount of time people take to come up with the answer ______________.

A)doesn't depend on the number of windows
B)depends on the number of windows
C)depends on the size of the windows
D)depends on whether the house had one or two stories,not the number of windows

Question 78

Narcolepsy occurs when ______________.

A)REM sleep intrudes into wakefulness
B)NREM sleep intrudes into wakefulness
C)inadequate sleep occurs over a period of weeks
D)inadequate levels of stage 4 sleep cause neurological damage

Question 79

Which of the following conditions would you least like the pilot flying your airplane to have?

A)enuresis
B)narcolepsy
C)sleep terror
D)daytime insomnia

Question 80

What are mental categories representing activities,objects,qualities,or situations that share some common characteristics?

A)classes
B)concepts
C)attributes
D)classifications