Deck 3: A: Sensation and Perception

Question 1

Some people believe that _______ are messages that can be sent to consumers,prompting them to buy a product without their being aware of receiving such messages.

A)selective perceptions
B)subliminal stimuli
C)inductive perceptions
D)below threshold perceptions

Answer 1

subliminal stimuli

Question 2

______ are the raw data of experience,based on the activation of certain receptors located in the various sensory organs.

A)Perceptions
B)Emotions
C)Cognitions
D)Sensations

Answer 2

Sensations

Question 3

Laverne goes to a movie theater to watch her favorite movie.About halfway through the movie she becomes aware of an overpowering hunger for popcorn.What she doesn't realize is that throughout the first part of the movie,a message saying "Eat Popcorn!" was repeatedly flashed on the screen at a speed too fast for her to be consciously aware of it.If her desire for popcorn is due to that message,she is responding to ______.

A)selective perception
B)subliminal perception
C)cognitive restructuring
D)stroboscopic perception

Answer 3

subliminal perception

Question 4

The principle that the just noticeable difference of any given sense is a constant fraction or proportion of the stimulus being judged is called ______.

A)the opponent-process principle
B)the doctrine of specific nerve energies
C)the phi phenomenon
D)Weber's law

Question 5

When Ann went to her doctor,he gave her a hearing test.During the test,the doctor presented tones to Ann through earphones.The tones started at a low intensity and then became louder.The doctor asked Ann to raise her hand whenever she started to hear a sound.The doctor was testing Ann's ______.

A)auditory convergence
B)absolute threshold
C)refractory threshold
D)difference threshold

Question 6

The lowest intensity of a particular stimulus that enables the average person to detect that stimulus 50 percent of the time it is presented is called the ___________.

A)absolute threshold
B)difference threshold
C)just noticeable difference
D)psychophysical threshold

Question 7

The average threshold for human vision is a candle flame seen from ______ on a dark,clear night.

A)1 mile
B)15 miles
C)7)5 miles
D)30 miles

Question 8

Activation of the receptors by stimuli is called ________.

A)perception
B)sensation
C)adaptation
D)habituation

Question 9

The average threshold for human hearing is the tick of a watch from ______ under very quiet conditions.

A)20 feet
B)60 feet
C)40 feet
D)80 feet

Question 10

The point at which a person can detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time it is presented is called the ______.

A)absolute threshold
B)range threshold
C)difference threshold
D)noticeable threshold

Question 11

One problem with Vicary's study of subliminal perception is that _______________.

A)it demonstrated the validity of the concept of subliminal perception
B)it did not prove that people actually bought more colas and popcorn for several months after seeing the movie
C)it showed that subliminal stimuli had only very small effects on consumer patterns
D)it never happened

Question 12

The term just noticeable difference is synonymous with ______.

A)separation threshold
B)response threshold
C)difference threshold
D)absolute threshold

Question 13

Cells that are triggered by light,vibrations,sounds,touch,or chemical substances are called ________.

A)ganglion cells
B)bipolar cells
C)ossicles
D)sensory receptors

Question 14

We can see a candle flame at 30 miles on a clear,dark night,and we can hear the tick of a watch 20 feet away in a quiet room.These two facts are examples of ____________.

A)jnds
B)difference threshold
C)adaptation
D)absolute thresholds

Question 15

The process by which unchanging information from the senses of taste,touch,smell,and vision is "ignored" by the sensory receptor cells themselves is called __________________.

A)transformation
B)sensory adaptation
C)transmutation
D)transduction

Question 16

The lowest stimulus intensity required for detection is the ______ and the smallest noticeable difference between a standard stimulus intensity and another stimulus value is the ______.

A)absolute threshold;difference threshold
B)base value;just noticeable difference (jnd)
C)response criterion;sensory constant
D)difference threshold;absolute threshold

Question 17

The difference threshold is defined as the degree of change in a stimulus level that is required in order for a person to detect a change _____ of the time.

A)25 percent
B)75 percent
C)50 percent
D)100 percent

Question 18

Ernest Weber provided a formulation that is used to determine the ______________.

A)largest detectable stimulus
B)smallest detectable stimulus
C)largest detectable difference between two stimuli
D)smallest detectable difference between two stimuli

Question 19

The smallest amount of a particular stimulus required to produce any sensation at all in the person to whom the stimulus is presented is the ______.

A)absolute threshold
B)minimum threshold
C)difference threshold
D)noticeable threshold

Question 20

When you first put your hat on,you can feel it quite easily,but after a while,you forget that you are wearing a hat at all-the sensation is gone.What happens?

A)sensory fatigue
B)subliminal perception
C)habituation
D)perceptual defense

Question 21

The aspect of color that corresponds to names such as red,green,and blue is ______.

A)brightness
B)saturation
C)hue
D)fine detail

Question 22

The term photon refers to _______________.

A)the smallest possible unit of light
B)a torpedo used by the USS Enterprise
C)the smallest unit of sound
D)the property of light that gives us the perception of color

Question 23

Our eyes don't adapt completely to a repeated visual stimulus because ______.

A)eye movements called microsaccades cause the stimulus image to vibrate slightly on the retina
B)the optic chiasm enables fibers to carry messages to all parts of the brain
C)ganglion cells fire continuously
D)visual acuity is greatest in the fovea

Question 24

What is the pupil of the eye?

A)It is the white part of the eye.
B)It is the colored part of the eye.
C)It is the location of the visual receptors.
D)It is the small opening in the center of the eye.

Question 25

Why do you see a lemon as yellow?

A)The lemon absorbs yellow wavelengths in the yellow region of the spectrum.
B)The lemon might reflect only yellow wavelengths in the yellow region of the spectrum.
C)The lemon absorbs red and blue wavelengths.
D)The lemon reflects all wavelengths of light other than yellow.

Question 26

Because of what you have learned about sensory adaptation,you might think that if you stared at a picture for a long period of time,the image you see would eventually fade.This would be the case if not for the tiny vibrations of your eye called ______________.

A)glissades
B)microsaccades
C)habituation movements
D)light wave responses

Question 27

In the process known as_____________,sensory receptors become less sensitive to repeated presentations of the same stimulus.

A)sensation
B)sensory fatigue
C)sensory adaptation
D)discrimination

Question 28

The visible spectrum refers to the _______________________.

A)portion of the whole spectrum of light that is visible to the human eye
B)effect of intensity on how we see dark to grey to white
C)effect of the sound density on the perceptions of those with synesthesia
D)well-known fact that colors are less visible to some men's eyes

Question 29

Light is said to have a dual nature,meaning it can be thought of in two different ways.These two ways are _________________.

A)particles and photons
B)waves and frequencies
C)photons and waves
D)dark light,daylight

Question 30

What color would you report seeing if a researcher projects the longest wavelength in the visible spectrum onto a screen?

A)red
B)blue
C)yellow
D)violet

Question 31

Erin has learned to create a "truly red" light by focusing on only one wavelength of the visible spectrum.She is most likely to be concerned with which property of light?

A)intensity
B)decibels
C)accommodation
D)saturation

Question 32

Microsaccades are _______________.

A)tiny vibrations of the eye that prevent images from fading
B)the tiny bones in the ear that transmit sound waves to the cochlea
C)the photoreceptors in the eye responsible for night vision
D)pain receptors in the limbs

Question 33

Which pairing of name and property of light is correct?

A)Helmholtz;particle nature (photon)
B)Holstein;wave nature
C)Newton;wave nature
D)Einstein;wave packet (photon)

Question 34

When we describe someone's eyes as blue,technically we are referring to his or her blue ________.

A)pupils
B)irises
C)corneas
D)scleras

Question 35

The wavelength of the light reaching your eyes determines in part what ______ you see.

A)brightness
B)saturation
C)hue
D)fine detail

Question 36

Joachim and Maricella are going for a romantic walk in the park after an afternoon storm.Maricella looks up in the sky and sees a rainbow.She exclaims,"How beautiful!" Joachim,being something of a geek,might correctly say ______________________

A)"You are just seeing the visible spectrum."
B)"That's because you are seeing all the wavelengths of light we can see from short to long."
C)"That's because different wavelengths lead to the perception of different colors."
D)All of these things would be true if Joachim said them.

Question 37

The longest wavelengths we can see are experienced as ______ colors.

A)red
B)blue-violet
C)green
D)yellow

Question 38

The shortest wavelengths that we can see are experienced as ______ colors.

A)red
B)blue
C)green
D)yellow

Question 39

The clear,transparent protective coating over the front part of the eye is the ______.

A)fovea
B)sclera
C)cornea
D)iris

Question 40

When light waves enter the eye,they first pass through the _________________.

A)iris
B)lens
C)pupil
D)cornea

Question 41

The amount of light entering the eye is controlled by the ______.

A)cornea
B)lens
C)iris
D)retina

Question 42

Light is focused on the retina by the ______.

A)pupil
B)ganglion cells
C)lens
D)iris

Question 43

Which component of the eye contains the visual receptors?

A)sclera
B)retina
C)cornea
D)posterior chamber

Question 44

Why are cones in the fovea capable of sending detailed and precise visual information?

A)They connect to bipolar cells in a one-to-one fashion.
B)Compared to rods,their speed of transmission is faster.
C)Their cell bodies are highly responsive to neurotransmitters.
D)They connect directly to brain centers responsible for visual processing.

Question 45

Receptor cells in the retina responsible for night vision are ______.

A)bipolar cells
B)ganglion cells
C)rods
D)cones

Question 46

Each retina of the eye has about ______ million rods and cones.

A)1
B)75
C)25
D)120

Question 47

If an artist were to blend red,green,and blue paints together,the result would look _________.

A)like nonspectral colors
B)black
C)like white light
D)complimentary

Question 48

The colored part of the eye that contains muscles to contract or expand the pupil is the ______.

A)lens
B)iris
C)fovea
D)cornea

Question 49

Bundles of axons from ganglion cells make up the ______.

A)fovea
B)optic nerve
C)optic schism
D)rods and cones

Question 50

The fovea is made up of ______.

A)all rods and no cones
B)mostly cones with some rods
C)mostly rods with some cones
D)all cones and no rods

Question 51

It is difficult to distinguish between colors at night because ______.

A)we are seeing primarily with the cones
B)rods do not adapt to the dark
C)we are seeing primarily with the rods
D)we are used to seeing mostly with the fovea

Question 52

The change in the shape of the lens in order to focus on a visual image is known as_______________.

A)fixation
B)divergence
C)convergence
D)visual accommodation

Question 53

Receptor cells in the retina responsible for color vision and fine acuity are ______.

A)bipolar cells
B)ganglion cells
C)rods
D)cones

Question 54

The pupil is the ______.

A)opening in the center of the iris
B)white of the eye
C)colored part of the eye
D)lining in the back of the eyeball

Question 55

Which of the following phenomena is a function of the distribution of the rods and cones in the retina?

A)The moon looks much larger near the horizon than it looks when it is higher in the sky.
B)The light from distant stars moving rapidly away from us is shifted toward the red end of the spectrum.
C)Stars can be seen only with difficulty during the daytime.
D)A dim star viewed at night may disappear when you look directly at it but reappear when you look to one side of it.

Question 56

Which of the following is true about cones?

A)They are responsible for black and white vision.
B)They are found mainly in the center of the eye.
C)They operate mainly at night.
D)They respond only to black and white.

Question 57

If an artist were to blend red,green,and blue lights together by focusing lights of those three colors on one common spot,the result would look _________.

A)like nonspectral colors
B)black
C)like white light
D)complimentary

Question 58

Which of the following is true of rods?

A)They respond to color.
B)They are found mainly in the fovea.
C)They operate mainly in the daytime.
D)They are responsible for night vision.

Question 59

Which part of the eye is a muscle that regulates the size of the pupil?

A)iris
B)lens
C)retina
D)sclera

Question 60

The place in the retina where the axons of all the ganglion cells come together to leave the eye is called the ______.

A)fovea
B)blind spot
C)optic chiasm
D)optic nerve

Question 61

What is the basic function of the outer ear?

A)to protect the hair cells
B)to concentrate and funnel sound waves to the eardrum
C)to amplify low-intensity sounds to detectable levels
D)to filter out high-intensity sound waves that can be harmful

Question 62

The outermost part of the ear is called the _______________.

A)pinna
B)oval window
C)tympanic membrane
D)cochlea

Question 63

The trichromatic and opponent?process theories of color vision are not in conflict because each corresponds to ______.

A)a different portion of the spectrum
B)the opposite half of perceivable colors
C)one type of color blindness
D)a different stage of visual processing

Question 64

The idea that the eye contains separate receptors for red,green,and blue is known as the ______ theory.

A)opponent-process
B)additive color mixing
C)trichromatic
D)reductive color mixing

Question 65

According to the opponent-process theory of color vision,the correct pairings of opposite colors are _________________________.

A)red versus green and blue versus yellow
B)black versus gray and white versus colored
C)blue versus red and green versus yellow
D)blue versus green and red versus yellow

Question 66

The eardrum is also called the ____________________.

A)bass fiddler membrane
B)oval window
C)tympanic membrane
D)cochlea

Question 67

Who actually found three types of cones in the retina?

A)Young and Helmholtz
B)Hering
C)Wald and Brown
D)Smith and Wesson

Question 68

One of your mother's siblings is always known for putting together awful-looking colors when getting dressed.Who is this person more likely to be?

A)your aunt because women have more problems with color vision
B)your uncle because men have more problems with color vision
C)You can't tell as men and women have an equal chance of having problems with color vision.
D)Humans rarely have problems with color vision,so this wouldn't happen.

Question 69

Sound waves are simply ___________.

A)the vibration of the molecules of the air surrounding us
B)the impact of acoustrons in the air
C)a form of electronic radiation
D)none of these

Question 70

If you stare for 30 seconds at a red object and then look at a blank sheet of white paper,you will see a greenish image of the object.This phenomenon BEST supports the ______ theory of color vision.

A)Grieco trichromatic
B)opponent-process
C)Helmholtz trichromatic
D)Hering's vibration

Question 71

Which neural structures show color opponent processing?

A)rods,cones
B)retinal ganglion cells,lateral geniculate cells
C)rods and bipolar cells
D)optic sensors and pigment neurons

Question 72

Amy's school records describe her as a monochromat.What can we assume about Amy's perceptual abilities?

A)She does not see color.
B)She sees only two colors.
C)She sees colors one at a time.
D)She cannot remember words used to designate colors.

Question 73

An alien from outer space was just captured.Scientists take turns examining the creature.At a press conference,one of the scientists reports that the alien can hear frequencies between 10,000 and 30,000 Hz.How does the alien's ability to detect sound compare to a human being's ability?

A)The alien and humans detect the same frequencies.
B)Humans can detect higher frequencies than the alien.
C)The alien can detect higher frequencies,but its hearing is not as acute at lower frequencies.
D)Humans can detect higher frequencies;however,the alien detects lower frequencies better than humans.

Question 74

Which of the following properties of sound is the most similar to the brightness of light?

A)pitch
B)volume
C)purity
D)timbre

Question 75

A sound mixer is impressed by the new equipment that was just installed in his recording studio.He says that now he will be able to help singers and musicians produce better CDs because he can eliminate unneeded and undesired wavelengths.What term describes the characteristic of sounds waves that the sound mixer is now able to alter?

A)volleying
B)amplitude
C)frequency
D)saturation

Question 76

A person with red-green color blindness will see the world in _____________.

A)blacks,whites,and grays
B)muted reds and greens
C)blues,yellows,and grays
D)yellows,greens,and grays

Question 77

Why do researchers believe color deficiencies often have genetic causes?

A)Dietary patterns affect color deficiencies.
B)Color perception changes somewhat as we get older.
C)Color deficiencies are more common in some cultures.
D)More males than females suffer from color deficiencies.

Question 78

The explanation of color vision that was proposed first by Young and later by Helmholtz is called the ______.

A)opponent-process theory
B)additive color mixing theory
C)trichromatic theory
D)reductive color mixing theory

Question 79

Which of the following is a characteristic of both light waves and sound waves?

A)hue
B)decibels
C)amplitude
D)wavelength

Question 80

Which of the following properties of sound would be the most similar to the color,or hue,of light?

A)pitch
B)loudness
C)timbre
D)purity