Deck 1: A: The Science of Psychology

Question 1

The goals of psychology are to _____.

A)explore the conscious and unconscious functions of the human mind
B)understand,compare,and analyze human behavior
C)improve psychological well-being in all individuals from birth until death
D)describe,understand,predict,and control behavior

Answer 1

describe,understand,predict,and control behavior

Question 2

The question "When will it happen again?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology?

A)description
B)explanation
C)prediction
D)control

Answer 2

prediction

Question 3

A teacher tells the school psychologist that Kate is late to class,does not turn in her homework,squirms around a lot in her seat,and swings her feet constantly.This is an example of which goal of psychology?

A)describing behavior
B)explaining behavior
C)predicting behavior
D)controlling behavior

Answer 3

describing behavior

Question 4

The question "What is happening?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology?

A)description
B)explanation
C)prediction
D)control

Question 5

Which topic would NOT be investigated by a psychologist if the definition of psychology were limited to "the science of behavior"?

A)relation between grade-point average and salary
B)thought processes students used while trying to answer this question
C)how changes in the rate of television violence influence real-life violence
D)effectiveness of several treatments for people who suffer from depression

Question 6

Mei was sent to the school psychologist to be tested.Based on her IQ scores it was decided that she would do well in the gifted child program.This is an example of which goal of psychology?

A)describing behavior
B)explaining behavior
C)predicting behavior
D)controlling behavior

Question 7

Description is to assessment as _________ is to prognosis.

A)prediction
B)explanation
C)indication
D)control

Question 8

In 1879,in Leipzig,Germany,the first psychological laboratory was developed by ______________.

A)William James
B)William Tell
C)Wilhelm Wundt
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 9

The question "How can it be changed?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology?

A)description
B)explanation
C)prediction
D)control

Question 10

Steve is a fan of the Los Angeles Lakers basketball team.With little provocation,he will engage you in a debate about whether it is the greatest team in basketball.Steve may be demonstrating ___________________.

A)bias
B)critical thinking
C)an eclectic approach
D)unconscious behavior

Question 11

At the close of the nineteenth century,Gerhard is excited to find that he has been accepted for training in the psychology laboratory of Wilhelm Wundt.It is likely that Gerhard will be trained to ________________.

A)analyze how to break down his sensations into their most basic elements
B)determine the function or purpose of a particular human behavior
C)listen intently while individuals tell him of their depression or nervousness
D)carefully feel the bumps on a person's head in order to determine his or her character traits

Question 12

You are at a basketball game and the arena is packed;the crowd is evenly split between fans of the two teams.At one point,the referee makes a call.Half of the fans yell insults;the other half of the fans shout their approval.The event reminds you of the topic of today's lecture in psychology class.What was the likely topic of the lecture?

A)bias
B)experiments
C)psychoanalysis
D)extraneous variables

Question 13

The goals of psychology are to _____.

A)explore the conscious and unconscious functions of the human mind
B)understand,compare,and analyze human behavior
C)improve psychological well-being in all individuals from birth until death
D)describe,understand,predict,and control behavior

Question 14

A psychologist is interested in finding out why identical twins have different personalities.This psychologist is most interested in the goal of ______________.

A)description
B)understanding
C)prediction
D)control

Question 15

Which of these is the most accurate definition of the discipline of psychology?

A)the science of behavior
B)the science of mental processes
C)the science of behavior and mental processes
D)the science of human behavior and mental processes

Question 16

In the definition of psychology,the term mental processes refers to __________ .

A)internal,covert processes
B)outward behavior
C)overt actions and reactions
D)only animal behavior

Question 17

The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called _____,which involved reporting the contents of consciousness to study a person's experiences.

A)intervention
B)introspection
C)insight inventory
D)induction

Question 18

The question "Why is it happening?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology?

A)description
B)understanding
C)prediction
D)control

Question 19

Psychologists who give potential employees tests that determine what kind of job those employees might best perform are interested in the goal of _____________.

A)description
B)explanation
C)prediction
D)control

Question 20

Why was the perspective followed by Wilhelm Wundt and his followers called structuralism?

A)They wanted to identify the major brain structures.
B)Their primary goal was to understand the physiology of the mind.
C)They focused their efforts on analyzing the elements of the nervous system.
D)Their primary focus was on describing the structure of conscious experience.

Question 21

If a functionalist from the 1870s were alive today,where would we most likely find him?

A)in a laboratory,studying principles of perception
B)in a school,working to improve teaching methods
C)in a mountain retreat,contemplating the meaning of life
D)in a sleep laboratory,trying to determine if our need for sleep is biologically based

Question 22

The class is playing a game of Jeopardy! and it is your turn."I'll take Pioneers in Psychology for $50." The revealed answer is "Focused on unconscious factors and relied on the case study method." Just before the buzzer sounds,what will you say?

A)"Who is B.F.Skinner?"
B)"Who are the humanists?"
C)"Who is Sigmund Freud?"
D)"Who are the behaviorists?"

Question 23

What is the best analogy for Wundt's and Titchener's mission for psychology?

A)a chart listing the basic chemical elements
B)a list of the courses required for graduation
C)a list of the types of clothing sold at a retail outlet
D)a computer program for word processing a term paper

Question 24

The early perspective called Gestalt psychology has evolved into the current perspective called _______________.

A)psychoanalysis
B)cognitive psychology
C)behavioral psychology
D)social psychology

Question 25

What advice might John B.Watson have offered to psychologists of his time?

A)"Focus on observable behavior."
B)"Life is an effort to overcome inferiority."
C)"We cannot know others until we know ourselves."
D)"Remember that what we accomplish is due to the composition of our genes."

Question 26

While on a visit to a large city,you observe several billboards in which a series of lights seems to move.Which perspective in psychology would most likely help you understand this phenomenon?

A)Gestalt
B)behavioral
C)humanistic
D)psychodynamic

Question 27

Which of the following terms do NOT belong together?

A)structuralism;observable behavior
B)Gestalt;whole
C)psychoanalysis;unconscious conflict
D)natural selection;functionalism

Question 28

Which treatment approach did Sigmund Freud develop for treating his patients?

A)drug therapy
B)neuropsychology
C)clinical psychology
D)psychoanalytic therapy

Question 29

The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov discovered that ________________.

A)dogs would salivate to the sound of a bell due to habituation
B)dogs would salivate to the sounds of a bell due to reflexology
C)dogs would salivate to the sound of a bell due to a learned reflexive response called conditioning
D)dogs would salivate to the sounds of a bell due to their fear response

Question 30

Which type of early psychologist believed that "the whole is more than the sum of its parts"?

A)Gestaltist
B)behaviorist
C)structuralist
D)functionalist

Question 31

Participants in research early in psychology's history might have been asked to view a chair and describe its color,shape,and texture and other aspects of their conscious experience.These individuals would have been using a method called _________.

A)hypnosis
B)introspection
C)psychosurgery
D)psychoanalysis

Question 32

Which type of psychologist would be most likely to argue that a criminal engages in unlawful behavior because he grew up around older boys who engaged in criminal activities?

A)Gestaltist
B)behavioralist
C)psychodynamic
D)functionalist

Question 33

"The whole is greater than the sum of the parts" is a statement associated with the perspective of ______________ .

A)introspection
B)functionalism
C)psychoanalysis
D)Gestalt psychologists

Question 34

John B.Watson believed that psychology should involve the study of _________.

A)behavior
B)the mind
C)the brain
D)consciousness

Question 35

According to __________,nervous disorders arose in patients as a result of their repressed unconscious urges trying to surface.

A)John Watson
B)B)F.Skinner
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Ivan Pavlov

Question 36

What did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed?

A)free will
B)brain physiology
C)unconscious mind
D)external consequences

Question 37

The work of Freud was built around __________________.

A)a theory of personality that emphasizes the awareness of one's own cognitive processes
B)a theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts
C)a method of psychotherapy in which an observer carefully records and interprets behavior without interfering with the behavior
D)a method of psychotherapy that emphasizes how maladaptive behaviors are learned through imitations of others and through cognitive expectations

Question 38

The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on one's behavior is part of what early field of psychology?

A)structuralism
B)functionalism
C)psychoanalysis
D)behaviorism

Question 39

Who was an early proponent of functionalism?

A)Ivan Pavlov
B)William James
C)Wilhelm Wundt
D)Max Wertheimer

Question 40

Freud stressed the importance of _________________.

A)early childhood experiences
B)adolescence
C)early adulthood
D)middle adulthood

Question 41

The emerging field of brain imagery in cognitive neuroscience has developed methods,such as MRI,to examine _________________.

A)images of the living brain
B)biopsies of the brain of a cadaver
C)select biopsied portions of a brain
D)acute time of death in stroke patients

Question 42

Which founding contributors to psychology helped develop behaviorism?

A)Gestalt and Wundt
B)Freud and Watson
C)Watson and Pavlov
D)Pavlov and Wundt

Question 43

Professor Beverly approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes bodily events and chemicals,such as hormones,associated with behavior.It is most likely that she accepts which of the following psychological approaches?

A)biopsychological
B)learning
C)cognitive
D)sociocultural

Question 44

Freud said phobias were ____________ whereas Watson said phobias were __________.

A)learned;inherited
B)repressed conflicts;learned
C)sexual;unconscious
D)conditioned;unconditioned

Question 45

Sallie noticed that when her alarm clock goes off in the morning her dog,Ruffles,is standing by her bed salivating.Every morning when Sallie wakes to the alarm,she immediately rolls out of bed and feeds Ruffles who very much enjoys his canned dog food.It is likely that ________________.

A)Sallie has conditioned Ruffles to enjoy canned dog food
B)Sallie has conditioned Ruffles to sleep next to her bed
C)Sallie has conditioned Ruffles to salivate over canned dog food
D)Sallie has conditioned Ruffles to salivate to the sound of her alarm clock

Question 46

Which pair of scientists shared the most similar views of behavior?

A)William James and Wilhelm Wundt
B)B)F.Skinner and Max Wertheimer
C)Ivan Pavlov and John B.Watson
D)Carl Rogers and Edward Titchener

Question 47

If you are interested in how patterns,beliefs,and customs influence behavior,you are interested in the __________ perspective.

A)behavioral
B)sociocultural
C)psychodynamic
D)cognitive

Question 48

Who claimed that behavior is affected by reinforcement?

A)William James
B)Sigmund Freud
C)B)F.Skinner
D)Wilhelm Wundt

Question 49

Cognitive neuroscientists can examine the brain with _____________ and _____________.

A)electrolysis: PET
B)PET: MRI Correct: Both are discussed in the book and used by cognitive neuroscientists.
C)MRI: electrolysis
D)Gama images: electrolysis

Question 50

Pavlov's research demonstrated that ________________.

A)involuntary reaction (salivation)could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (sound of a bell)
B)an unrelated stimulus (salivation)could occur in response to an involuntary reaction (sound of a bell)
C)involuntary reaction (sound of a bell)could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (food)
D)an unrelated stimulus (food)could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (barking)

Question 51

Dr.Mosher is a psychologist who tries to understand how people select their mates.She must be a(n)___________________ .

A)behavioral psychologist
B)cognitive psychologist
C)evolutionary psychologist
D)biopsychological psychologist

Question 52

Josh has been participating in a clinical study by a cognitive neuroscientist.It is likely that his brain is being studied to explore _________________.

A)memory
B)thinking
C)other cognitive processes
D)all of the above

Question 53

In the early part of the past century,psychologists who broke down thought processes into their basic elements and analyzed them were called structuralists.What term might we use to describe psychologists with similar interests today?

A)Gestalt
B)cognitive
C)behavioral
D)humanistic

Question 54

Suppose you were a graduate student studying for a Ph.D.in psychology in the 1920s.Your advisor was strongly influenced by John B.Watson.Which of the following might your advisor consider an acceptable choice for your research?

A)a survey of daydreams
B)an analysis of how specific behaviors are acquired
C)a survey of sexual imagery in dreams of men and women
D)an analysis of the thought processes students report while answering test items

Question 55

Self-actualization was part of which of the following perspectives?

A)behaviorism
B)cognitive perspective
C)functionalism
D)humanism

Question 56

Professor Wenches approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes unconscious dynamics within the individual,such as inner forces or conflicts.It is most likely that she accepts which of the following psychological approaches?

A)social-cognitive learning
B)learning
C)cognitive approach
D)psychodynamic approach

Question 57

The psychodynamic perspective was based on the work of ________________.

A)Watson
B)Wundt
C)Gestalt
D)Freud

Question 58

Which perspective focuses on free will and self-actualization?

A)psychoanalysis
B)humanism
C)cognitive perspective
D)behaviorism

Question 59

One of the reasons psychodynamic theories have persisted over the years is that they are ________________.

A)supported by significant scientific research
B)based on facts
C)difficult to scientifically test and,thus,difficult to disprove
D)used by the majority of psychologists

Question 60

You attend a lecture by a psychologist who uses terms such as free will,human nature,and self-actualization.Which psychological perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented?

A)behaviorism
B)humanism
C)functionalism
D)psychodynamics

Question 61

Sandi is a single mother living in a project in a poor section of the city.She has addiction issues and just lost custody of her three children.What type of psychologist is most likely to get involved in Sandi's situation?

A)educational psychologist
B)psychiatrist
C)psychiatric social worker
D)counselor

Question 62

The class is playing a game of Jeopardy! and it is your turn."I'll take Specialties in Psychology for $300." The revealed answer is "These psychological professionals work with situations in which environmental conditions may have an impact on mental health." Just before the buzzer sounds,what will you say?

A)"What is a neuropsychologist?"
B)"What is a forensic psychologist?"
C)"What is a psychiatric social worker?"
D)"What is a developmental psychologist?"

Question 63

"Children who watch violent cartoons will become more aggressive." According to the scientific method,this statement is most likely a ____________.

A)conclusion
B)result
C)hypothesis
D)fact

Question 64

Forming a hypothesis is the second step in a scientific investigation.This step is derived from which goal of psychology?

A)describing
B)understanding
C)predicting
D)changing

Question 65

According to the present research on psychologists,the three most popular work settings are ________________,________________,and ________________.

A)universities and four year colleges;self-employed;private for-profit
B)self-employed;state and local government;non-profit
C)state and local government;federal government;self-employed
D)universities and four year colleges;non-profit;federal government

Question 66

There are several subfields of psychology according to the present research.The three largest subfields of psychology are ________________,________________,and ________________.

A)Clinical;Counseling;and Developmental
B)Cognitive;Clinical;and Developmental
C)Industrial/Organizational;Counseling;and Clinical
D)Social;Experimental;and School

Question 67

Vido has an M.S.W.and is interested in working on the causes of poverty.What type of professional is Vido most likely to become?

A)educational psychologist
B)psychiatrist
C)school psychologist
D)psychiatric social worker

Question 68

A person who has suffered a major stroke and is now experiencing severe personality problems because of the damage would BEST be advised to see a _____________ because this problem appears to have a significant medical component to it.

A)psychiatrist
B)cognitive psychologist
C)psychiatric social worker
D)psychologist

Question 69

Dr.Braunz has been treating a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.She decides to write a prescription for Ritalin.Given this information,it is most likely that Dr.Braunz is a _________________.

A)psychiatrist
B)psychoanalyst
C)humanistic psychologist
D)school psychologist

Question 70

Perceiving the question is the first step in a scientific investigation.This step is derived from which goal of psychology?

A)describing
B)explaining
C)predicting
D)changing

Question 71

The term ___________________________ refers to a mental health professional who generally has at least an M.S.W.and who typically treats individual dysfunction and
Family problems but may also deal with other problems such as addiction or abuse.

A)psychiatric social worker
B)psychiatrist
C)psychoanalyst
D)educational psychologist

Question 72

On a television talk show an actor describes the symptoms of anxiety he has been experiencing.He reports that the severity of the symptoms has decreased since he has been taking a drug prescribed by his therapist back in Hollywood.You conclude that the actor's therapist is probably a _________________.

A)podiatrist
B)psychiatrist
C)clinical psychologist
D)counseling psychologist

Question 73

The first step in any scientific investigation is _______________.

A)forming the hypothesis
B)perceiving the question
C)coming to a conclusion
D)developing an argument

Question 74

According to present research on psychologists,thirty-four percent are in the ________________ subfield of psychology.

A)Counseling
B)Industrial/Organizational
C)Developmental
D)Clinical

Question 75

Testing a hypothesis is the third step in a scientific investigation.This step is derived from which goal of psychology?

A)describing
B)understanding
C)predicting
D)changing

Question 76

________________ is a system used for reducing bias and error in the measurement of data.

A)Statistics
B)The scientific method
C)Checks and balances
D)The double-blind method

Question 77

After reading about the possible causes of schizophrenia,a scientist thinks that a virus is the most likely cause.What term most accurately describes the scientist's idea?

A)hypothesis
B)dependent variable
C)extraneous variable
D)experimental estimate

Question 78

Which perspective assumes that human behavior may have developed in certain directions because it served a useful function in preserving the species?

A)psychoanalysis
B)behaviorism
C)cognitive psychology
D)evolutionary psychology

Question 79

Which of the following statements is correct?

A)A psychologist has no medical training.
B)A psychiatrist generally goes to graduate school,not medical school.
C)Psychiatric social workers can prescribe medication.
D)An M.D.and a Ph.D.are pretty much the same thing.

Question 80

The majority of psychologists work in ________________.

A)private practice
B)public school
C)government
D)colleges and universities