Deck 1: C: The Science of Psychology

Question 1

Titchener was a member of the ___________school of thought.

A)structuralists
B)functionalist
C)behaviorist
D)reductionist

Answer 1

structuralists

Question 2

Freud believed that many unconscious desires are:

A)the result of excessive punishment.
B)by-products of introspection.
C)the result of excessive reinforcement.
D)sexual in nature.

Answer 2

sexual in nature.

Question 3

A young man reads in a letter that he has just won $1,000 in a state-wide lottery and he literally jumps for joy.Which neurons are sending messages from his brain to his legs ordering them to jump?

A)sensory neurons
B)motor neurons
C)interaction neurons
D)association neurons

Answer 3

motor neurons

Question 4

The school of thought that became known as behaviorism was founded by __________.

A)Watson
B)Titchener
C)James
D)Wundt

Question 5

The first psychology laboratory was opened by __________.

A)Wundt
B)James
C)Titchener
D)Watson

Question 6

Wertheimer was associated with the _____________ school.

A)functionalist
B)psychoanalytic
C)Gestalt
D)behaviorist

Question 7

Freud was the founder of __________.

A)existential psychology
B)behavioral psychology
C)psychoanalysis
D)behaviorism

Question 8

By general agreement,psychology was born in __________.

A)1642
B)1853
C)1879
D)1906

Question 9

The first psychology laboratory was founded by __________.

A)Wundt
B)James
C)Titchener
D)Watson

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT associated with Gestalt psychology?

A)Koffka
B)James
C)Wertheimer
D)Kohler

Question 11

The psychological school that asks,"What are mental processes for?" rather than "What are mental processes?" is which of the following?

A)structuralism
B)functionalism
C)humanism
D)Gestalt

Question 12

B.F.Skinner is associated with __________.

A)psychodynamic psychology
B)behaviorism
C)Gestalt psychology
D)existentialism

Question 13

Wertheimer was associated with __________ psychology.

A)functionalist
B)psychoanalytic
C)Gestalt
D)existential

Question 14

Freud's theories differed radically from the views of his predecessors because of __________.

A)its extensive use of laboratory research to support its claims
B)the emphasis it placed on Eastern philosophies and culture
C)the emphasis it placed on unconscious processes
D)its emphasis on environmental learning as the source for most personality characteristics

Question 15

In the late 20th century,psychology __________.

A)expanded dramatically
B)stagnated
C)contracted slightly
D)contracted dramatically

Question 16

John Watson was the founder of the school of thought that became known as __________.

A)functionalism
B)structuralism
C)behaviorism
D)humanism

Question 17

Structuralism emphasizes __________.

A)individual differences
B)the application of biological principles to the mind
C)the influence of subconscious urges on conscious behavior
D)the basic units of experience and their combinations

Question 18

Like Watson,Skinner believed that psychology should study only __________.

A)mental processes
B)perceptions
C)elements of thought
D)observable behavior

Question 19

Modern psychology is said to have begun when:

A)Greek philosophers began studying the differences between people.
B)Wundt opened the first laboratory devoted to the scientific study of psychology.
C)Freud developed psychoanalytic theory and therapy.
D)it was discovered in the early 1900s that many illnesses have no medical basis.

Question 20

As a science,psychology is approximately how old?

A)50 years
B)125 years
C)175 years
D)2500 years since the field dates back to the ancient Greeks

Question 21

Which school of psychology assumes that human activity cannot be broken down into separate units for analysis but must be evaluated as wholes?

A)humanism
B)Gestalt
C)functionalism
D)behaviorism

Question 22

Watson felt that psychologists should study __________.

A)consciousness
B)observable behavior
C)mental imagery
D)elements of thought

Question 23

Psychology is said to have begun when

A)medicine was seen to be ineffective in treating neurosis.
B)Wilhelm Wundt started the first psychological laboratory .
C)Sigmund Freud opened his private practice in Vienna.
D)it was discovered in the early 1900s that many illnesses have no medical.

Question 24

The psychologist John Watson is associated with the _______ school of psychology and argued that psychology must concern itself only with ________.

A)behavioral;behavior
B)behavioral;mental processes
C)cognitive;thought and action
D)cognitive;behavior

Question 25

The psychologist John Watson is associated with the _______ school of psychology and argued that psychology must concern itself only with _______.

A)behavioral;behavior
B)behavioral;mental processes
C)cognitive;thought and action
D)cognitive;behavior

Question 26

The first psychology laboratory was opened by _________.

A)Wundt
B)James
C)Titchener
D)Watson

Question 27

Behaviorist J.B.Watson objected to early theories of psychology because of their focus on:

A)evolution.
B)science.
C)mental processes.
D)physical processes.

Question 28

Which of the following is associated with Gestalt psychology?

A)Skinner
B)Werheimer
C)James
D)Jones

Question 29

Skinner is associated with __________.

A)structuralism
B)behaviorism
C)Gestalt psychology
D)existentialism

Question 30

The founder of behaviorism is:

A)James.
B)Skinner.
C)Watson.
D)Wundt.

Question 31

Scientific psychology is formally recognized to have begun:

A)in Greece,with the work of Hippocrates.
B)in the United States,with the work of James.
C)in Austria,with the work of Freud.
D)in Germany,with the work of Wundt.

Question 32

For Freud,much of our behavior is controlled by __________.

A)unconscious desires
B)environmental stimuli
C)mental Gestalts
D)mental associations

Question 33

B.F.Skinner is most closely associated with which school of psychology?

A)cognitive
B)humanistic
C)functionalism
D)behaviorism

Question 34

Which one of the following psychologists was responsible for originating the behavioral school of psychology?

A)Pavlov
B)Watson
C)Skinner
D)Rayner

Question 35

Psychologists should only study observable behavior,according to __________.

A)Freud
B)Titchener
C)Galton
D)Watson

Question 36

Which of the following does NOT fit with the other three?

A)Wundt
B)1879
C)functionalism
D)introspection

Question 37

The primary method of investigation used by structuralists was:

A)natural observation.
B)dream interpretation.
C)analytic introspection.
D)experimentation.

Question 38

John Watson was a behaviorist who argued that the science of psychology must concern itself only with

A)experiences as whole units.
B)observable events.
C)unconscious mental processes.
D)early childhood experiences.

Question 39

The school of thought that became known as behaviorism was founded by __________.

A)Watson
B)Titchener
C)James
D)Wundt

Question 40

Studying the elements of sensations,feelings,and images is most directly associated with which school of psychology?

A)structuralism
B)functionalism
C)behaviorism
D)humanism

Question 41

Steve,a college sophomore,is seeing a psychologist because of his intense fear of people.His counselor feels that Steve's fear is a product of unresolved conflicts about his parents,and his childhood experiences with them.Steve's therapist is most characteristic of which school of psychology?

A)behaviorism
B)psychoanalytic
C)humanistic
D)Gestalt

Question 42

After more than a year in Iranian prisons,52 American hostages were released by Iran's revolutionary government and allowed to return to the United States.Of the following professionals,___________ psychologists would probably have LEAST professional interest in that event.

A)counseling
B)clinical
C)social
D)experimental

Question 43

Wundt is to structuralism as _______ is to psychoanalysis.

A)Freud
B)Watson
C)Rogers
D)Maslow

Question 44

Humanistic psychologists believe that:

A)humans are basically destructive and must constantly fight negative impulses.
B)psychologists should study only objective events such as stimuli and behaviors.
C)people are basically good and will generally strive to achieve positive social goals.
D)none of the above

Question 45

Cognitive psychologists are a subgroup of experimental psychologists who are concerned primarily with:

A)neurobiological events which underlie behavior.
B)the function of age on behavior.
C)mental events which intervene between stimuli and responses.
D)how people are affected by social situations.

Question 46

A group of psychologists study how adults change and grow,both psychologically and physiologically,as they age.These psychologists are most like ___________.

A)personality psychologists
B)social psychologists
C)organizational psychologists
D)developmental psychologists

Question 47

Psychology:

A)has an applied side.
B)is a science of behavior.
C)has goals of describing,predicting,and explaining events.
D)all of the above

Question 48

Which of the following is the correct order which psychologists use in studying a particular behavior?

A)describe,explain,predict,control
B)explain,describe,predict,control
C)predict,describe,explain,control
D)describe,predict,explain,control

Question 49

Which of the following types of psychologists is most prepared to help a person who hears voices and believes she is Joan of Arc?

A)forensic
B)counseling
C)school
D)clinical

Question 50

Naturalistic observation is ____________________.

A)re-creating natural conditions in the laboratory as closely as possible to make an experiment more valid
B)studying behavior in its natural context
C)basically the same process as objective introspection
D)observing behavior in the lab without taking formal notes or using technological equipment to measure the experiment findings

Question 51

Psychologists use techniques based on ___________.

A)cultural ethnocentrism
B)objective introspection
C)philosophical logic
D)the scientific method

Question 52

Which of the following assumptions associated with the psychoanalytic school produced the strongest negative reaction?

A)Psychology,as therapy,is more philosophical than scientific.
B)All human behavior is a product of one's experiences.
C)Humans are basically good.
D)All humans,including infants,have sexual motivations and drives.

Question 53

What early school of thought in psychology was noted for its emphasis on the unconscious determinants of behavior?

A)Structuralism
B)Behaviorism
C)Gestalt psychology
D)Psychoanalytic theory

Question 54

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)A psychologist is a medical doctor specializing in the treatment of emotional disturbances.
B)A psychiatrist is a medical doctor specializing in the treatment of emotional disturbances.
C)Clinical psychologists treat severe psychological disturbances and psychiatrists treat mild disorders.
D)Both clinical psychologists and psychiatrists can prescribe medications to their patients.

Question 55

Which of the following is the correct order which psychologists use in studying a particular behavior?

A)describe,explain,predict,control
B)explain,describe,predict,control
C)predict,describe,explain,control
D)describe,predict,explain,control

Question 56

Watson is to behaviorism as _______ is to psychoanalysis.

A)Freud
B)James
C)Skinner
D)Wundt

Question 57

A psychologist bases his/her theories completely on measuring observable behaviors.This psychologist is probably a __________.

A)humanist
B)behaviorist
C)structuralist
D)functionalist

Question 58

Cognitive psychology is contributing to the development of ________,which attempts to make computers learn and solve problems the way people do.

A)educational technology
B)forensic psychology
C)virtual reality
D)artificial intelligence

Question 59

Each day in class,Dr.Helms explains to his students that they are wonderful whether they are academic successes or failures.He also points out that each individual consciously chooses to attend class and study and that these choices dramatically affect whether one is academically successful.Dr.Helms is most likely a _______ psychologist.

A)psychoanalytic
B)humanistic
C)behavioral
D)Gestalt

Question 60

B.F.Skinner is most closely associated with which school of psychology?

A)cognitive
B)humanistic
C)functionalism
D)behaviorism

Question 61

The degree of relationship between two or more variables is:

A)correlation.
B)validity.
C)reliability.
D)a hypothesis.

Question 62

A researcher wished to study the relationship between high school grades and college grades.Of the following research methods,which would be the most appropriate?

A)case study
B)correlation
C)experiment
D)survey

Question 63

A psychologist uses the correlational method to _________.

A)explain the effects of one variable on another
B)compare two groups of subjects
C)determine what causes a variable to change
D)identify relationships between variables

Question 64

Observing behavior as it happens in real-life natural settings without imposing laboratory controls is known as the __________.

A)naturalistic observation method
B)experimental method
C)correlational method
D)psychometric approach

Question 65

Anything that follows a response,making that response more likely to recur,is __________.

A)an antecedent
B)an enhancement
C)reinforcement
D)consequence

Question 66

The greatest disadvantage of correlation is:

A)it has a limited range of values,being only -1 to +1.
B)it does not enable cause-and-effect conclusions.
C)its value can be negative.
D)its value can be zero.

Question 67

Studying the elements of sensations,feelings,and images is most directly associated with which school of psychology?

A)structuralism
B)functionalism
C)behaviorism
D)humanism

Question 68

A correlation of .00 means:

A)you made a mistake in calculation.
B)you did not find out anything about the relationship between the two variables.
C)the two variables are unrelated.
D)everyone who scored low on one variable scored high on the other variable,and vice versa.

Question 69

Cognitive psychologists are concerned with the scientific study of __________.

A)reinforcement
B)alienation and apathy
C)mental processes
D)self-actualization

Question 70

As children grow older,their discretionary income usually increases.The best conclusion to draw about the variables age and income are that they are:

A)causally related
B)uncorrelated
C)negatively correlated
D)positively correlated

Question 71

Psychologists stopped relying on the method of analytic introspection as their primary research tool because:

A)they wanted to study mental processes rather than observable behavior.
B)results were inconsistent across labs.
C)laboratory research was replaced by field research.
D)the technique did not provide useful information for therapists.

Question 72

The survey method of research is ___________ in nature.

A)correlational
B)experimental
C)field experimental
D)both correlational and field experimental group

Question 73

Observing behavior as it happens in real-life natural settings without imposing laboratory controls is known as the __________.

A)naturalistic observation method
B)experimental method
C)correlational method
D)psychometric approach

Question 74

Political polls taken before major elections are examples of __________ research.

A)correlational
B)experimental
C)case study
D)survey

Question 75

A correlation tells us:

A)whether a cause-effect relationship exists.
B)whether two variables are related
C)whether or not a test is efficient.
D)if people are responding to demand characteristics.

Question 76

A large group of people whom you want to know about is called a __________.

A)control group
B)treatment group
C)population
D)sample

Question 77

Positive correlation shows:

A)the extent to which two independent variables change together.
B)that as one independent variable increases,another decreases.
C)that as one variable changes,another changes in the same direction.
D)that as one variable changes,another changes in the opposite direction.

Question 78

When you watch dogs play in the park or watch how your professors conduct their classes,you are engaging in a form of __________.

A)case study research
B)survey research
C)naturalistic observation
D)psychometric study

Question 79

The degree of relationship between two or more variables is __________.

A)correlation
B)validity
C)reliability
D)a hypothesis

Question 80

A detailed,well-researched biography of a famous historical person is technically an example of the __________ method of research.

A)psychometric
B)naturalistic observation
C)case study
D)correlational