Deck 8: C: Development Across the Life Span

Question 1

"Experience is the key to all knowledge" is associated with ___________.

A)empiricism
B)nativism
C)humanism
D)maturation

Answer 1

empiricism

Question 2

Which approach to the study of development views one's early experiences as a more critical period than later (e.g. ,adult)experiences?

A)functionalism
B)behaviorism
C)psychodynamic
D)life span

Answer 2

psychodynamic

Question 3

A researcher who studies a fixed group of people over a long period of time is,by definition,using the __________.

A)longitudinal method
B)correlational method
C)cross-sectional method
D)case study method

Answer 3

longitudinal method

Question 4

The field of _______ focuses on the questions of how people of different ages differ from one another and what caused those differences.

A)personality
B)comparative psychology
C)developmental psychology
D)geriatrics

Question 5

The description and explanation of behavior changes in the individual and the differences between individuals from conception to death is called __________.

A)developmental psychology
B)the whole life approach
C)the life-span development approach
D)the longitudinal method

Question 6

A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is,by definition,using the __________ method.

A)longitudinal
B)correlational
C)cross-sectional
D)biographical study

Question 7

A researcher who studies a fixed group of people over a long period of time is,by definition,using the __________ method.

A)longitudinal
B)correlational
C)cross-sectional
D)biographical study

Question 8

Before puberty,males do not produce sperm,even though their genitals are physically equivalent to a man's.This illustrates which of the following?

A)empiricism
B)behaviorism
C)humanism
D)maturation

Question 9

A psychologist spends his entire career studying how and why changes occur in people as they get older.This psychologist is most likely a(n)__________ psychologist.

A)evolutionary
B)personality
C)health
D)developmental

Question 10

A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people as they get older.This psychologist is most likely a(n)__________ psychologist.

A)evolutionary
B)personality
C)health
D)developmental

Question 11

The life-span development approach has which of the following goals?

A)Describe the physical changes that occur between birth and adolescence.
B)Describe and explain behavior changes within an individual and differences between individuals from conception to death.
C)Explain the results of learning from conception to death.
D)Investigate the influence of heredity and environment upon individuals from conception to death.

Question 12

A researcher tries to reconstruct a person's past by interviewing the person and by consulting various other sources that relate to the person's life.This method of conducting research is called the _______________ approach.

A)longitudinal
B)cross-sectional
C)biographical
D)convergent

Question 13

The study of psychological and physical changes from conception to death is _______ psychology.

A)personality
B)developmental
C)evolutionary
D)physiological

Question 14

Mary's physician is trying to test her visual perception.She shows six-month old Mary a picture of a boat until Mary no longer pays any attention to it.Then she shows Mary a picture of a house and immediately Mary begins to stare at the picture in entranced curiosity.Mary's physician was using the _______________ to test her visual perception.

A)habituation technique
B)longitudinal technique
C)attention-span technique
D)novelty technique

Question 15

How one develops is determined by continuous interaction between _________ and __________.

A)learning;environment
B)heredity;environment
C)nurture;environment
D)heredity;nature

Question 16

Dr.Cross is studying whether the psychological trait of dependency vs.independence changes as one gets older.He collects data from first,fourth,and ninth graders.Dr.Cross is studying the relationship between age and dependency/independence using _______ research.

A)longitudinal
B)cross-sectional
C)case study
D)applied

Question 17

The description and explanation of behavior changes in the individual and the differences between individuals from conception to death is called _________.

A)developmental psychology
B)the whole life approach
C)the life-span development approach
D)the longitudinal method

Question 18

Which of the following is a weakness associated with longitudinal research?

A)It cannot measure the stability of behavior.
B)Cultural experiences cannot be controlled.
C)It costs a lot in terms of time and money.
D)Historical influence cannot be controlled.

Question 19

What major shift in emphasis has taken place in developmental psychology across the last 20 years?

A)The field has become less experimental and more anecdotal.
B)The study of adolescence has pretty much supplanted the study of childhood.
C)The focus has broadened to include the entire life span.
D)Cognitive theory has been largely replaced by behaviorism.

Question 20

An approach which is concerned with description and explanation of changes within an individual and between individuals from conception until death is call the _______ approach.

A)whole life
B)life-span developmental
C)entire life developmental
D)childhood/adulthood developmental

Question 21

Collecting the responses of different people at different ages all at the same time characterizes _______ research.

A)longitudinal
B)cross-sectional
C)basic
D)applied

Question 22

Erikson saw the major challenge of young adulthood as that of __________.

A)intimacy versus isolation
B)identity versus role diffusion
C)generativity versus stagnation
D)integrity versus despair

Question 23

A developmental psychologist believes that increased TV watching by young children is responsible for a decline in reading scores when these children enter school.To explore her hypothesis,she records the TV watching habits of toddlers in a suburban community.She examines these habits again when the children enter kindergarten and once more when they complete first grade.This method is _______.

A)longitudinal
B)cross-sectional
C)convergent
D)experimental

Question 24

Cultural and historical influences are BEST controlled using _______ research.

A)longitudinal
B)cross-sectional
C)basic
D)applied

Question 25

Which of the following theorists believe that people go through stages,each of which has a "crisis" associated with it?

A)Bandura
B)Kohlberg
C)Piaget
D)Erikson

Question 26

According to Erikson,a conflict of identity vs.role confusion occurs during:

A)adolescence.
B)young adulthood.
C)middle adulthood.
D)old age.

Question 27

Dr.Halk is studying a group of 25 youngsters from the time they are born until they reach school age.This is known as _______ research.

A)cross-sectional
B)mixed design
C)longitudinal
D)historical

Question 28

Erikson's intimacy vs.isolation crisis would most likely be associated with which event in the family cycle?

A)your last child leaving home
B)your first child leaving home
C)marrying
D)adolescence

Question 29

Erikson's theory of social development viewed the ages of three to six,his third stage,as being characterized by the major challenge of __________.

A)identity versus role diffusion
B)initiative versus guilt
C)industry versus inferiority
D)autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 30

Which of the following is a weakness associated with longitudinal research?

A)It cannot measure the stability of behavior.
B)Cultural experiences cannot be controlled.
C)It costs a lot in terms of time and money.
D)Historical influence cannot be controlled.

Question 31

The period of life between roughly the ages of 10 and 20 when a person is transformed from a child to an adult is __________.

A)puberty
B)menarche
C)maturation
D)adolescence

Question 32

A weakness of longitudinal studies is that they _______.

A)take far too long to gather the appropriate data
B)cannot eliminate sample biases
C)cannot distinguish age differences from cohort differences
D)do not distinguish significant from non-significant relationships

Question 33

Which of the following is an advantage of longitudinal research?

A)It takes a relatively short period of time.
B)It is quite flexible.
C)It can measure stability of behavior.
D)It is extremely practical.

Question 34

An audience of 20-year-olds finds a series of off-color jokes highly amusing.A group of 50-year-olds finds the same jokes highly offensive.It is concluded that,as people age,their senses of humor become more rigid and narrow.The major difficulty in drawing conclusions of this sort is that _______.

A)longitudinal studies cannot distinguish between age differences and generational differences
B)cross-sectional studies cannot distinguish between age differences and generational differences
C)longitudinal studies cannot distinguish between age differences and differences in the time at which measurements are taken
D)cross-sectional studies cannot distinguish between age differences and differences in the time at which measurements are taken

Question 35

Erik Erikson found that each stage in personality development has a particular _______.

A)crisis
B)conflict
C)identity
D)anxiety

Question 36

Comparing the same group of people on the same measure(s)over a lengthy time period defines _______ research.

A)longitudinal
B)cross-sectional
C)basic
D)applied

Question 37

Erikson's theory of social development viewed the ages of two to three,his second stage,as being characterized by the major challenge of __________.

A)identity versus role diffusion
B)basic trust versus mistrust
C)industry versus inferiority
D)autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 38

Erik is a newborn.According to Erikson,his main task will be to develop a sense of __________.

A)trust
B)initiative
C)industry
D)autonomy

Question 39

The major turning point in most adults' lives is __________.

A)getting their first job
B)buying their first house
C)dealing with aging parents
D)having and raising children

Question 40

Dr.Halk is studying the influence of getting older on intelligence.He tests a group of first graders,a group of third graders,and a group of sixth graders.They are all tested in one day.This is an example of _______ research.

A)cross-sectional
B)longitudinal
C)mixed design
D)fixed effects

Question 41

Holly,at age 13,is suspicious of both friends and strangers,and very cautious before trying anything new.According to Erikson,these traits were probably formed during Holly's passage through the stage of _______.

A)introversion vs.extroversion
B)trust vs.mistrust
C)autonomy vs.doubt
D)initiative vs.guilt

Question 42

According to Piaget,children begin to develop concepts and the ability to think in terms of abstractions in the __________ stage.

A)preoperational
B)formal operational
C)concrete operational
D)sensory-motor

Question 43

Which of the following stages is the most critical,according to Erikson?

A)generativity vs.stagnation
B)autonomy vs.self-doubt
C)identity vs.role confusion
D)trust vs.mistrust

Question 44

Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of __________.

A)cognitive development
B)language development
C)perceptual development
D)motor development

Question 45

Which of the following is the correct order for Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?

A)sensory-motor,preoperational,concrete operations,formal operations
B)preoperational,concrete operations,formal operations,sensory-motor
C)preoperational,sensory-motor,concrete operations,formal operations
D)preoperational,formal operations,sensory-motor,concrete operations

Question 46

In Erikson's theory,children between the ages of 3 and 5 are concerned with the issue of _______.

A)trust vs.mistrust
B)autonomy vs.shame
C)initiative vs.guilt
D)industry vs.inferiority

Question 47

The mother of a young child who didn't like to drink milk was trying to coax him to drink some.Taking the glass of milk,she poured it all into a smaller cup and said,"There! Now you won't have to drink so much." She would never have fooled the child if he had not been in the __________ stage.

A)preconventional
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 48

Piaget's theory of intellectual development assumes that:

A)children pass through certain stages at a specific age.
B)children pass through a series of 6 sequential stages.
C)children pass through a series of stages in the same order.
D)children pass through stages but in no particular order and at no specified ages.

Question 49

Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of _______________.

A)cognitive development
B)language development
C)perceptual development
D)attachment

Question 50

According to Erikson,a sense of producing and contributing to the world is called _______.

A)generativity
B)self-actualization
C)maturation
D)worthiness

Question 51

An identity crisis is most likely experienced,according to Erikson,at which of the following stages?

A)late childhood
B)adolescence
C)early adulthood
D)middle adulthood

Question 52

_______ is most famous for his theory that all children go through a series of sequential intellectual stages.

A)Ainsworth
B)Bowlby
C)Gesell
D)Piaget

Question 53

According to Piaget,which of the following is crucial to cognitive development at the sensory-motor stage?

A)egocentrism
B)attachment
C)language
D)object permanence

Question 54

Adjusting behavior or thoughts to fit new environmental demands is called _______.

A)schema
B)accommodation
C)assimilation
D)structure

Question 55

Which of the following concepts was NOT used by Piaget?

A)schema
B)assimilation
C)accommodation
D)critical period

Question 56

The mother of a young child who didn't like to drink milk was trying to coax him to drink some.Taking the glass of milk,she poured it all into a small cup and said,"There! Now you won't have to drink so much." She would never have fooled the child if he had not been in the ________________ stage.

A)preconventional
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 57

The first stage of Erikson's Personality Theory is known as:

A)autonomy vs.doubt.
B)trust vs.mistrust.
C)initiative vs.guilt.
D)industry vs.inferiority.

Question 58

According to Piaget,children learn to retrace their thoughts,correct themselves,see more than one dimension to a problem,but cannot yet handle abstract concepts during the __________ stage.

A)preoperational
B)formal operational
C)concrete operational
D)sensory-motor

Question 59

Which of the following is the correct order for Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?

A)Sensory-motor,preoperational,concrete operations,formal operations.
B)Preoperational,concrete operations,formal operations,sensory-motor.
C)Preoperational,sensory-motor,concrete operations,formal operations.
D)Preoperational,formal operations,sensory-motor,concrete operations.

Question 60

According to Erikson,the last stage of development involves the crisis of:

A)identity vs.role confusion
B)generativity vs.stagnation
C)autonomy vs.doubt
D)ego-integrity vs.despair

Question 61

Which of the following states has as a main theme the ability to consider many possible solutions to a problem and the ability to systematically test those possibilities?

A)preoperational
B)sensorimotor
C)formal operations
D)concrete operations

Question 62

Preoperational,concrete operations,and formal operations are all stages devised by _______.

A)Bruner
B)Freud
C)Skinner
D)Piaget

Question 63

Suppose that you show a small boy two bars of fresh fudge that are equal on all dimensions (exactly the same size,shape,and weight).You ask him if the two bars are the same,and he says "Yes." You then cut one of the bars into 10 chunks as he watches.You are surprised when he now asks if he can have the cut up fudge because it has more candy than the intact bar.This episode illustrates that the youngster:

A)probably is retarded.
B)lacks the concept of object permanence.
C)is in the preoperational stage.
D)is in the concrete operational stage.

Question 64

Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of _______.

A)cognitive development
B)language development
C)perceptual development
D)attachment

Question 65

The belief that one is the center of the world is called,by Piaget:

A)animism.
B)egocentrism.
C)self-centering.
D)centrismic thinking.

Question 66

According to Piaget,what are the ages for the formal operational stage?

A)birth to age two
B)age two to seven
C)age seven to eleven
D)beyond age eleven or twelve

Question 67

Lawrence Kohlberg is noted for his theories of __________ development.

A)cognitive
B)social
C)moral
D)emotional

Question 68

Piaget attributed cognitive development to the interaction of what two processes?

A)assimilation and accommodation
B)assimilation and egocentric thinking
C)egocentric thinking and conservation
D)conservation and accommodation

Question 69

Erik knows that the Saint Bernard is a large dog instead of a little pony.This is an example of what Piaget called ________.

A)accommodation
B)assimilation
C)conservation
D)egocentric thinking

Question 70

Based on Piagetian theory,which of the following relationships is NOT correct?

A)concrete operations--have attained conservation
B)preoperational--animism
C)formal operations--egocentrism
D)sensorimotor--developing object permanence

Question 71

If a child can tell you what "Y" is equal to when you give her the equation X = Y + 10,then she is in the _______ stage of cognitive development.

A)formal operations
B)concrete operations
C)preoperational
D)sensorimotor

Question 72

A characteristic that first shows up in the formal operations stage is _______.

A)irreversibility
B)abstract thinking
C)egocentrism
D)logical thinking

Question 73

The proper sequence of the intellectual stages of development are:

A)preoperational,sensorimotor,concrete,and formal.
B)sensorimotor,concrete,preoperational,and formal.
C)formal,sensorimotor,preoperational,and concrete.
D)sensorimotor,preoperational,concrete,and formal.

Question 74

What event marks the end of the Piagetian stage of sensorimotor development?

A)the ability to do abstract thinking
B)the ability to do reversible thinking
C)the development of conservation
D)the development of object permanence

Question 75

Piaget's stage theory assumes that:

A)all children pass through certain stages at a specified age.
B)all children pass through a series of 6 stages.
C)all children pass through stages in the same order.
D)children often skip some of the stages.

Question 76

The adage,"Out of sight,out of mind," is most accurately applied to the early part of the _______ stage of development.

A)formal operations
B)concrete operations
C)preoperational
D)sensorimotor

Question 77

The mother of a young child who didn't like to drink juice was trying to coax him to drink some.Taking the glass of juice,she poured it all into a smaller cup and said,"There! Now you won't have to drink so much." She would never have fooled the child if he had not been in the _______ stage.

A)preconventional
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 78

In which stage of cognitive development does the conservation concept first appear?

A)formal operations
B)concrete operations
C)preoperational
D)sensorimotor

Question 79

A characteristic that first shows up in the concrete operations stage is _______.

A)irreversibility
B)abstract thinking
C)egocentrism
D)logical thinking

Question 80

Which of the following sequences of Piagetian stages is the correct order?

A)sensorimotor,preoperational,concrete operations,formal operations
B)preoperational,concrete operations,formal operations,sensorimotor
C)concrete operations,preoperational,formal operations,sensorimotor
D)sensorimotor,concrete operations,preoperational,formal operations