Deck 24: Lymphatic System

Question 1

Excess interstitial fluid enters lymphatic capillaries

A)by diffusion.
B)through gated channels in response to changes in ion balance.
C)by pinocytosis.
D)by phagocytosis.
E)through one-way flaps.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Lymphatic capillaries

A)cannot be discerned structurally from cardiovascular system capillaries.
B)originate as closed-ended tubes associated with blood capillary networks.
C)filter lymph.
D)concentrate lymph prior to passing it to larger lymphatic vessels.
E)include layers of smooth muscle for peristalsis.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Helper T-lymphocytes are also known as

A)cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.
B)CD8+ cells.
C)CD4+ cells.
D)T8 cells.
E)memory T-lymphocytes.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which is not a type of lymphatic cell?

A)Macrophage
B)Nurse cell
C)Dendritic cell
D)Lymphocyte
E)Astrocyte

Question 5

Because lymphatic vessels have three tunics (intima,media,and externa)and valves,they structurally resemble

A)veins.
B)arterioles.
C)venules.
D)arteries
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 6

Lymph

A)is found only when there is a pathological condition that allows it to leak from capillaries.
B)is excess interstitial fluid.
C)is filtered by the spleen.
D)is synthesized by the lymphoid organs.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 7

The thoracic duct collects lymph from all of the following except the

A)abdomen.
B)left leg.
C)right arm.
D)right foot.
E)left shoulder.

Question 8

A variety of lymphatic cells are involved in the immune response.Which is not part of the process?

A)Production of antibodies
B)Direct attack and destruction of foreign or abnormal agents
C)Replication of antigens
D)Formation of memory cells
E)No exceptions; all choices are part of the immune response.

Question 9

The composition of lymph is most similar to

A)whole blood.
B)blood plasma.
C)interstitial fluid.
D)extracellular fluid.
E)intracellular fluid.

Question 10

The thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct empty lymph into the

A)superior vena cava.
B)subclavian veins.
C)inferior vena cava.
D)azygos vein.
E)brachiocephalic veins.

Question 11

Which is not a function of the lymphatic system?

A)Transports dietary lipids
B)Returns excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream
C)Houses and develops lymphocytes
D)Generates immune responses
E)No exceptions; all choices are functions of the lymphatic system.

Question 12

Which would be the route taken by lymph traveling from lymphatic vessels in the right leg to the bloodstream?

A)Right lumbar trunk - cisterna chyli - thoracic duct - right subclavian vein
B)Right lumbar trunk - cisterna chyli - thoracic duct - left subclavian vein
C)Right lumbar trunk - right intestinal trunk - right lymphatic duct - right subclavian vein
D)Right femoral trunk - right lumbar trunk - right lymphatic duct - superior vena cava
E)Right femoral trunk - cisterna chyli - thoracic duct - left subclavian vein

Question 13

Which are components of the lymphatic system?
A: Thyroid gland
B: Spleen
C: Red bone marrow
D: Thymus gland
E: Lymph nodes
F: Tonsils

A)a,b,c,d,e,f
B)a,b,c,e,f
C)b,c,e
D)b,c,d,e,f
E)b,c,d,e

Question 14

Which is not drained by the right lymphatic duct?

A)Right side of abdomen
B)Right side of thorax
C)Right side of head and neck
D)Right shoulder
E)Right arm

Question 15

A lymphatic capillary that picks up dietary lipids in the small intestine is called a(n)

A)cisterna chyli.
B)lacteal.
C)afferent lymphatic vessel.
D)trabeculum.
E)efferent lymphatic vessel.

Question 16

Lymphatic capillaries

A)are open at both ends.
B)are smaller in diameter than blood capillaries.
C)have wide gaps between endothelial cells.
D)lack a basement membrane.
E)are abundant in epithelial tissues.

Question 17

Of the lymphatic trunks,which ones drain lymph from deep thoracic structures?

A)Jugular trunks
B)Subclavian trunks
C)Bronchomediastinal trunks
D)Intestinal trunks
E)Lumbar trunks

Question 18

Lymphatic capillaries originate in the

A)central nervous system.
B)red bone marrow.
C)yellow bone marrow.
D)tissue spaces between cells.
E)cisterna chyli.

Question 19

Lymph is transported through a network of increasingly larger lymphatic passageways.What is the correct order of these,from smallest diameter to largest diameter?

A)Capillaries - ducts - trunks - vessels
B)Ducts - capillaries - vessels - trunks
C)Vessels - capillaries - trunks - ducts
D)Ducts - vessels - capillaries - trunks
E)Capillaries - vessels - trunks - ducts

Question 20

Which of the lymphatic trunks drain into the cisterna chyli?

A)Intestinal trunks
B)Lumbar trunks
C)Intestinal trunks and lumbar trunks
D)Subclavian trunks and jugular trunks
E)Bronchomediastinal trunks and intestinal trunks

Question 21

Which type of lymphocyte responds to multiple antigens?

A)Memory B-lymphocyte
B)Memory T-lymphocyte
C)Natural killer cell
D)Plasma cell
E)Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte

Question 22

Regions of MALT called Peyer patches are found in the

A)urinary bladder.
B)stomach.
C)vagina.
D)small intestine.
E)trachea.

Question 23

Tonsils have multiple germinal centers and invaginated outer edges called _______ that help trap material.

A)crypts
B)trabeculae
C)sinuses
D)clefts
E)fissures

Question 24

Lymphoid stem cells mature into

A)B-lymphocytes.
B)T-lymphocytes.
C)B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes.
D)B-lymphocytes,T-lymphocytes,and NK cells.
E)B-lymphocytes,T-lymphocytes,and monocytes.

Question 25

Which is not a type of T-lymphocyte?

A)Helper T-lymphocyte
B)Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
C)Memory T-lymphocyte
D)Plasma T-lymphocyte
E)Suppressor T-lymphocyte

Question 26

Where do B-lymphocytes develop immunocompetence?

A)Spleen
B)Red bone marrow
C)Lymph nodes
D)Thymus gland
E)Blood

Question 27

What is the function of a lymphocyte's coreceptors?

A)Recognize particular antigens
B)Produce antibodies
C)Initiate mitosis to generate memory lymphocytes
D)Monitor pH of interstitial fluids
E)Bind to other lymphocytes to attack pathogens

Question 28

Where do T-lymphocytes develop immunocompetence?

A)Spleen
B)Red bone marrow
C)Lymph nodes
D)Thymus gland
E)Blood

Question 29

What are the five main classes of immunoglobulins found in humans?

A)IgA,IgC,IgE,IgG,IgI
B)IgD,IgE,IgG,IgM,IgS
C)IgB,IgD,IgE,IgG,IgM
D)IgA,IgB,IgC,IgD,IgE
E)IgA,IgD,IgE,IgG,IgM

Question 30

Once a helper T-lymphocyte recognizes an antigen,it begins the immune response by secreting chemical signals called

A)antibodies.
B)immunoglobulins.
C)memory B-lymphocytes.
D)memory T-lymphocytes.
E)cytokines.

Question 31

The function of helper T-lymphocytes is to

A)initiate and oversee the immune response.
B)turn off the immune response once it has been activated.
C)secrete toxins to kill or disable pathogens.
D)trigger cell death by disrupting metabolic activities.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 32

Which is not correct regarding B-lymphocytes?

A)They must be activated by helper T-lymphocytes,which present antigens to them.
B)Activated B-lymphocytes transform into plasma cells,memory B-lymphocytes,or NK cells.
C)Memory B-lymphocytes may live for months or even years.
D)B-lymphocytes produce immunoglobulins.
E)Each B-lymphocyte responds to one particular antigen.

Question 33

Which are not tonsils?

A)Adenoids
B)Palatine tonsils
C)Pharyngeal tonsils
D)Lingual tonsils
E)Palatoglossal tonsils

Question 34

The primary goal of the immune response is

A)destruction or inactivation of pathogens and foreign material.
B)maintenance of the proper ionic balance between lymph and blood.
C)stimulation of mitotic activity in order to replace cells damaged by infection.
D)reduction of the number of circulating memory lymphocytes.
E)removal of antibodies from lymph and lymphatic organs.

Question 35

Which area does not contain MALT?

A)Urinary tract
B)Respiratory tract
C)Genital tract
D)Gastrointestinal tract
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 36

Which is not correct regarding lymphatic nodules?

A)The central portion of a lymphatic nodule is called the germinal center.
B)The tonsils are clusters of lymphatic nodules.
C)The cells and matrix of a lymphatic nodule are enclosed within a thick connective tissue capsule.
D)B-lymphocytes are located at the center of a nodule,whereas T-lymphocytes lie outside the center.
E)Lymphatic nodules filter and attack antigens.

Question 37

With respect to the lymphatic system,what do the letters in the acronym MALT stand for?

A)Membrane-adhering lymphatic T-cells
B)Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
C)Multiple-antigen lymphocyte target
D)Multiple-antibody lymphocyte test
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 38

Which cell type is targeted by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

A)Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
B)Memory B-lymphocyte
C)Helper T-lymphocyte
D)Natural killer cell
E)Plasma cell

Question 39

Which type of lymphocyte produces and secretes antibodies?

A)Memory B-lymphocyte
B)Memory T-lymphocyte
C)Natural killer cell
D)Plasma cell
E)Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte

Question 40

The pharyngeal tonsils are located

A)along the posterior margins of the tongue.
B)in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx.
C)at the base of the palatoglossal arches.
D)in the posterolateral region of the oral cavity.
E)lateral to the uvula in the oropharynx.

Question 41

When is the thymus gland most active?

A)From ages 25-45 years
B)From childhood to puberty
C)From puberty to adulthood
D)From ages 45-65 years
E)From age 65 years until death

Question 42

What is the function of dendritic cells within lymph nodes?

A)They initiate replication of macrophages.
B)They conduct signals between activated T-lymphocytes to accelerate the immune response.
C)They collect antigens and present them to T-lymphocytes.
D)They secrete lymphatic hormones to stimulate adjacent lymph nodes.
E)They absorb fluid when infected,causing the lymph nodes to swell and become tender to the touch.

Question 43

T-lymphocytes in the thymus gland do not participate in the immune response and are protected from antigens by

A)the blood-thymus barrier.
B)thymic macrophages.
C)the low pH of the thymus gland.
D)circulating B-lymphocytes.
E)trabecular fibers.

Question 44

Which are not among the primary lymph sacs that form during the sixth week of development?

A)Jugular lymph sacs
B)Anterior lymph sacs
C)Retroperitoneal lymph sac
D)Cisterna chyli
E)Posterior lymph sacs

Question 45

Which is not correct regarding lymph nodes?

A)They are covered by a connective tissue capsule.
B)They contain a network of lymphatic sinuses.
C)Each node has an outer cortex and inner medulla.
D)Connective tissue bands called tendineae divide nodes.
E)Lymphatic nodules produce lymphocytes.

Question 46

Lymph nodes

A)filter lymph.
B)contain a network of collagen fibers.
C)serve as auxiliary exchange surfaces for respiratory gases.
D)filter blood.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 47

Within the red pulp of the spleen are enlarged capillaries called _________,which have a discontinuous basal lamina that allows blood cells to enter and exit easily.

A)splenic cords
B)trabecular vessels
C)splenic vessels
D)splenic sinusoids
E)trabecular cords

Question 48

In which abdominal quadrant is the spleen located?

A)Left upper quadrant
B)Right upper quadrant
C)Left lower quadrant
D)Right lower quadrant
E)None of these choices is correct.

Question 49

Which is not correct regarding the thymus gland?

A)It is a bilobed organ located in the mediastinum.
B)It is fully encapsulated by connective tissue.
C)Each thymic lobe is subdivided into lobules.
D)It reaches its maximum size at puberty,then regresses.
E)Its thymic corpuscles are the site of T-lymphocyte maturation.

Question 50

Which is not a function of the spleen?

A)Serves as blood reservoir
B)Filters blood
C)Filters lymph
D)Recycles aged erythrocytes
E)Houses lymphocytes

Question 51

When women with breast cancer undergo surgery to remove the tumor or the entire breast,the axillary lymph nodes are often removed as well.Why?

A)In removing the breast,the blood supply to the nodes is removed and they will inevitably cease to function.
B)The axillary lymph nodes receive lymph from the breast and may contain cancer cells.
C)The nerves that supply the axillary lymph nodes are often cut during the breast surgery.
D)It is impossible to remove the breast without physically damaging the lymph nodes.
E)With the removal of the breast,there is no further need for lymph drainage and filtering in that part of the body.

Question 52

The anteromedial border of the spleen

A)is concave.
B)contains the hilum.
C)is also called the visceral surface.
D)is where the splenic artery enters.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 53

Which is not correct regarding the white pulp of the spleen?

A)Its cells include T-lymphocytes,B-lymphocytes,and macrophages.
B)Its cells are arranged in clusters that are circular in shape.
C)Its cells can initiate the immune response.
D)It serves as a blood reservoir.
E)Each cluster of white pulp is surrounded by red pulp.

Question 54

Which lymphatic organ contains red pulp and white pulp?

A)Thymus gland and lymph nodes
B)Spleen and lymph nodes
C)Lymph nodes
D)Spleen
E)Thymus gland

Question 55

Which is not correct regarding the spleen?

A)It has an outer cortex and inner medulla.
B)It is divided into sections by capsular extensions called trabeculae.
C)Its white pulp consists of lymphatic cells.
D)It stores erythrocytes.
E)Its blood is supplied by the splenic artery and drained by the splenic vein.

Question 56

Thymic hormones

A)are secreted in response to stimulation by activating hormones from the pituitary gland.
B)stimulate T-lymphocyte maturation and differentiation.
C)are produced by the cortical lymphocytes.
D)are stored in thymic corpuscles prior to release.
E)stimulate the activity of nurse cells.

Question 57

What is the function of nurse cells in the thymus gland?

A)Nourish developing T-lymphocytes
B)Transport mature T-lymphocytes to the bloodstream
C)Secrete thymic hormones
D)Destroy moribund T-lymphocytes
E)Transform helper T-lymphocytes into cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

Question 58

Lymph nodes may be found individually,or clustered in specific regions of the body.Which cluster of lymph nodes receives lymph from the head and neck?

A)Inguinal lymph nodes
B)Cervical lymph nodes
C)Thoracic lymph nodes
D)Axillary lymph nodes
E)Abdominal lymph nodes

Question 59

With advancing age,the lymphatic system

A)becomes less efficient at absorbing dietary lipids.
B)ceases to transport lymph.
C)produces an increasing number and variety of B-lymphocytes.
D)is less responsive to antigens.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 60

Which is not correct regarding lymph nodes?

A)They contain strands of lymphatic cells supported by medullary cords.
B)They are drained by afferent lymphatic vessels.
C)They contain phagocytic cells.
D)They filter lymph.
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 61

Which lymphatic structures form from the pharyngeal pouches?

A)Palatine tonsils
B)Lingual tonsils
C)Thymus gland
D)Palatine tonsils and thymus gland
E)Palatine,pharyngeal,and lingual tonsils

Question 62

The acronym HIV stands for "human immune virus".

Question 63

The walls of lymphatic capillaries are only one cell thick.

Question 64

Lymphatic capillaries are held in place by _____________ filaments that attach the endothelial cells to nearby structures.

Question 65

Obstruction of the flow of lymph in lymphatic vessels can lead to an accumulation of interstitial fluid in the tissues.This condition is characterized by pain and swelling,and is called ________________.

Question 66

Substances such as bacteria and viruses that are perceived as abnormal to the body and provoke an immune response are called ________________.

Question 67

Helper T-lymphocytes primarily contain the CD8 coreceptor.

Question 68

The spleen is essentially a giant lymph node,since it is encapsulated,has trabeculae,and filters lymph to remove antigens.

Question 69

Though some lymphocytes are housed in lymphatic organs,most circulate continuously in the bloodstream.

Question 70

This figure shows the lymphatic system.Which number(s)indicate structures that contain MALT?

A)1,4,9
B)2,6,7,8
C)5
D)3,5
E)7

Question 71

One of the functions of the lymphatic system is to transport fat.

Question 72

The primary lymph sacs eventually develop into the

A)lymph nodes.
B)spleen.
C)spleen and thymus gland.
D)thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct.
E)tonsils and MALT.

Question 73

The thymus gland begins to atrophy after puberty.

Question 74

The germinal center of a lymphatic nodule contains proliferating B-lymphocytes and macrophages.

Question 75

"Booster" shots are required following certain vaccinations because the memory B-lymphocytes produced in response to the initial vaccination don't survive indefinitely.

Question 76

This figure shows the lymphatic system.What structure does number 8 indicate?

A)Lymphatic nodule
B)Thymus gland
C)Cisterna chyli
D)Spleen
E)Adenoid

Question 77

Gastrointestinal tract lymph is also called ______________.

Question 78

B-lymphocytes make up the largest population of lymphocytes in the body,about 70-85% of the total number.

Question 79

This figure shows the lymphatic system.Which number indicates the inguinal lymph nodes?

A)1
B)4
C)5
D)9
E)10

Question 80

Developmentally,the spleen forms from

A)ectoderm.
B)mesoderm.
C)endoderm.
D)aggregations of lymphatic cells.
E)MALT.