Deck 17: Pathways and Integrative Functions

Question 1

This pathway is composed of the anterior spinothalamic tract and the lateral spinothalamic tract.Axons entering this pathway conduct stimuli related to crude touch and pressure as well as pain and temperature.

A)The posterior funiculus-medial lemniscal pathway
B)The anterolateral pathway
C)The musculomedial pathway
D)The spinocerebellar pathway
E)The posterolateral pathway

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The secondary neuron in a sensory pathway is a(n)

A)motor neuron.
B)interneuron.
C)visceral neuron.
D)center in the brain.
E)tract in the spinal cord.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Where does the cell body of the primary neuron in a sensory pathway reside?

A)Posterior root ganglion of a spinal nerve
B)Posterior horn of the spinal cord
C)Receptor that responds to a stimulus
D)Corresponding somatic area of the brain
E)Effector that will respond to the stimulus

Answer 3

A

Question 4

These pathways process stimuli received from the internal organs.

A)Somatosensory pathways
B)Internosensory pathways
C)Viscerosensory pathways
D)Somatomotor pathways
E)Visceromotor pathways

Question 5

This pathway conducts proprioceptive information to the cerebellum for processing to coordinate body movements such as posture,balance,and skilled movements.

A)The posterior funiculus-medial lemniscal pathway
B)The anterolateral pathway
C)The musculomedial pathway
D)The spinocerebellar pathway
E)The posterolateral pathway

Question 6

Somatotopy refers to the

A)ability of the brain to identify the part of the body being innervated.
B)precise correspondence between receptors and specific functional areas in the CNS.
C)relationship between the spinal cord and associated areas in the brain.
D)relationship between the spinal nerves and the cranial nerves.
E)relationship between specific muscles and the nerves that innervate them.

Question 7

Which pathways conduct information about limb position and the sensations of touch,temperature,pressure,and pain?

A)Sensory pathways
B)Motor pathways
C)Descending pathways
D)Visceral pathways
E)Both sensory and motor pathways

Question 8

An ascending pathway carries

A)sensory information from the body to the brain.
B)motor information from the body to the brain.
C)sensory information from the brain to the body.
D)motor information from the brain to muscles and glands.
E)both motor and sensory information from the body to the brain.

Question 9

How does the CNS communicate with the rest of the body?

A)Through direct connections based on a one nerve-one function process
B)Primarily through hormonal action
C)Through a system of neuronal links known as connectors
D)Through pathways that travel through white matter of the brainstem and spinal cord to connect various CNS regions with peripheral nerves
E)Through a network of fibrous interconnections between each organ and a specific target within the CNS

Question 10

Which is not a somatosensory pathway?

A)The posterior funiculus-medial lemniscal pathway
B)The anterolateral pathway
C)The musculomedial pathway
D)The spinocerebellar pathway
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 11

This pathway conducts sensory stimuli concerned with proprioceptive information about limb position and discriminative touch,precise pressure,and vibration sensations.It projects through the spinal cord,brainstem,and diencephalon before terminating within the cerebral cortex.

A)The posterior funiculus-medial lemniscal pathway
B)The anterolateral pathway
C)The musculomedial pathway
D)The spinocerebellar pathway
E)The posterolateral pathway

Question 12

Over 90 percent of nervous system pathways decussate.What does "decussate" mean?

A)Branch extensively
B)Carry information to and from the same effector
C)Cross from one side of the body to the other
D)Switch from carrying motor information to carrying sensory information
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 13

A descending pathway carries

A)sensory information from the body to the brain.
B)motor information from the body to the brain.
C)sensory information from the brain to the body.
D)motor information from the brain to muscles and glands.
E)both motor and sensory information from the body to the brain.

Question 14

A nervous system pathway consists of two components.What are they?

A)An axon and a nucleus
B)An axon and a ganglion
C)A tract and a ganglion
D)A tract and a nucleus
E)A nucleus and a ganglion

Question 15

Which pathway does not use tertiary neurons?

A)Fasciculus cuneatus
B)Fasciculus gracilis
C)Lateral spinothalamic
D)Anterior spinothalamic
E)Anterior spinocerebellar

Question 16

Where does the axon of a primary neuron project?

A)Directly to the appropriate region of the brain
B)To the axon of a tertiary neuron
C)To another primary neuron
D)To a secondary neuron
E)To a muscle or a gland for appropriate action

Question 17

A tract is a

A)cluster of neuron cell bodies within the PNS.
B)collection of neuron cell bodies located within the CNS.
C)network of nerves.
D)center that displays discrete anatomic boundaries.
E)group of axons that travel together in the CNS.

Question 18

A nucleus is a

A)collection of neuron cell bodies within the PNS.
B)collection of neuron cell bodies within the CNS.
C)network of nerves.
D)center that displays discrete anatomic boundaries.
E)group of axons that travel together in the CNS.

Question 19

Which pathways are somatotopically organized?
A: Posterior funiculus-medial lemniscal pathway
B: Anterolateral pathway
C: Spinocerebellar pathway

A)a and b
B)a,b,and c
C)b and c
D)a and c
E)a only

Question 20

What is the termination point for the anterolateral pathway?

A)Cerebellum
B)Gray commissure of spinal cord
C)Posterior horn of spinal cord
D)Thalamus
E)Medulla oblongata

Question 21

The medial pathway of the indirect motor pathway consists of three groups of tracts.The one that helps to regulate positional changes of the arms,eyes,head,and neck as a consequence of visual and auditory stimuli is the

A)reticulospinal tract.
B)tectospinal tract.
C)vestibulospinal tract.

Question 22

In motor pathways,axons of lower motor neurons exit the _________ and project to the __________ to be innervated.

A)CNS; skeletal muscle
B)PNS; skeletal muscle
C)CNS; sensory receptor
D)PNS; sensory receptor
E)CNS; PNS

Question 23

Complex unconscious motor patterns are controlled by neurons in various locations.The ones that control swinging the arms while walking are located in the

A)mesencephalon.
B)cerebellum.
C)hypothalamus.
D)cerebral nuclei.
E)medulla oblongata.

Question 24

Axons of the lower motor neurons of the lateral corticospinal tracts innervate

A)skeletal muscles that control skilled movements in the limbs.
B)muscles of the lower digestive tract.
C)muscles of the respiratory system.
D)skeletal muscles of the upper back and neck.
E)axial skeletal muscle.

Question 25

The different tracts within indirect motor pathways are grouped according to their primary functions.The medial pathway regulates

A)muscle tone and gross movements of the muscles of the head,neck,proximal limb,and trunk.
B)and controls precise,discrete movements and tone in flexor muscles of the limbs.
C)heartbeat and controls blood pressure.
D)respiratory rhythm and CO₂ levels.
E)smooth muscle contraction in the viscera.

Question 26

The medial pathway of the indirect motor pathway consists of three groups of tracts.The one that helps to control unskilled automatic movements related to posture and maintaining balance is the

A)reticulospinal tract.
B)tectospinal tract.
C)vestibulospinal tract.

Question 27

Which somatic motor pathway originates in the pyramidal cells of the primary motor cortex?

A)Direct pathway
B)Indirect pathway

Question 28

The different tracts within indirect motor pathways are grouped according to their primary functions.The lateral pathway controls

A)muscle tone and gross movements of the muscles of the head,neck,proximal limb,and trunk.
B)precise,discrete movements and tone in flexor muscles of the limbs.
C)heartbeat and blood pressure.
D)respiratory rhythm and CO₂ levels.
E)smooth muscle contraction in the viscera.

Question 29

In order to assess voluntary movements,messages from proprioceptors in skeletal muscles and joints are forwarded to the

A)basal nuclei.
B)primary cortex.
C)brainstem.
D)corpus callosum.
E)cerebellum.

Question 30

The corticobulbar tracts originate from the ______ region of the motor homunculus within the primary cortex.

A)cardiac
B)facial
C)palmar
D)genitalia
E)respiratory

Question 31

A child pounding on the keys of a piano makes a cacophony of unrecognizable noise,whereas a trained pianist reproduces a Mozart sonata.The portion of the brain that controls and coordinates the movements necessary to play the piano is the

A)thalamus.
B)medulla oblongata.
C)diencephalon.
D)cerebellum.
E)corpus callosum.

Question 32

Complex unconscious motor patterns are controlled by neurons in various locations.The ones that control activities such as riding a bicycle are located in the

A)mesencephalon.
B)cerebellum.
C)hypothalamus.
D)cerebral nuclei.
E)medulla oblongata.

Question 33

Motor pathways are formed from a series of connections.Which is not part of the series?

A)Cerebellum
B)Cerebral nuclei
C)Hypothalamus
D)Descending projection tracts
E)Motor neurons

Question 34

Complex unconscious motor patterns are controlled by neurons in various locations.The ones that control sudden startled movements due to visual or auditory stimuli are located in the

A)mesencephalon.
B)cerebellum.
C)hypothalamus.
D)cerebral nuclei.
E)medulla oblongata.

Question 35

The medial pathway of the indirect motor pathway consists of three groups of tracts.The one that helps to regulate muscular activity that helps maintain balance during sitting,standing,and walking is the

A)reticulospinal tract.
B)tectospinal tract.
C)vestibulospinal tract.

Question 36

The pair of thick anterior bulges (pyramids)in the medulla oblongata are formed by the

A)corticobulbar tracts.
B)internal capsular tracts.
C)corticospinal tracts.
D)anterior bulbar tracts.
E)cerebral nuclei.

Question 37

Which somatic motor pathway is responsible for voluntary control of muscle activity?

A)Direct pathway
B)Indirect pathway

Question 38

Of the four indirect motor spinal cord pathways that originate in the brainstem,the one whose upper motor neuron destination is the lateral funiculus is the

A)rubrospinal tract.
B)reticulospinal tact.
C)tectospinal tract.
D)vestibulospinal tract.
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 39

Axons of the lower motor neurons of the anterior corticospinal tracts innervate

A)skeletal muscles that control skilled movements in the limbs.
B)muscles of the lower digestive tract.
C)muscles of the respiratory system.
D)skeletal muscles of the upper back and neck.
E)axial skeletal muscle.

Question 40

Which of these movements or muscle groups is not controlled by motor information transmitted by the corticobulbar tracts?

A)Eye movements
B)Certain superficial muscles of the back and neck
C)Muscles of the upper leg
D)Cranial,facial,pharyngeal,and laryngeal muscles
E)Intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles

Question 41

The term cerebral lateralization refers to the fact that

A)the two hemispheres are identical anatomically.
B)the right hemisphere controls only the right side of the body.
C)the two hemispheres control only the opposite side of the body.
D)each hemisphere is specialized for certain tasks.
E)the two hemispheres mature at the same time.

Question 42

The inability to either recognize or understand the meaning of various stimuli is termed

A)dyslexia.
B)ataxia.
C)hemiballismus.
D)agnosia.
E)aprosodia.

Question 43

In general,left-handed people have a ________________,which suggests that more signals may be relayed between their hemispheres.

A)thinner corpus callosum
B)larger pons
C)larger thalamus
D)thicker medulla
E)thicker corpus callosum

Question 44

Error-correcting signals are sent from the cerebellum through the ___________ and the brainstem to the premotor and primary motor cortices.

A)thalamus
B)hypothalamus
C)pituitary
D)pineal body
E)pons

Question 45

Imagine that you have just moved into a new home.Your address includes a new zip code that you try to memorize,but you have trouble recalling the code the next morning and have to look it up.After a month of use,however,you can recall your zip code easily.Which statement best describes what happened with regard to your new zip code?

A)You first stored the zip code in short-term memory and had to keep storing it there until it was eventually easily recalled.
B)You had to rely on sensory memory to finally recall the zip code.
C)It takes time for the brain to rewire itself so that the zip code can be appropriately stored.
D)The zip code was placed into short-term memory and then through repeated recall,it reached long-term memory storage.
E)You eventually relied on permanent memory to recall the zip code.

Question 46

Brain growth is 95 percent complete by the age of

A)6 months.
B)1 year.
C)2 years.
D)3 years.
E)5 years.

Question 47

Mental processes such as awareness,knowledge,memory,perception,and thinking are collectively called

A)intelligence.
B)higher-order processing.
C)cognition.
D)ataxia.
E)hemiballismus.

Question 48

The right and left hemispheres remain in constant communication primarily through commissures in the

A)hypothalamus.
B)pons.
C)medulla oblongata.
D)pituitary.
E)corpus callosum.

Question 49

In most people,the Wernicke area is located in the

A)categorical hemisphere.
B)representational hemisphere.
C)visual cortex.
D)frontal lobe.
E)medulla oblongata.

Question 50

Which type of memory is required to perform several different mental activities simultaneously?

A)Sensory memory
B)Short-term memory
C)Long-term memory
D)Interactive memory
E)Permanent memory

Question 51

What are petalias?

A)Areas of thickening in the spinal cord
B)Thinner areas in the corpus callosum
C)Shape asymmetry in the frontal or occipital lobes of the brain
D)Areas of crossing over that occur between the two hemispheres
E)Concentrations of ganglia in the posterior thalamic hemisphere

Question 52

Damage to the cortical region of the representational hemisphere can cause dull,emotionless speech.This condition is called

A)dyslexia.
B)ataxia.
C)hemiballismus.
D)agnosia.
E)aprosody.

Question 53

The Wernicke area is responsible for

A)recognizing the emotional content of words.
B)relating odor to past experience.
C)correlating auditory information.
D)storing and processing memory.
E)recognizing written and spoken language.

Question 54

In most people,the left hemisphere functions as the _________ hemisphere.

A)categorical
B)analytical
C)representational
D)critical
E)deductive

Question 55

Higher-order mental functions include all of the following except

A)consciousness.
B)learning.
C)memory.
D)reflex actions.
E)reasoning.

Question 56

Immediately posterior to the Wernicke area is the angular gyrus.What does this gyrus do?

A)Transforms images into visual reality
B)Processes the words we read into a form we can speak
C)Translates the audible word into a spoken form
D)Processes olfactory information
E)Transforms smells into visual images

Question 57

A lesion in the brain that results in an inability of a person to recognize or understand the meaning of sounds or words would most likely be located in the

A)occipital lobe.
B)frontal lobe.
C)temporal lobe.
D)insula.
E)parietal lobe.

Question 58

The inability to perform coordinated body movements is called

A)aprosody.
B)agnosia.
C)precognition.
D)ataxia.
E)hemiballismus.

Question 59

In most people,the right hemisphere functions as the _____ hemisphere.

A)categorical
B)analytical
C)representational
D)critical
E)deductive

Question 60

A brain lesion in the __________ may cause personality abnormalities.

A)occipital lobe
B)frontal lobe
C)temporal lobe
D)insula
E)parietal lobe

Question 61

Only conscious processing of information is involved in higher-order mental functions.

Question 62

A cerebrovascular accident (stroke)is caused by an increase in blood supply to a part of the brain due to a blocked or damaged arterial blood vessel.

Question 63

The effects of aging on the brain begin at about ________ of age.

A)20 years
B)30 years
C)40 years
D)50 years
E)60 years

Question 64

This part of the brain is responsible for alerting the cerebrum to incoming sensory information.

A)Sensory component of the reticular formation
B)Prefrontal cortex
C)Motor component of the reticular formation
D)Amygdaloid body
E)Hypothalamus

Question 65

Which is a deep and profound state of unconsciousness from which a person cannot be aroused?

A)Stupor
B)Syncope
C)Lethargy
D)Coma
E)Faint

Question 66

Which part of the brain arouses us from sleep?

A)Reticular activating system
B)Prefrontal cortex
C)Motor component of the reticular formation
D)Amygdaloid body
E)Hypothalamus

Question 67

This part of the brain is responsible for autonomic motor functions such as respiration,blood pressure,and heart rate,as well as for regulating muscle tone.

A)Sensory component of the reticular formation
B)Prefrontal cortex
C)Motor component of the reticular formation
D)Amygdala
E)Hypothalamus

Question 68

Which is a condition in which a person loses memories of past events?

A)Korsakoff psychosis
B)Anterograde amnesia
C)Retrograde amnesia
D)Prosttraumatic amnesia
E)Hysterical amnesia

Question 69

Motor pathways are ascending pathways in the brain and spinal cord that control the activities of skeletal muscle.

Question 70

Adult males exhibit less lateralization than females and suffer less functional loss when one hemisphere is damaged.

Question 71

A transient ischemic attack (TIA)is more serious than a cerebrovascular accident (CVA).

Question 72

A nucleus is defined as a collection of neuron cell bodies located within the PNS.

Question 73

Which is a form of impaired memory processing that occurs following years of alcohol abuse?

A)Korsakoff psychosis
B)Anterograde amnesia
C)Retrograde amnesia
D)Prosttraumatic amnesia
E)Hysterical amnesia

Question 74

By the time a person reaches puberty,axon myelination throughout both the CNS and PNS is complete.

Question 75

Following birth,the CNS continues to mature and gain in complexity.As it matures many neurons expand their number of connections.

Question 76

Sensory memory has unlimited capacity.

Question 77

Only a fraction of our sensory impulses reach our conscious awareness.

Question 78

Which is a condition in which a person finds it virtually impossible to process and/or store ongoing events?

A)Korsakoff psychosis
B)Anterograde amnesia
C)Retrograde amnesia
D)Prosttraumatic amnesia
E)Hysterical amnesia

Question 79

All incoming impulses are sent to the brain for detailed processing.