Deck 8: Cell Cycles

Question 1

How are binary fission and mitosis different?

A)Binary fission is found in eukaryotes, and mitosis is found in prokaryotes.
B)Binary fission is used for repair, and mitosis is not.
C)Binary fission is found in prokaryotes, and mitosis is found in eukaryotes.
D)Binary fission is a division of the nucleus, and mitosis is a division of the cytoplasm.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What is the usual process by which organisms reproduce asexually?

A)mitosis
B)gametogenesis
C)meiosis
D)spore formation

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What is it that bacterial cells typically have compared to eukaryotic cells?

A)two circular chromosomes versus numerous circular chromosomes, depending on the species
B)a single circular chromosome versus many linear chromosomes
C)one linear chromosome versus many circular chromosomes
D)several circular chromosomes versus many linear chromosomes

Answer 3

B

Question 4

How does the speed of division in normal cells and blastema cells differ?

A)Blastema cells divide 50 times faster than normal cells.
B)Blastema cells divide 40 times faster than normal cells.
C)Blastema cells divide 20 times faster than normal cells.
D)Blastema cells divide at the same speed as normal cells.

Question 5

What is contained in each of the two daughter cells that result from normal mitotic division of the original parent cell?

A)the same number of chromosomes and genes as the parent cell, and identical to those of the parent cell
B)one-half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell, but different genes
C)one-half of the number of chromosomes and genes as the parent cell, and identical to those of the parent cell
D)the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell, but different genes

Question 6

Hereditary information is encoded in a single, circular DNA molecule in most prokaryotes. What is another feature of the prokaryotic hereditary information?

A)The bacterial chromosomes do not have genes that control binary fission.
B)Bacterial cells cannot replicate their DNA very rapidly.
C)Bacterial cells do not utilize a mitotic spindle to segregate their replicated DNA.
D)The DNA of the bacterial chromosome is not replicated prior to segregation.

Question 7

Which of the following best compares meiosis and mitosis?

A)Meiosis produces daughter nuclei that have the same number of chromosomes as the original cell, while mitosis produces daughter nuclei with a different number of chromosomes as the original cell.
B)Meiosis produces daughter nuclei that have half the number of chromosomes as the original cell, while mitosis produces daughter nuclei with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell.
C)Meiosis produces daughter nuclei that have the same number of chromosomes as the original cell, while mitosis produces daughter nuclei with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.
D)Meiosis and mitosis both produce daughter nuclei with a different number of chromosomes than the original cell.

Question 8

Suppose that a somatic cell divides to form two genetically identical daughter cells during mitosis. Prior to mitosis occurring, which of the following must occur?

A)The cell must first be fertilized.
B)Chromatids must be separated.
C)The cell must replicate its DNA.
D)The nucleus must divide.

Question 9

Which term refers to the mechanism of prokaryotic growth, DNA replication, and cell division that results in two identical daughter cells?

A)meiosis
B)binary fission
C)budding
D)mitosis

Question 10

Which term refers to duplication of the complete set of chromosomes in an organism's cell, followed by the separation of the duplicated chromosomes into two new cells?

A)zygote formation
B)mitotic cell division
C)binary fission
D)meiotic cell division

Question 11

How are the two chromosomes separated and distributed to the two ends of the cell during prokaryotic cell division?

A)by an unknown mechanism
B)by attachment to separating membrane regions
C)by attachment to actin
D)by the action of the mitotic spindle

Question 12

Which of the following best describes meiosis and/or mitosis?

A)Meiosis is involved in producing cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
B)Mitosis is involved in producing cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
C)Meiosis is involved in repair and growth of the cells that comprise the body of an organism.
D)Mitosis is involved in repair and growth of the cells that comprise the body of an organism.

Question 13

Which of the following is synonymous with blastema?

A)a temporary cell organelle
B)a temporary cell
C)a temporary organ
D)a temporary tissue

Question 14

When does replication of DNA occur?

A)during the S phase
B)during the G₁ phase
C)during the prophase
D)during the G₀ phase

Question 15

What are the cells produced by mitotic divisions considered to be?

A)genetically different
B)two thirds genetically identical
C)half genetically identical
D)genetically identical

Question 16

What is the name of the specific region where replication of a bacterial chromosome begins?

A)the replication fork
B)the ori
C)the ter
D)the beg

Question 17

Which of the following are products of mitosis?

A)gametes in animals and spores in plants
B)gametes and spores in plants
C)body cells in animals and spores in plants
D)body cells in animals and plants

Question 18

What happens to each daughter cell at the conclusion of mitosis?

A)It has DNA identical to the parent cell.
B)It has twice the cytoplasm and the same amount of DNA as the parent cell.
C)It has twice the amount of DNA and half the cytoplasm of the parent cell.
D)It has half the DNA and half the cytoplasm found in the parent cell.

Question 19

Which of the following are products of meiosis?

A)gametes in animals and spores in plants
B)gametes and spores in plants
C)body cells in animals and spores in plants
D)body cells in animals and plants

Question 20

How are binary fission and mitosis different?

A)Binary fission is found in eukaryotes, while mitosis is not.
B)Mitosis helps an organism to grow, while binary fission does not.
C)Mitosis does not occur in phases, while binary fission does.
D)Binary fission helps an organism to grow, while mitosis does not.

Question 21

Embryonic development begins with a single egg being fertilized by a single sperm, thus forming a zygote; the zygote then undergoes mitosis. How many cells would be present at the conclusion of four mitotic divisions?
a.16
b.8
c.4
d.2

Question 22

When growing animal cells in a culture, what must be added to the culture medium for growth to occur?

A)growth factors
B)RNA
C)growth hormone
D)DNA

Question 23

Photomicrograph by Dr. Conly L. Rieder, East Greenbush, New York
Which stage of mitosis is depicted in photo A in the figure?

A)interphase
B)metaphase
C)prophase
D)anaphase

Question 24

What is the correct sequence of phases in mitosis?

A)anaphase ? telophase ? interphase ? prophase ? metaphase
B)interphase ? prophase ? metaphase ? anaphase ? telophase
C)metaphase ? anaphase ? telophase ? interphase ? prophase
D)prophase ? metaphase ? anaphase ? telophase ? interphase

Question 25

Which sequence of the cell cycle is correct?

A)anaphase interphase telophase prometaphase prophase metaphase
B)prophase metaphase interphase telophase anaphase
C)prometaphase anaphase prophase telophase interphase metaphase
D)interphase prophase prometaphase metaphase anaphase telophase

Question 26

Which of the following explains cohesins?

A)Cohesins are lipids that help separate sister chromatids.
B)Cohesins are lipids that hold sister chromatids together.
C)Cohesins are proteins that help separate sister chromatids.
D)Cohesins are proteins that hold sister chromatids together.

Question 27

During which phases of mitosis are chromosomes composed of two sister chromatids?

A)in anaphase and telophase
B)in prophase and metaphase
C)in prophase, metaphase, and anaphase
D)in prophase and telophase

Question 28

Where in the cell would the centromere be found?

A)in a central region of a chromosome where the spindle microtubules attach
B)in a position where metaphase chromosomes align
C)in a location where chromosomes cluster during telophase
D)in a location where the mitotic spindle forms

Question 29

Which term represents two identical copies of a chromosome?

A)sister chromosomes
B)sister chromatids
C)brother chromosomes
D)brother chromatids

Question 30

Photomicrograph by Dr. Conly L. Rieder, East Greenbush, New York
Which stage of mitosis is shown in photo E in the figure?

A)interphase
B)metaphase
C)prophase
D)anaphase

Question 31

Photomicrograph by Dr. Conly L. Rieder, East Greenbush, New York
Which stage of mitosis is shown in photo D in the figure?

A)telophase
B)anaphase
C)prophase
D)interphase

Question 32

Photomicrograph by Dr. Conly L. Rieder, East Greenbush, New York
What do we call the stage of mitosis in photo C in the figure?

A)metaphase
B)prophase
C)interphase
D)anaphase

Question 33

Where do human nerve cells remain once they become mature and exit the cell cycle?

A)in G₂
B)in G₁
C)in G₀
D)in S phase

Question 34

Photomicrograph by Dr. Conly L. Rieder, East Greenbush, New York
Which stage of mitosis is shown in photo B in the figure?

A)interphase
B)metaphase
C)prophase
D)anaphase

Question 35

At the beginning of interphase in G₁, a cell has 36 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would be found in that same cell in G₂ of interphase?

A)72
B)64
C)36
D)18

Question 36

A cell containing 84 chromatids at metaphase of mitosis would produce two nuclei. How many chromosomes would each contain in late telophase?

A)21
B)42
C)84
D)168

Question 37

Which of the following events occurs during interphase?

A)formation of the spindle
B)alignment of chromosomes at the spindle midpoint
C)disappearance of the nuclear envelope
D)DNA synthesis

Question 38

During which phase of mitosis does cytokinesis typically begin?

A)anaphase
B)prophase
C)telophase
D)metaphase

Question 39

The microtubules that make up the mitotic spindle attach themselves to special structures that are found in the centromere region of the chromosome. What term refers to these specialized structures?

A)nucleosomes
B)chromatids
C)kinetochores
D)centrosomes

Question 40

Early in mitosis, chromatin condenses into the compact, rodlike structures known as chromosomes. What process takes place more easily as a result?

A)the orderly distribution of DNA into the two new nuclei
B)the disappearance of the nuclear envelope
C)the formation of the mitotic spindle
D)the replication of DNA

Question 41

How are a cleavage furrow and a cell plate different?

A)A cleavage furrow is found in plant cells, while cell plate is found in animal cells.
B)A cleavage furrow is found in animal cells, while a cell plate is found in plant cells.
C)A cleavage furrow is made possible by vesicles, while a cell plate is made possible by means of microtubules.
D)A cleavage furrow is made possible by vesicles, while a cell plate is made by means of the nucleus.

Question 42

In which type of cell do duplicated centrioles move to opposite poles, and during which part of the cell cycle does this occur?

A)in a plant cell, during prophase
B)in an animal cell, during prophase
C)in a plant cell, during metaphase
D)in an animal cell, during metaphase

Question 43

When is a cell committed to undergoing mitosis?

A)once it transitions from S to G₂
B)once it transitions from G₁ to S
C)once it transitions from G₁ to G₀
D)once it transitions from G₂ to prophase

Question 44

When does centriole replication occur in the cell cycle?

A)during S
B)during G₁
C)during prophase
D)during G₂

Question 45

In general, microtubules disassemble and consequently pull the chromatids to the ends of the spindle. When does this occur?

A)during interphase
B)during prophase
C)during metaphase
D)during anaphase

Question 46

Which of the following is an activity included in the stages of cytoplasmic division?

A)cytokinesis
B)condensation of DNA into chromosomes
C)separation of sister chromatids in the cytoplasm
D)movement of chromosomes into alignment on the metaphase plate

Question 47

What is another term for an identifiable structure known as the microtubule organizing centre (MTOC) of an animal cell?

A)a cell plate
B)a centrosome
C)a kinetochore
D)a centromere

Question 48

Certain cell types in humans, such as skeletal muscle cells, have several nuclei per cell. Based on what we know about mitosis, how could this happen?

A)The cell undergoes repeated mitosis with associated cytokinesis.
B)The cell undergoes repeated cytokinesis, but not mitosis.
C)The cell undergoes anaphase twice before entering telophase.
D)The cell undergoes repeated mitosis, but not cytokinesis.

Question 49

At what stage of the cell cycle is DNA found in its condensed form, which is known as a chromosome?

A)throughout prophase only
B)throughout prophase and metaphase
C)throughout the cell cycle
D)throughout mitosis until late telophase

Question 50

Which of the following occurs during metaphase of mitosis?

A)Centrioles migrate to opposite poles of the cell.
B)Chromatin condenses into chromosomes.
C)The nuclear envelope disappears.
D)Chromosomes decondense into chromatin.

Question 51

Which of the following stages of mitosis is utilized for karyotype analysis?

A)prophase
B)anaphase
C)metaphase
D)prometaphase

Question 52

In both plant cells and animal cells, where do the microtubles of the mitotic spindle originate?

A)in the centromere
B)in the organizing centres
C)in the chromatid
D)in the centriole

Question 53

What is the primary composition of the mitotic spindle?

A)microtubules
B)intermediate filaments
C)keratin
D)actin filaments

Question 54

How is cytokinesis different in plant and animal cells?

A)It forms a cleavage furrow in animal cells, and a cell plate in plant cells.
B)It helps create four daughter cells in animal cells, and two in plant cells.
C)It forms a cleavage furrow in plant cells, and a cell plate in animal cells.
D)It helps create two daughter cells in animal cells, and four in plant cells.

Question 55

At what point during the cell cycle do chromosomes decondense into chromatin?

A)at the end of telophase
B)at the beginning of metaphase
C)at the beginning of interphase
D)at the end of interphase

Question 56

Which of the following terms is synonymous with restriction point?

A)G₂ checkpoint
B)G₁ checkpoint
C)G₀ checkpoint
D)S checkpoint

Question 57

Which sentence best describes the difference between plant cell division and animal cell division?

A)In animal cells, but not plant cells, cytokinesis is accomplished by formation of a cleavage furrow.
B)In animal cells, replication of chromosomes occurs during interphase, while in plant cells replication occurs when the nuclear envelope disintegrates.
C)In plant cells, centrosomes have an important role in spindle formation, while in animal cells centrosomes do not function during cell division.
D)In plant cells, but not animal cells, cytokinesis is accomplished by formation of a cleavage furrow.

Question 58

What will happen in a cell if it becomes damaged by radiation or chemicals?

A)It will not pass the G₂ checkpoint.
B)It will not enter S from G₁.
C)It will not synthesize cyclin-dependent kinases.
D)It will not enter G₁ from mitosis.

Question 59

What would be revealed in a comparison of mitosis and cytokinesis in animal cells and plant cells?

A)A cleavage furrow is initiated in animal cells, while a cell plate begins to form in plant cells during telophase.
B)The nuclear envelope disintegrates in prophase in animal cells, but remains intact in plant cells.
C)Sister chromatids are identical in animal cells, but they differ from one another in plants.
D)In animal cells, chromosomes do not become attached to the spindle until anaphase, whereas chromosomes become attached to the spindle at prophase in plant cells.

Question 60

What is the primary function of centrioles in animal cells?

A)to provide a point of attachment for spindle fibres on chromosomes
B)to connect the two sister chromatids
C)spindle formation
D)the generation of flagella and cilia

Question 61

What are the two most likely reasons for cellular senescence (the loss of proliferative ability)?

A)DNA damage and telomere lengthening
B)DNA damage and telomere shortening
C)DNA intactness and telomere shortening
D)DNA intactness and telomere lengthening

Question 62

Which sentence characterizes cancer cells?

A)Tumours formed by cancer cells remain encapsulated and grow in only one location.
B)Cancer cells form tumours that strongly adhere to surrounding tissues.
C)Cancer cells display uncontrolled cell division.
D)Mitosis is strictly regulated in cancer cells.

Question 63

At the G₁-to-S checkpoint, one of the cyclins has reached a concentration great enough to complex with one of the CDKs to initiate DNA synthesis. Which cyclin and which CDK are the ones involved?

A)cyclin G₁/S and CDK2
B)cyclin G₁/S and CDK1
C)cyclin S and CDK2
D)cyclin S and CDK1

Question 64

Which of the following is synonymous with cellular senescence?

A)the loss of proliferative ability
B)the gain of proliferative ability
C)the gain of contact inhibition
D)the loss of contact inhibition

Question 65

What is the purpose of cell division in living organisms?

Question 66

Which of the following is an example of an "executioner" enzyme in the cell?

A)caspases
B)cytokinin
C)kinase
D)roscovitine

Question 67

Which of the following would be revealed by a comparison of a cancer cell and a normal cell?

A)Regulation of mitosis is strictly regulated in cancer cells; mitosis is unregulated in normal cells.
B)Cancer cells undergo contact inhibition; normal cells do not.
C)Cancer cells do not undergo contact inhibition; normal cells do.
D)Cancer cells cannot metastasize; normal cells can.

Question 68

What is the Hayflick factor responsible for?

A)tissue senescence
B)organ senescence
C)organ system senescence
D)cellular senescence

Question 69

Contact inhibition is an important mechanism for maintaining cell growth in developed organs and tissues. Suppose the organ and tissue cells remain in contact with each other. In order to prevent the cells from dividing, which phase of the cell cycle must they be in?

A)in G₁
B)in G₀
C)in G₂
D)in prophase

Question 70

What would happen if you add mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) to germinal cells in the skin arrested in G₂?

A)Cell division would cease.
B)The cells would enter prophase.
C)The cells would undergo cytokinesis.
D)Cell death would occur.

Question 71

During which phase of the cell cycle is cyclin degraded, resulting in the transition to G₁?

A)during interphase
B)during metaphase
C)during prophase
D)during anaphase

Question 72

Vinblastine, a chemotherapeutic drug used to treat breast and testicular cancers, interferes with the assembly of microtubules. How does this drug work to inhibit cancer cell growth?

A)It inhibits transition from G₁ to S.
B)It disrupts mitotic spindle formation, and consequently mitosis.
C)It inhibits cytokinesis.
D)It inhibits transition from S to mitosis.

Question 73

Signalling molecules, such as peptide hormones and growth factors, bind to receptors on the cell surface, which subsequently trigger reactions in the cell. Which of the following is among the reactions?

A)causing cells to enter the G₀ state
B)stopping cell division
C)initiating cell division
D)slowing the rate of cell division

Question 74

What is the difference between a chromosome and a chromatid?

Question 75

What external factors influence a cell to divide?

Question 76

Which statement best explains contact inhibition?

A)Contact between neighbouring cells triggers reactions that lead to inhibition of mitosis.
B)As cell number increases, the level of waste products increases, consequently slowing metabolism and leading to mitosis.
C)As cell number increases, the protein kinases they produce compete with neighbouring cells, thus inhibiting mitosis.
D)As neighbouring cells become more tightly packed together, their size is restricted and cytokinesis can no longer occur.

Question 77

How is cell division in plant cells different than cell division in animal cells?

Question 78

Which of the following regulates progression through the phases of the cell cycle?

A)fluctuating concentrations of cyclin-dependent kinases
B)fluctuating concentrations of microtubules
C)fluctuating concentrations of cyclins
D)fluctuating concentrations of actin

Question 79

Which of the following is synonymous with apoptosis?

A)programmed cell death
B)the loss of contact inhibition
C)programmed cell life
D)the gain of contact inhibition

Question 80

At the G₂-to-M checkpoint, one of the cyclins has reached a concentration great enough to complex with one of the CDKs to initiate DNA synthesis. Which cyclin and which CDK are the ones involved?

A)cyclin M and CDK1
B)cyclin S and CDK1
C)cyclin M and CDK2
D)cyclin S and CDK2