Deck 52: Conservation and Evolutionary Physiology

Question 1

Which of the following allow brine shrimp to live in extreme environments?

A)their adaptations at the cellular, organ, individual, and population level
B)their adaptations at the molecular, cellular, organ, individual, and population level
C)their adaptations at the molecular, cellular, organ, and individual level
D)their adaptations at the molecular, cellular, individual, and population level

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What affects the size of hypersaline lakes?

A)a balance between streams and evaporative water loss
B)a balance between rain, streams, and evaporative water loss
C)a balance between rain, snow melt, streams, and evaporative water loss
D)a balance between snow melt, streams, and evaporative water loss

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following best describes conservation physiology?

A)It strives to understand the physiological basis of conservation problems and to use that information to evaluate and develop conservation strategies.
B)It strives to understand the ecological basis of conservation problems and to use that information to evaluate and develop conservation strategies.
C)It strives to understand the evolutionary basis of conservation problems and to use that information to evaluate and develop conservation strategies.
D)It strives to understand the morphological basis of conservation problems and to use that information to evaluate and develop conservation strategies.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Why is the tundra also referred to as a polar desert?

A)because it is so dry
B)because it is so cold
C)because there is little snow
D)because it lacks trees

Question 5

Why are sea monkeys unusual?

A)because they live in hypersaline lakes and are the only eukaryotes able to do so
B)because they live in hypersaline lakes and are the only prokaryotes able to do so
C)because they live in the sea and are the only eukaryotes able to do so
D)because they live in the sea and are the only prokaryotes able to do so

Question 6

Which of the following best describes life in the tundra?

A)During the long summer, life is plentiful, but during the winter, signs of life are scarce.
B)During the short summer, life is plentiful, but during the winter, signs of life are scarce.
C)The plants and many of the animals do not remain year round.
D)The plants do not remain year round.

Question 7

Which of the following is considered essential for understanding adaptation?

A)understanding how basic genetic processes have evolved and how these basic genetic systems can further evolve to deal with extreme demands
B)understanding how basic reproductive processes have evolved and how these basic reproductive systems can further evolve to deal with extreme demands
C)understanding how basic physiological processes have evolved and how these basic physiological systems can further evolve to deal with extreme demands
D)understanding how basic morphological characteristics have evolved and how these basic morphological systems can further evolve to deal with extreme demands

Question 8

Which of the following is the main adaptation to extreme life that Artemia experience?

A)their variation in physiology and reproductive mode
B)their variation in life history traits and reproductive mode
C)their variation in life history traits and feeding mode
D)their variation in physiology and feeding mode

Question 9

Which of the following best describes plant life in the tundra?

A)Tundra plants rely on the production of seeds that can withstand freezing to produce new plants perennially in the spring.
B)Tundra plants do not rely on the production of seeds that can withstand freezing to produce new plants annually in the spring.
C)Tundra plants must survive freezing in winter and desiccation in summer and must reproduce during the short window of opportunity in the spring and summer.
D)Tundra plants must survive freezing in winter and desiccation in summer and must reproduce during the short window of opportunity in the spring.

Question 10

Some physiological and morphological adaptations appear to have evolved independently many times, while others appear to have evolved only once. Which of the following is an example of this?

A)Air breathing in humans has arisen independently multiple times, while an amniotic egg has evolved just once.
B)Air breathing in amphibians has arisen independently multiple times, while an amniotic egg has evolved just once.
C)Air breathing in fishes has arisen independently multiple times, while an amniotic egg has evolved just once.
D)Air breathing in birds has arisen just once, while an amniotic egg has evolved multiple times.

Question 11

What is our ability to design conservation measures to protect threatened species based on?

A)on our understanding of the species' morphological changes and their constraints
B)on our understanding of the species' genetic processes and their constraints
C)on our understanding of the species' reproductive processes and their constraints
D)on our understanding of the species' physiological processes and their constraints

Question 12

Which of the following is an importance of the Bernard/Krogh principle?

A)understanding the choice of the right animal to study
B)understanding how blood flows in the capillaries
C)understanding that acetylcholine exists only in frogs
D)understanding how to manipulate DNA

Question 13

Which of the following is the strategy that Arctic ground squirrels use to survive in the tundra?

A)They nearly double their body weight by depositing large quantities of fat during summer.
B)They nearly triple their body weight by depositing large quantities of fat during summer.
C)Their reproductive season is extremely long and pregnancy occurs slowly.
D)Their reproductive season is extremely short and pregnancy occurs slowly.

Question 14

Which of the following is the main feature that allows adaptation at the population level to extreme life in Artemia?

A)genetic similarity between species but a high genetic diversity within each species differently distributed among populations
B)genetic similarity between species and also a high genetic similarity within each species differently distributed among populations
C)genetic diversity between species and also a high genetic diversity within each species differently distributed among populations
D)genetic diversity between species but a high genetic similarity within each species differently distributed among populations

Question 15

How does evaporation affect the salinity in hypersaline lakes?

A)Evaporation removes only ions leaving water behind, and salinity gradually decreases.
B)Evaporation removes only ions leaving water behind, and salinity gradually increases.
C)Evaporation removes only water leaving ions behind, and salinity gradually decreases.
D)Evaporation removes only water leaving ions behind, and salinity gradually increases.

Question 16

Which of the following is a physiological adaptation that Arctic squirrels have for their hibernation?

A)The kidneys of the squirrel must be able to excrete metabolic wastes in diluted urine while conserving water, and every cell in its body must reduce its metabolic rate in an orchestrated fashion.
B)The kidneys of the squirrel must be able to excrete metabolic wastes in diluted urine while releasing water, and every cell in its body must reduce its metabolic rate in an orchestrated fashion.
C)The kidneys of the squirrel must be able to excrete metabolic wastes in concentrated urine while conserving water, and every cell in its body must reduce its metabolic rate in an orchestrated fashion.
D)The kidneys of the squirrel must be able to excrete metabolic wastes in concentrated urine while conserving water, and every cell in its body must enhance its metabolic rate in an orchestrated fashion.

Question 17

Which of the following is the strategy that arctic insects use to succeed in their reproduction?

A)They produce eggs that can withstand dryness.
B)They produce eggs only in years that are warmer.
C)They produce eggs only in the summer.
D)They produce eggs that can withstand freezing.

Question 18

Why is optimization of biological processes not realized?

A)because of phylogenetic constraints, and the fact that most biochemical, morphological, and physiological systems have multiple functions
B)because of phylogenetic constraints, and the fact that most biochemical and morphological systems have multiple functions
C)because of phylogenetic constraints, and the fact that most biochemical and physiological systems have multiple functions
D)because of phylogenetic constraints, and the fact that most morphological and physiological systems have multiple functions

Question 19

Where do hypersaline lakes form?

A)in tropical and subtropical regions where water is highly acidic
B)in tropical and subtropical regions where high evaporation rates are common
C)in tropical and subtropical regions where water is highly alkaline
D)in any area on Earth

Question 20

What do components of comparative, ecological, and evolutionary physiology examine?

A)morphology
B)ecology
C)evolution
D)plasticity

Question 21

Which of the following is the correct order of birds from having the highest subsarcolemmal mitochondria proportion to having the lowest proportion?

A)Pink-Footed goose, Bar-Headed goose, and Barnacle goose
B)Bar-Headed goose, Barnacle goose, and Pink-Footed goose
C)Bar-Headed goose, Pink-Footed goose, and Barnacle goose
D)Barnacle goose, Bar-Headed goose, and Pink-Footed goose

Question 22

Which of the following is the way that female Artemia reproduce when their environment is stable?

A)They produce free-swimming larvae called nauplii via live birth from internal eggs.
B)They produce non-swimming larvae called nauplii via live birth from internal eggs.
C)They produce free-swimming larvae called nauplii via live birth from external eggs.
D)They produce non-swimming larvae called nauplii via live birth from external eggs.

Question 23

Which of the following is the main feature that allows adaptation at the individual level to extreme life in Artemia?

A)the ability of female Artemia to sense the temperature of their environment
B)the ability of female Artemia to sense the salinity of their environment
C)the ability of male Artemia to sense the stability of their environment
D)the ability of female Artemia to sense the stability of their environment

Question 24

Why are invasive plant species a major threat to plant diversity in many ecosystems?

A)because they compete with native plants for essential nutrients and light
B)because they compete with native plants for essential nutrients and water
C)because they compete with native plants for essential nutrients, water, and light
D)because they compete with native plants for water and light

Question 25

Which of the following is the way that female Artemia deal with their changing environment while reproducing?

A)When the environment is not stable, they produce larva called nauplii via live birth, and when the environment is stable, they produce dormant eggs called cysts.
B)When the environment is stable, they produce larva called nauplii via live birth, and when the environment is not stable, they produce dormant eggs called cysts.
C)When the environment is stable, they produce larva called cysts via live birth, and when the environment is not stable, they produce dormant eggs called nauplii.
D)When the environment is not stable, they produce larva called cysts via live birth, and when the environment is stable, they produce dormant eggs called nauplii.

Question 26

Which of the following is the correct order of birds from having the lowest relative lung mass to having the highest relative lung mass?

A)Mallard duck, Greylag goose, Pink-Footed goose, Barnacle goose, and Bar-Headed goose
B)Bar-Headed goose, Mallard duck, Greylag goose, Pink-Footed goose, and Barnacle goose
C)Greylag goose, Pink-Footed goose, Mallard duck, Barnacle goose, and Bar-Headed goose
D)Bar-Headed goose, Pink-Footed goose, Mallard duck, Greylag goose, and Barnacle goose

Question 27

Why is the region in southwestern Australia characterized by ancient and infertile soils?

A)because the soils are new, and extensively weathered, having much more nutrients
B)because the soils are old, and extensively weathered, having much more nutrients
C)because the soils are old, and extensively weathered, having much less nutrients
D)because the soils are new, but extensively weathered, having much less nutrients

Question 28

Which of the following facilitates the diffusion of oxygen from capillary blood into the mitochondria in Bar-Headed Geese?

A)It is facilitated by two factors: a high degree of capillary branching and the location of most mitochondria at the surface of the muscle fibers.
B)It is facilitated by two factors: a low degree of capillary branching and the location of most mitochondria at the surface of the muscle fibers.
C)It is facilitated by two factors: a high degree of capillary branching and the location of most mitochondria at the centre of the muscle fibers.
D)It is facilitated by two factors: a low degree of capillary branching and the location of most mitochondria at the centre of the muscle fibers.

Question 29

Which of the following is the main feature that allows adaptation at the cellular level to extreme life in Artemia?

A)The water replacement hypothesis maintains replacement of water in cytoplasm and macromolecules with sugars during anhydrobiosis, while another hypothesis maintains that water-repellent molecules prevent denaturation by stabilizing macromolecules during anhydrobiosis.
B)The water replacement hypothesis maintains replacement of water in membranes and macromolecules with proteins during anhydrobiosis, while another hypothesis maintains that water-repellent molecules prevent denaturation by stabilizing macromolecules during anhydrobiosis.
C)The water replacement hypothesis maintains replacement of water in membranes and macromolecules with proteins during anhydrobiosis, while another hypothesis maintains that water-repellent molecules prevent denaturation by immobilizing macromolecules during anhydrobiosis.
D)The water replacement hypothesis maintains replacement of water in membranes and macromolecules with sugars during anhydrobiosis, while another hypothesis maintains that water-repellent molecules prevent denaturation by immobilizing macromolecules during anhydrobiosis.

Question 30

What strategies do plants use to capture phosphorus from phosphorus-poor soils?

A)They engage in symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi.
B)They engage in symbiosis with bacteria.
C)They engage in symbiosis with other plants having the same problem.
D)They engage in symbiosis with insects.

Question 31

Which of the following explains why phosphorus uptake by plants is difficult?

A)Phosphorus is not abundant in the soils; is bound to the minerals, and plants do not require it that much.
B)Phosphorus is not abundant in the soils, is bound to the minerals, and does not move readily toward plant roots.
C)Phosphorus is abundant in the soils but is bound to the minerals, and moves readily toward plant roots.
D)Phosphorus is not abundant in the soils, is bound to the minerals, and does not move readily toward plant roots.

Question 32

In what way are Blue Box and Fraser Box similar to each other?

A)They are both irrigated with the water that allows coho salmon to swim in a stationary position.
B)They are both designed to recover coho salmon caught by-catch.
C)They are both irrigated with the flowing water that allows coho salmon to swim against the current.
D)They are both irrigated with the flowing water that allows coho salmon to swim down the current.

Question 33

Which of the following is the main reason that makes Bar-Headed Geese unusual among birds?

A)They often fly just above 7000 m, where the air contains only 40% of the oxygen.
B)They often fly just above 5000 m, where the air contains only 40% of the oxygen.
C)They often fly just above 7000 m, where the air contains only 30% of the oxygen.
D)They often fly just above 5000 m, where the air contains only 30% of the oxygen.

Question 34

Which of the following correctly describes the oxygen affinity among the compared animals?

A)The hemoglobin of the Bar-Headed Goose has a lower oxygen-affinity than that of its lower-altitude relatives, and its affinity for oxygen is lowered relative to most mammals.
B)The hemoglobin of the Bar-Headed Goose has a greater oxygen-affinity than that of its lower-altitude relatives, but its affinity for oxygen is lowered relative to most mammals.
C)The hemoglobin of the Bar-Headed Goose has a lower oxygen-affinity than that of its lower-altitude relatives, but its affinity for oxygen is not enhanced relative to most mammals.
D)The hemoglobin of the Bar-Headed Goose has a greater oxygen-affinity than that of its lower-altitude relatives, but its affinity for oxygen is not enhanced relative to most mammals.

Question 35

Which of the following is the main feature that allows adaptation at the organ level to extreme life in Artemia?

A)They continuously gain water by osmosis.
B)They are osmoconformers.
C)They have salt glands that actively pump salts out of the animals.
D)They have salt glands that passively let salts out of the animals.

Question 36

Which of the following is the main feature that allows adaptation at the molecular level to extreme life in Artemia?

A)They have stress lipids that disrupt other lipids and help them change their structure.
B)They have stress proteins that disrupt other proteins and help them change their structure.
C)They have stress lipids that stabilize other lipids and help them retain their structure.
D)They have stress proteins that stabilize other proteins and help them retain their structure.

Question 37

Why do plants that live in phosphorus-poor soils produce cluster roots?

A)because they are rare and produce carbonic acids, which solubilize the phosphorus complexes with iron and aluminum
B)because they are numerous and produce carboxylic acids, which solubilize the phosphorus complexes with iron and aluminum
C)because they are soft and produce carboxylic acids, which solubilize the phosphorus complexes with calcium and aluminum
D)because they are tough and produce carboxylic acids, which solubilize the phosphorus complexes with iron and calcium

Question 38

Which of the following are the main features that allow adaptation at the physiological level to high altitudes in Bar-Headed Geese?

A)They have enhanced lung diffusion, hemoglobin with a greater oxygen affinity, and greater diffusion of oxygen into the mitochondria.
B)They have lack of metabolic suppression, hemoglobin with a greater oxygen affinity, and greater diffusion of oxygen into the mitochondria.
C)They have a lack of metabolic suppression, enhanced lung diffusion, hemoglobin with a greater oxygen affinity, and greater diffusion of oxygen into the mitochondria.
D)They have a lack of metabolic suppression, enhanced lung diffusion, and hemoglobin with a greater oxygen affinity.

Question 39

Which of the following describes the lack of metabolic suppression in Bar-Headed Geese?

A)Body temperature is raised, but metabolism and the need for oxygen are reduced at the level of individual cells.
B)Body temperature and metabolism are reduced, but the need for oxygen is raised at the level of individual cells.
C)Body temperature is reduced, and thus metabolism and the need for oxygen are also reduced at the level of individual cells.
D)Body temperature is raised, and thus metabolism and the need for oxygen are also raised at the level of individual cells.

Question 40

Which of the following is the main feature that allows adaptation at the anatomical level to high altitudes in Bar-Headed Geese?

A)Their wingspan is above average, but the wing loading is not.
B)They do not have any anatomical adaptations, which emphasizes their physiological adaptations for oxygen transport at high altitudes.
C)Their wing loading is above average, but their wingspan is not.
D)Both their wingspan and wing loading are above average.

Question 41

In which ways can humans recover coho salmon from by-catch stress?

Question 42

What is the importance of the research performed by Claude Bernard and August Krogh?

Question 43

How are physiology, comparative physiology, ecological, evolutionary, and conservation physiology different?

Question 44

What is conservation physiology?

Question 45

What adaptation do plant species adapted to low-phosphorus soils have?

Question 46

Stress proteins are found to play protective role in Artemia.

Question 47

The Bar-Headed Goose has blood with a greater ability to deliver oxygen than mammals.

Question 48

In the Fraser Boxes, many of the coho salmon recovered so quickly that they began to struggle and attempt to escape, restressing themselves.

Question 49

Both nauplii and adult brine shrimp are osmoconformers.

Question 50

Why is it important to understand how basic physiological processes have evolved?

Question 51

Nauplii are produced via ovoviviparity.

Question 52

What did physiological studies of the response of various grass species, including cheatgrass, to increased CO₂ levels reveal?

Question 53

What adaptations does Artemia (the Brine Shrimp) have to life in hypersaline lakes?

Question 54

It is very easy to remove cheatgrass once it has initiated its life cycle in an ecosystem.

Question 55

Cluster roots help plants to obtain nitrogen.

Question 56

Brine shrimp have very little genetic diversity within each species.

Question 57

Cheatgrass is a C3 plant.

Question 58

What are the two steps in understanding adaptation and why are they important?

Question 59

What is our ability to design conservation measures to protect species threatened by environmental change based on and why?

Question 60

Brine shrimp live in hypersaline environments.