Deck 45: Control of Animal Processes: Neural Integration

Question 1

How does an insect such as a moth or cricket detect sound?

A)though specialized tympanic membranes located near the head
B)through a series of mechanoreceptors arranged in a lateral line
C)through general mechanoreceptors on its skin
D)through a thinned region of the exoskeleton

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What does an invertebrate statocyst contain, which surrounds movable elements, so that changes in body position move the latter and thus trigger an action potential?

A)efferent neurons, which surround statoliths
B)statoliths, which surround sensory hair cells
C)otoliths, which surround sensory hair cells
D)sensory hair cells, which surround statoliths

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Where is fluid found in a healthy human ear?

A)in the vestibular canal and tympanic canal only
B)in the middle and inner ear
C)in the vestibular canal, tympanic canal, and middle ear
D)in the outer ear canal, middle ear, and cochlea

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following comprise a fish's lateral line, which allows them to detect vibrations and water currents?

A)stereocilia
B)statoliths
C)statocysts
D)neuromasts

Question 5

In the figure, which number identifies the location of the organ of Corti?

A)10
B)8
C)6
D)4

Question 6

Sensory input from the eyes and ears travels in neurons to the brain. Why are the different stimuli perceived as light and sound?

A)because the sensory receptors themselves are different
B)because the physical locations of the sensory receptors are different, ensuring a different "sense" is perceived in the brain
C)because information from each type of receptor is sent to a different region of the brain
D)because light receptors send neural impulses more frequently than sound receptors

Question 7

Mechanoreceptors for touch and pressure are located in all of the following locations in the vertebrate body EXCEPT which?

A)in skeletal muscles
B)in skin cells
C)in internal organs
D)in bones

Question 8

Which structures are used by many aquatic invertebrates to perceive changes in their body's position and orientation?

A)otoliths
B)statocysts
C)stereocilia
D)saccules

Question 9

In the figure, which number identifies the structure that vibrates and bends the sensory hairs?

A)5
B)4
C)3
D)1

Question 10

How can organisms perceive different intensities of a stimulus?

A)by an increase in intensity and frequency of action potentials generated as well as an increase in the number of cells generating action potentials
B)by an increase in the frequency of action potentials generated by an afferent neuron
C)by an increase in intensity of the action potentials generated by an afferent neuron
D)by an increase in the frequency of action potentials generated as well the numbers of afferent neurons generating action potentials, but not the intensity of action potentials

Question 11

Where is the tympanic membrane in humans?

A)between the middle ear and inner ear
B)adjacent to the stapes
C)in the outer ear, adjacent to the pinna
D)between the ear canal and the middle ear's cavity

Question 12

If a fish loses one of its sensory structures, it will remain unable to school. Which structure, if lost, would render a fish unable to school?

A)the lateral line
B)the statocyst
C)the eyes
D)the vestibular apparatus

Question 13

What is the combined function of the malleus, incus, and stapes?

A)to convert the mechanical vibration of the tympanic membrane into a pressure wave in the cochlear duct
B)to amplify the vibrations of the ear drum
C)to convert the oval window's vibrations into vibrations of the tympanic membrane
D)to equalize the pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane

Question 14

In the figure, which number identifies the tympanic membrane?

A)4
B)5
C)8
D)10

Question 15

In the figure, which number identifies the sensory hair cells?

A)2
B)4
C)5
D)6

Question 16

Which of the following is a feature of sensory adaptation?

A)It increases one's sensitivity to constant stimuli.
B)It is primarily associated with pain receptors.
C)It functions the same way in all types of sensory receptors.
D)It increases one's sensitivity to changes in environmental stimuli.

Question 17

Bats use high ultrasonic sounds to perceive their environment much like humans use radar. What is this process of detecting objects called in animals?

A)auditory navigation
B)extrasensory perception
C)echolocation
D)ultralocation

Question 18

What are stretch receptors?

A)Golgi tendon organs
B)proprioceptors of tendons
C)muscle spindles
D)bony labyrinths

Question 19

How does an earthworm detect sound?

A)through general mechanoreceptors on its skin
B)through a thinned region of the exoskeleton
C)though specialized tympanic membranes located near the head
D)through a series of mechanoreceptors arranged in a lateral line

Question 20

In the figure, which number identifies the structure that vibrates and directly creates the pressure waves in the cochlea's fluid?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 21

What is the function of the iris?

A)to keep the lens under tension to allow for image focusing
B)to control the amount of light entering the eye
C)to focus the image on the retina
D)to respond to particular colours

Question 22

Which are the only receptors to make direct contact with brain interneurons rather than afferent neurons?

A)taste receptors
B)photoreceptors
C)olfactory receptors
D)mechanoreceptors

Question 23

What would be the predicted outcome for a person having eyes that lack a lens but are otherwise fully functional?

A)The person would be able to perceive light and even colours, including solid colour over a large area, but not details.
B)The person would be totally blind.
C)The person would be able to see some details and read print, but only if the text is written in large, black letters.
D)The person would have normal vision if wearing glasses.

Question 24

How is the active retinal state returned to the inactive state?

A)It reverts back to the inactive state on its own.
B)It is converted back to the inactive confirmation without use of enzymes.
C)It is transported to a lysosome.
D)It is converted back to the inactive confirmation by a series of enzymes.

Question 25

What is a sensillum?

A)a structure located on the antennae, foot, or mouthparts of aquatic insects
B)a structure common to earthworms, insects, and cnidarians
C)a specialized smell receptor in invertebrates
D)a hollow hair-like tube characterized by a pore on the end and multiple chemoreceptor cells inside

Question 26

How is it that humans can perceive multiple sounds at once?

A)because humans have two ears, each perceiving a subset of frequencies in the environment
B)because each portion of the basilar membrane vibrates at a unique frequency, and multiple regions can be stimulated at the same time
C)because the fluid in the middle ear can transmit multiple frequencies to the oval window
D)because the more frequencies of sounds that are present, the farther the sound travels into the cochlea

Question 27

In the figure, which number identifies the structure that transmits auditory signals to the brain?

A)6
B)7
C)8
D)9

Question 28

Where does the lens focus an image in the mammalian eye?

A)sometimes on the fovea, sometimes elsewhere on the retina
B)primarily on the fovea
C)slightly in front of the retina, so the neural cells do not distort the image
D)on the retina, using the entire surface of the retina

Question 29

Each cone responds primarily to a single colour. How many cones do normal humans have, and what colours do human cones perceive?

A)three cones that perceive red, blue, and yellow light
B)four cones that perceive red, blue, yellow, and green light
C)three cones that perceive red, blue, and green light
D)three cones that perceive orange, green, and purple light

Question 30

In the context of vision, what does accommodation mean?

A)preventing light from scattering upon entry to the eye
B)keeping the lens under tension to allow for image focusing
C)changing the lens shape
D)lacking receptor response to continued light signal

Question 31

Which cells connect different photoreceptor cells to each other?

A)bipolar cells
B)rod cells
C)amacrine cells
D)horizontal cells

Question 32

Which eye is the best at detecting motion?

A)the ocellus
B)the photoreceptor
C)the single-lens eye
D)the compound eye

Question 33

What is a characteristic of rhodopsin?

A)Rhodopsin's activity is different for rods and cones, but leads always to increasing amounts of neurotransmitters being released.
B)Rhodopsin is inactive in the dark and thereby inhibits the release of neurotransmitters from the synaptic terminal unless light is present.
C)Rhodopsin is active in the dark and thereby allows the release of neurotransmitters from the synaptic terminal in the absence of light.
D)Rhodopsin is inactive in the dark and thereby allows the release of neurotransmitters from the synaptic terminal unless light is present.

Question 34

What is the function of pain?

A)It causes an organism to decrease exposure to a damaging stimulus.
B)It elicits a reflex response.
C)It causes an organism to move toward a damaging stimulus.
D)It protects an organism from encountering harmful conditions.

Question 35

Which of the following are features of cones and rods?

A)Cones respond to particular wavelengths (colours); rods perceive light at low intensity without colour perception.
B)Rods respond to particular wavelengths (colours); cones perceive light at low intensities without colour perception.
C)Cones are more sensitive to single photons of light than are rods.
D)Humans have approximately equal numbers of rods and cones, but the cones are primarily localized in the fovea.

Question 36

Some animals, like humans, have two eyes on the front of the head that perceive a mostly overlapping visual field. In contrast, some herbivores (rabbits, for example) have eyes on the sides of their head and visual fields that may not overlap at all. How does position of the eyes in the head impact perception of the environment?

A)Humans have poorer depth perception and a wider field of vision than rabbits.
B)Humans have poorer depth perception and a narrower field of vision than rabbits.
C)Due to integration by the brain, there is no real difference in depth perception or visual field size in humans and rabbits.
D)Humans have better depth perception and a narrower field of vision than rabbits.

Question 37

Which cells relay messages from photoreceptor cells to other cells that are not photoreceptor cells?

A)horizontal cells
B)amacrine cells
C)rods and cones
D)bipolar cells

Question 38

What are taste buds?

A)They are structures that are each able to respond to sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and savoury stimuli.
B)They are collections of papilla that each respond to different stimuli.
C)They are small capsules of cells, each with a pore at the top though which sensory hairs project and interact with environmental molecules.
D)They are modified sensilla.

Question 39

Which of the following is the function of the outer segment of the cone in the photoreceptor?

A)It releases neurotransmitters.
B)It stores neurotransmitters.
C)It houses the cell's metabolic machinery.
D)It houses discs that contain light-absorbing photopigment.

Question 40

What is the name of the simplest eye structure, which is able to perceive light but NOT form an image?

A)single-lens eye
B)ocellus
C)ommatidia
D)compound eye

Question 41

What is the occipital lobe of the brain responsible for?

A)smell
B)vision
C)speech
D)memory

Question 42

In the illustration, given the shaded region, where would the primary motor area be located if it were activated?

A)in the frontal lobe
B)in the cerebellum
C)in the temporal lobe
D)in the parietal lobe

Question 43

Which lobe of the cerebrum of the human brain is correctly paired with its function?

A)frontal lobe: general sensory area
B)occipital lobe: visual association area
C)temporal lobe: primary motor area
D)parietal lobe: facial recognition

Question 44

What is known about magnetoreceptors?

A)They are well characterized and understood.
B)They are known to rely on the mineral magnetite.
C)They are known to allow animals to detect and use Earth's magnetic field.
D)They have been studied primarily in homing pigeons.

Question 45

Which of the following explains how the two cerebral hemispheres can function separately?

A)The right cerebral hemisphere responds primarily to sensory signals from, and controls movements in, the right side of the body.
B)The left cerebral hemisphere responds primarily to sensory signals from, and controls movements in, the left side of the body.
C)The left cerebral hemisphere responds primarily to sensory signals from, and controls movements in, the right side of the body.
D)The right cerebral hemisphere responds primarily to sensory signals from, and controls movements in, both sides of the body.

Question 46

Which of the following is a function of electroreceptors?

A)They repolarize in an electric field, and the receptor cell generates postsynaptic potential.
B)They depolarize in an electric field, and the receptor cell generates postsynaptic potential.
C)They depolarize in an electric field, and the receptor cell generates action potential.
D)They repolarize in an electric field, and the receptor cell generates action potential.

Question 47

Which brain structure is correctly matched to its function?

A)cerebral cortex: carries out all higher brain functions
B)cerebellum: induces drowsiness
C)thalamus: regulates basic homeostatic functions
D)hypothalamus: coordinates body movement

Question 48

What is grey matter with respect to the cerebrum?

A)It is located in the inner region.
B)It is located in the outer region and the central region surrounding the ventricles.
C)It is composed of nerve fibres.
D)It is responsible for transmission of information between neurons.

Question 49

Suppose that a boxer received a hard blow to the side of his head during a fight, and as a result, he was unable to recognize and interpret words. Which specific area of the brain must have been damaged during the fight?

A)the corpus callosum
B)the cortex of the cerebellum
C)Wernicke's area
D)Broca's area

Question 50

Which portion of the nervous system is responsible for increasing heart rate, as well as increasing movement of the intestines?

A)the somatic nervous system
B)the parasympathetic division
C)the sympathetic division
D)the autonomic nervous system

Question 51

Jalapeño peppers contain the chemical capsaicin. Suppose that you lack the nociceptors that bind capsaicin. What would occur if you eat food containing capsaicin?

A)You would have the same sensitivity to capsaicin as most other people.
B)You would be especially sensitive to spicy foods containing capsaicin.
C)You would be able to eat foods containing capsaicin and not feel any burning in your mouth.
D)You would experience a feeling of cold when eating foods containing capsaicin.

Question 52

If an area of the body, such as the lips or fingers, is represented by a large area in the primary somatosensory area, then what do those areas have?

A)a small number of local receptors, but a great deal of precision of touch and movement
B)a great deal of precision in speech
C)a great deal of numbness
D)a large number of local receptors

Question 53

Suppose your finger touches a hot pot on the stove. What process happens to make you move your hand away?

A)a programmed movement that does not change anything
B)a programmed movement that takes place without any effort
C)a programmed movement that take place with a conscious effort
D)a programmed movement that take place without conscious effort

Question 54

Which portion of the brain is considered part of the limbic system?

A)the hippocampus
B)the brainstem
C)the cerebrum
D)the cerebellum

Question 55

What are electroreceptors usually used for?

A)to generate electrical fields in some invertebrates that have special electric organs
B)communication between primates
C)navigational purposes by fishes only
D)communication, navigation, and hunting by the organisms that possess them

Question 56

Suppose that a person suffers a stroke and as a result, a blood clot reduces blood flow in the brain. Also suppose that the person is unable to say words, but is able to read and understand text. Which of the following best explains this person's problem?

A)The reduced blood flow damaged Wernicke's area of the temporal lobe.
B)The interruption in blood flow affected the corpus callosum.
C)The cortex of the cerebellum was affected by the reduced blood flow.
D)The reduced blood flow damaged Broca's area of the temporal lobe.

Question 57

Suppose that Bob is recovering from a brain injury. Also suppose that he is unable to speak, but that he clearly understands both the written and spoken word. Given these symptoms, what areas of the brain would most likely have been damaged?

A)Broca's area of the frontal lobe
B)Wernicke's area of the temporal lobe
C)the cerebellular association areas
D)the primary somatosensory area of the parietal lobe

Question 58

In which of the following does the limbic system play a role?

A)speaking
B)jumping
C)emotions
D)motor behaviour

Question 59

Which of the following is a stimulus that can be perceived by sensory signals?

A)wind
B)UV light
C)magnetic field
D)radiation

Question 60

What is lost as a result of destruction of the motor areas in the right cerebral cortex?

A)voluntary movement on the left side of the body
B)involuntary control of the right side of the body
C)sensation on the right side of the body
D)sensation on the left side of the body

Question 61

Human thermoreceptors that respond at temperatures of 45°C and above produce a pain response rather than participate in thermoregulation.

Question 62

All animals perceive light using different forms of a pigment called retinal.

Question 63

A deaf dolphin lacks the ability to perceive its environment through echolocation.

Question 64

The human vestibular apparatus is a nonadapting sensory system.

Question 65

Humans have different thermoreceptors for heat and cold.

Question 66

Which term refers to the phenomenon of brain function occurring in predominately one of the two hemispheres?

A)recognition
B)hemisphere association
C)consciousness
D)lateralization

Question 67

Neuromasts are always located on the fish's body surface.

Question 68

A network of blood vessels covers the surface of the retina through which light must pass to reach the rods and cones of the eye.

Question 69

Suppose that one of your friends is an excellent pianist. Which of the following could describe your friend?

A)His left hemisphere is well developed for music.
B)His reticular formation is well developed.
C)His right hemisphere is well developed for music.
D)His right hemisphere is well developed for control over the right side of the body.

Question 70

What does the brain emit during conscious, quiet rest?

A)rapid, irregular waves
B)delta waves
C)beta waves
D)alpha waves

Question 71

Chronic pain is due in part to the adapting nature of pain receptors that diminishes the frequency of action potentials over time.

Question 72

Many invertebrates have separate and differentiated receptors for taste and smell, while others have a single receptor for both.

Question 73

A particular type of sensory neuron will relay information only about that sensory input.

Question 74

Which of the following is a characteristic of long-term memory?

A)It involves reverberating circuits.
B)It is limited to multiple chunks of information over a given time.
C)It is dependent on the corpus callosum.
D)It involves permanent changes in interneurons..

Question 75

Suppose that Bob dreamt he was biking for 5 hours. What kind of sleep did he experience, and what was the actual time he was in that phase of sleep?

A)REM sleep, for 60 to 90 minutes
B)REM sleep, for about 10 to 15 minutes
C)beta sleep, for about 15 to 20 minutes
D)beta sleep, for 10 to 15 minutes

Question 76

In mammalian eyes, light must pass through neural cells to reach the photoreceptors in the retina.

Question 77

Which of the following is involved in abstract reasoning?

A)the right hemisphere in most people
B)the left hemisphere in most people
C)the left hemisphere in some people
D)the right hemisphere in some people

Question 78

What does current knowledge on memory indicate?

A)that long-term memory includes permanent alterations in the number of connections between neurons
B)that short-term memory is a product of chemical changes in neurons
C)that short-term memory stores information from days to years or even for life
D)that long-term memory is lost after an accident that causes unconsciousness

Question 79

Rods and cones both have four segments and each segment has a specialized function.

Question 80

If an action potential persists for one minute or longer, an increase in the strength of synaptic connections develops. Which term refers to the resulting establishment of memory between two neurons?

A)long-term potentiation
B)cephalization association
C)consciousness potentiation
D)lateralization