Deck 46: Muscles, Skeletons, and Body Movements

Question 1

Which of the following is a system of vesicles that wraps around each A band and I band, and stores ions that are used in muscle contractions?

A)a neuromuscular junction
B)the sarcoplasmic reticulum
C)the microvillus
D)the Golgi apparatus

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What is the name of the cylindrical contractile elements that are about 1 mm in diameter and which individual skeletal muscle cells are packed with?

A)ligaments
B)myofibrils
C)tendons
D)sarcomeres

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What is the name of the cords of connective tissues that connect skeletal muscles to bones?

A)muscle fibres
B)tendons
C)myofibrils
D)sarcomeres

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What are the I bands in skeletal muscles composed of?

A)discs to which thick filaments are anchored
B)thin filaments but no thick filaments
C)thick filaments but no thin filaments
D)stacked, thick filaments along with parts of thin filaments that overlap both ends

Question 5

In a skeletal muscle contraction, which of the following undergoes a conformational change when it binds to a specific ion and then uncovers the crossbridge binding site by causing another factor to be moved to the grooves in the actin double helix?

A)ATP
B)Ca²⁺
C)acetylcholine
D)troponin

Question 6

What are the A bands in skeletal muscle composed of?

A)stacked, thick filaments along with parts of thin filaments that overlap both ends
B)discs to which thin filaments are anchored
C)discs to which thick filaments are anchored
D)thin filaments but no thick filaments

Question 7

In which ion would a defect in transport have the most direct effect on muscle contraction?

A)Na⁺
B)Ca²⁺
C)Zn²⁺
D)K⁺

Question 8

What are the Z lines in skeletal muscles composed of?

A)stacked thick filaments along with parts of thin filaments that overlap both ends
B)discs to which thin filaments are anchored
C)thin filaments but no thick filaments
D)thick filaments but no thin filaments

Question 9

What are the H zones in skeletal muscles composed of?

A)thick filaments but no thin filaments
B)discs to which thin filaments are anchored
C)discs to which thick filaments are anchored
D)stacked, thick filaments along with parts of thin filaments that overlap both ends

Question 10

What is the region between two adjacent Z lines?

A)a myofibril
B)a sarcomere
C)a muscle fibre
D)a ligament

Question 11

How many skeletal muscles are in a typical human body?

A)over 600
B)about 200
C)about 160
D)less than 100

Question 12

Which muscle type is found in the walls of body tubes and the cavities of vertebrates, such as blood vessels and the intestines?

A)cardiac muscle
B)smooth muscle
C)skeletal muscle
D)branched muscle

Question 13

What action causes the shape change in the myosin crossbridge that directly triggers the power stroke in skeletal muscle contraction?

A)binding of tropomyosin to myosin
B)binding of troponin to tropomyosin
C)binding of tropomyosin to actin
D)binding of myosin to actin

Question 14

In a skeletal muscle contraction, which of the following acts to allow the crossbridge cycle to occur when it flows into the cytosol through open ion channels?

A)ATP
B)acetylcholine
C)tropomyosin
D)Ca²⁺

Question 15

In a skeletal muscle contraction, what must be moved to the grooves in the actin double helix to uncover the crossbridge binding site?

A)tropomyosin
B)ATP
C)troponin
D)acetylcholine

Question 16

In a skeletal muscle contraction, which neurotransmitter is released at the axon terminal to trigger an action potential in the muscle cell?

A)acetylcholine
B)tropomyosin
C)Ca²⁺
D)troponin

Question 17

What is the diameter of muscle fibers?

A)less than 5 micrometres
B)5 to 10 micrometres
C)10 to 100 micrometres
D)more than 100 micrometres

Question 18

Which molecules compose parallel bundles of thick filaments?

A)tropomyosin molecules
B)myosin molecules
C)actin molecules
D)acetylcholine molecules

Question 19

How many nuclei do skeletal muscle cells have, and what controls them?

A)many nuclei; the somatic nervous system
B)many nuclei; the autonomic nervous system
C)one nucleus each; the autonomic nervous system
D)one nucleus each; the somatic nervous system

Question 20

How deep may loons dive while foraging?

A)about 20 metres
B)about 50 metres
C)about 60 metres
D)about 80 metres

Question 21

Which fibers have a high myoglobin content?

A)fast muscle fibres and fast anaerobic muscle fibres
B)slow muscle fibres and slow aerobic muscle fibres
C)fast muscle fibres and fast aerobic muscle fibres
D)slow muscle fibres and fast aerobic muscle fibres

Question 22

What is the primary source of new red blood cells in mammals?

A)the bone marrow
B)the heart
C)the spleen
D)the blood itself

Question 23

Which joints have bones joined by stiff fibres of connective tissue and are essentially immobile?

A)fibrous joints
B)flexible joints
C)cartilaginous joints
D)synovial joints

Question 24

What kind of joint is the human elbow an example of?

A)a flexible joint
B)a fibrous joint
C)a cartilaginous joint
D)a synovial joint

Question 25

Which of the following would be involved in a rapid, powerful movement of short duration that could NOT be sustained for long?

A)mainly slow aerobic fibres
B)mainly fast aerobic fibres
C)mainly slow muscle fibres
D)mainly fast anaerobic fibres

Question 26

How are the bodies of arthropods supported?

A)mainly by an endoskeletons
B)mainly by an exoskeleton
C)mainly by a hydrostatic skeleton
D)mainly by nonskeletal structures

Question 27

Which of the following refers to a single, weak contraction of a muscle fibre?

A)an action potential
B)fatigue
C)constriction
D)a muscle twitch

Question 28

What is the name of the bundles of elongated, cylindrical cells that make up skeletal muscles?

A)tendons
B)muscle fibres
C)sarcomeres
D)myofibrils

Question 29

How are the tube feet of sea stars, the erectile tissue of the penis in vertebrates, and the bodies of cnidarians supported?

A)by only nonskeletal structures
B)by a hydrostatic skeleton
C)by an exoskeleton
D)by an endoskeleton

Question 30

Why does the frozen contraction of muscle cells, called rigor mortis, occur after death?

A)because ions are not available in muscle cells
B)because ATP production stops
C)because neurotransmitters are no longer released
D)because tropomyosin breaks down quickly

Question 31

How are synovial joints held together?

A)by sarcomeres
B)by ligaments
C)by muscle fibres
D)by myofibrils

Question 32

In skeletal muscle contraction, what binds to myosin?

A)ATP
B)Ca²⁺
C)troponin
D)acetylcholine

Question 33

Which skeletons are the radius and ulna considered to be a part of?

A)the appendicular and endoskeleton
B)the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
C)the axial and endoskeleton
D)the exoskeleton and appendicular

Question 34

What does bone provide the blood with?

A)phosphate and calcium ions
B)magnesium and phosphate ions
C)carbon dioxide and sodium
D)sodium and magnesium ions

Question 35

Which term refers to a muscle contraction where fibres cannot relax at all between stimuli?

A)a muscle twitch
B)constriction
C)an action potential
D)tetanus

Question 36

What is the main role of myoglobin in muscle fibres?

A)to enhance the strength of the power stroke
B)to magnify responses to neurotransmitters
C)to store oxygen
D)to synthesize ATP

Question 37

How is the body of humans and most vertebrates supported?

A)primarily by an endoskeleton
B)primarily by an exoskeleton
C)primarily by joined exo- and endoskeletons
D)primarily by a hydrostatic skeleton

Question 38

What is a motor unit?

A)a group of muscle fibres activated by one neuron
B)the complete set of muscle fibres in a single muscle
C)a single muscle fibre activated by one neuron
D)a single sarcomere

Question 39

Which term refers to joints that are usually highly moveable, and that have a fluid-filled capsule of connective tissue surrounding them?

A)fibrous joints
B)synovial joints
C)flexible joints
D)cartilaginous joints

Question 40

Which skeletons are the ribs and sternum considered to be a part of?

A)the appendicular skeleton and the exoskeleton
B)the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
C)the exoskeleton and axial skeleton
D)the axial skeleton and the endoskeleton

Question 41

Which term refers to the joints that are somewhat moveable, but do NOT have a fluid-filled capsule surrounding them, and that have fibrous connective tissue covering the ends of the bones involved?

A)synovial joints
B)flexible joints
C)fibrous joints
D)cartilaginous joints

Question 42

Match each characteristic with a muscle fibre type. Each muscle fibre type may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a.slow
b.fast aerobic
c.fast anaerobic
d.both slow and fast aerobic
e.both fast aerobic and fast anaerobic
intermediate glycogen content

Question 43

Match each characteristic with a muscle fibre type. Each muscle fibre type may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a.slow
b.fast aerobic
c.fast anaerobic
d.both slow and fast aerobic
e.both fast aerobic and fast anaerobic
low myoglobin content

Question 44

Match each characteristic with a muscle fibre type. Each muscle fibre type may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a.slow
b.fast aerobic
c.fast anaerobic
d.both slow and fast aerobic
e.both fast aerobic and fast anaerobic
slow contraction speed

Question 45

Match each molecule with its description.
a.molecules that form a twisted double helix that makes up most of the thin filaments
b.neurotransmitters involved in muscle cell contraction
c.molecules that block the crossbridge binding sites when the muscle is not contracting
d.molecules that make up thick filaments
e.molecules that bind to Ca²⁺, change their shape, and then uncover the crossbridge binding sites
troponin

Question 46

Which term refers to a pair of muscles that cooperatively cause any type of movement?

A)agonistic pair
B)antagonistic pair
C)pair of extensors
D)pair of depressors

Question 47

Which term refers to a muscle that decreases the angle between two bones at a joint?

A)antagonist
B)flexor
C)extensor
D)depressor

Question 48

Which of the following is an antagonist muscle pair in humans?

A)calf and gluteus maximus
B)biceps and triceps
C)hamstring and biceps
D)deltoid and pectoral

Question 49

Match each molecule with its description.
a.molecules that form a twisted double helix that makes up most of the thin filaments
b.neurotransmitters involved in muscle cell contraction
c.molecules that block the crossbridge binding sites when the muscle is not contracting
d.molecules that make up thick filaments
e.molecules that bind to Ca²⁺, change their shape, and then uncover the crossbridge binding sites
actin

Question 50

What kind of joints hold cranial bones together?

A)flexible joints
B)synovial joints
C)cartilaginous joints
D)fibrous joints

Question 51

Match each characteristic with a muscle fibre type. Each muscle fibre type may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a.slow
b.fast aerobic
c.fast anaerobic
d.both slow and fast aerobic
e.both fast aerobic and fast anaerobic
low oxidative phosphorylation capacity

Question 52

Match each characteristic with a muscle fibre type. Each muscle fibre type may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a.slow
b.fast aerobic
c.fast anaerobic
d.both slow and fast aerobic
e.both fast aerobic and fast anaerobic
red fibre colour

Question 53

Match each characteristic with a muscle fibre type. Each muscle fibre type may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a.slow
b.fast aerobic
c.fast anaerobic
d.both slow and fast aerobic
e.both fast aerobic and fast anaerobic
high contraction intensity

Question 54

Match each molecule with its description.
a.molecules that form a twisted double helix that makes up most of the thin filaments
b.neurotransmitters involved in muscle cell contraction
c.molecules that block the crossbridge binding sites when the muscle is not contracting
d.molecules that make up thick filaments
e.molecules that bind to Ca²⁺, change their shape, and then uncover the crossbridge binding sites
acetylcholine

Question 55

Match each molecule with its description.
a.molecules that form a twisted double helix that makes up most of the thin filaments
b.neurotransmitters involved in muscle cell contraction
c.molecules that block the crossbridge binding sites when the muscle is not contracting
d.molecules that make up thick filaments
e.molecules that bind to Ca²⁺, change their shape, and then uncover the crossbridge binding sites
myosin

Question 56

Which term refers to a muscle that has the opposite effect to that of another muscle at the same joint?

A)depressor
B)extensor
C)flexor
D)antagonist

Question 57

Match each characteristic with a muscle fibre type. Each muscle fibre type may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a.slow
b.fast aerobic
c.fast anaerobic
d.both slow and fast aerobic
e.both fast aerobic and fast anaerobic
high myosin-ATPase activity

Question 58

Which term refers to a muscle that increases the angle between two bones at a joint?

A)flexor
B)depressor
C)agonist
D)extensor

Question 59

What kind of joints hold human vertebrae together?

A)synovial joints
B)cartilaginous joints
C)fibrous joints
D)flexible joints

Question 60

Match each molecule with its description.
a.molecules that form a twisted double helix that makes up most of the thin filaments
b.neurotransmitters involved in muscle cell contraction
c.molecules that block the crossbridge binding sites when the muscle is not contracting
d.molecules that make up thick filaments
e.molecules that bind to Ca²⁺, change their shape, and then uncover the crossbridge binding sites
tropomyosin

Question 61

Match each bone type with a skeleton type. Each skeleton type may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a.axial skeleton
b.appendicular skeleton
c.both the axial and the appendicular skeleton
d.neither the axial nor the appendicular skeleton
cranial bones

Question 62

Match each bone type with a skeleton type. Each skeleton type may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a.axial skeleton
b.appendicular skeleton
c.both the axial and the appendicular skeleton
d.neither the axial nor the appendicular skeleton
vertebrae

Question 63

Match each characteristic with a muscle fibre type. Each muscle fibre type may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a.slow
b.fast aerobic
c.fast anaerobic
d.both slow and fast aerobic
e.both fast aerobic and fast anaerobic
high fatigue resistance

Question 64

Match each bone type with a skeleton type. Each skeleton type may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a.axial skeleton
b.appendicular skeleton
c.both the axial and the appendicular skeleton
d.neither the axial nor the appendicular skeleton
humerus

Question 65

Match each characteristic with a muscle fibre type. Each muscle fibre type may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a.slow
b.fast aerobic
c.fast anaerobic
d.both slow and fast aerobic
e.both fast aerobic and fast anaerobic
intermediate fatigue resistance

Question 66

Match each bone type with a skeleton type. Each skeleton type may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a.axial skeleton
b.appendicular skeleton
c.both the axial and the appendicular skeleton
d.neither the axial nor the appendicular skeleton
facial bones

Question 67

Match each bone type with a skeleton type. Each skeleton type may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a.axial skeleton
b.appendicular skeleton
c.both the axial and the appendicular skeleton
d.neither the axial nor the appendicular skeleton
femur

Question 68

Match each characteristic with a muscle fibre type. Each muscle fibre type may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a.slow
b.fast aerobic
c.fast anaerobic
d.both slow and fast aerobic
e.both fast aerobic and fast anaerobic
many mitochondria

Question 69

Match each bone type with a skeleton type. Each skeleton type may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a.axial skeleton
b.appendicular skeleton
c.both the axial and the appendicular skeleton
d.neither the axial nor the appendicular skeleton
scapula

Question 70

Match each bone type with a skeleton type. Each skeleton type may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a.axial skeleton
b.appendicular skeleton
c.both the axial and the appendicular skeleton
d.neither the axial nor the appendicular skeleton
sternum

Question 71

Match each bone type with a skeleton type. Each skeleton type may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a.axial skeleton
b.appendicular skeleton
c.both the axial and the appendicular skeleton
d.neither the axial nor the appendicular skeleton
phalanges