Deck 3: Section 2: Neuroscience and Behavior

Question 1

Which of these is NOT a function of glial cells?

A)digest parts of dead neurons
B)provide nutritional support to neurons
C)form myelin
D)transport neurotransmitters across the synapse

Answer 1

transport neurotransmitters across the synapse

Question 2

The largest component of the neuron, which coordinates the information-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive, is the:

A)cell body.
B)nucleus.
C)axon.
D)synapse.

Answer 2

cell body.

Question 3

Which of these is NOT a function of the cell body?

A)protein synthesis
B)neurotransmission
C)energy production
D)metabolism

Answer 3

neurotransmission

Question 4

The myelin wrapped around an axon serves:

A)as a special immune defense for the neuron.
B)to increase the efficiency of transmission of the neuron.
C)as a resistor that slows the speed of transmission of the neuron.
D)no functional purpose.

Question 5

The _____ receive information; the _____ transmit information.

A)axons; cell bodies
B)axons; dendrites
C)dendrites; axons
D)dendrites; glia

Question 6

Approximately how many cells are in the human brain?

A)10 million
B)50 million
C)1 billion
D)100 billion

Question 7

The myelin sheath is an insulating layer of fatty material composed of:

A)dendrites.
B)pyramidal cells.
C)axons.
D)glial cells.

Question 8

Samantha works at a communications firm. Her job is to receive outside information that is pertinent to the firm and pass it along to executives at the firm. Samantha is the metaphorical _____ of the firm.

A)axon
B)cell body
C)dendrite
D)nucleus

Question 9

Each neuron has only one:

A)axon.
B)dendrite.
C)terminal button.
D)synapse.

Question 10

In the late 1880s, _____ developed a new way to stain neurons, revealing their structure.

A)Kandel
B)Lashley
C)Cajal
D)Broca

Question 11

A copper wire is to wire insulation as a(n) _____ is to a _____.

A)axon; myelin sheath
B)cell body; myelin sheath
C)nucleus; glial cell
D)myelin sheath; glial cell

Question 12

There are more _____ than neurons in the brain.

A)glial cells
B)myelin sheaths
C)types of neurotransmitters
D)Purkinje cells

Question 13

Its name derived from the Greek word for "tree," the _____ of a neuron is so called because of its appearance, with several branching processes.

A)synapse
B)axon
C)myelin
D)dendrite

Question 14

The insulating layer of fatty material that covers the axon of many neurons is called the:

A)axon sheath.
B)myelin sheath.
C)glial cover.
D)glial insulator.

Question 15

_____ are cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information-processing tasks.

A)Glia
B)Oligodendrocytes
C)Mitochondria
D)Neurons

Question 16

Kobe works at a communications firm. His job is to receive information from the executive office and then pass this information down the line to all other offices in the firm. Kobe is the metaphorical _____ of the firm.

A)axon
B)nucleus
C)terminal button
D)glial cell

Question 17

Which component of the neuron houses the chromosomes, the genetic blueprint of an individual?

A)dendrite
B)axon
C)ribosome
D)nucleus

Question 18

Loss of feeling in the limbs, partial blindness, and difficulty in coordinated movement may indicate a(n) _____ disease such as _____.

A)athleroscleritic; epilepsy
B)demyelinating; Alzheimer's
C)athleroscleritic; Parkinson's
D)demyelinating; multiple sclerosis

Question 19

_____ cells are support cells found in the nervous system.

A)Teratogenic
B)Mitochondrial
C)Glial
D)Neural

Question 20

What are the two specialized extensions of the neuron that allow it to communicate?

A)axons and synapses
B)dendrites and axons
C)dendrites and cell bodies
D)axons and myelin

Question 21

With respect to the electrical charge present in a neuron, when a neuron is at rest the inside:

A)and outside of the cell have no charge at all.
B)and outside of the cell are in perfect balance.
C)of the cell has a negative charge relative to the outside.
D)of the cell has a positive charge relative to the outside.

Question 22

_____ carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles.

A)Interneurons
B)Motor neurons
C)Sensory neurons
D)Purkinje neurons

Question 23

Ions carry a _____ charge.

A)neutral
B)positive only
C)negative only
D)positive or negative

Question 24

The neurons that receive information from the external world and convey information through the spinal cord are called:

A)sensory neurons.
B)motor neurons.
C)interneurons.
D)bipolar neurons.

Question 25

A type of neuron that carries information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain and spinal cord is a:

A)nucleus.
B)motor neuron.
C)Purkinje cell.
D)bipolar cell.

Question 26

_____ endings in our eyes are sensitive to light.

A)Interneurons'
B)Motor neurons'
C)Sensory neurons'
D)Purkinje neurons'

Question 27

When a patient has multiple sclerosis, the patient cannot easily transmit information from neuron to neuron, which leads to difficulties with movement. The transmission of neurons is slowed down as a result of a deteriorating:

A)axon.
B)synapse.
C)myelin sheath.
D)cell body.

Question 28

The gap between one neuron's axon and a dendrite or cell body of another neuron is part of the:

A)soma.
B)synapse.
C)myelin.
D)glia.

Question 29

Suppose you are doing research on neuronal communication, and you are measuring the change in voltage as the neurons send signals. As you get started, you think your voltmeter is broken because it is not showing a charge of 0 millivolts when the neurons are inactive. What value should the voltmeter display when the cells are not firing?

A)-70 millivolts
B)-1 millivolts
C)0 millivolts
D)70 millivolts

Question 30

Small electrically charged particles are called:

A)ions.
B)neutrons.
C)axons.
D)neurotransmitters.

Question 31

Anne has an illness that affects the ability of her neurons to function. Specifically, she has been having difficulty coordinating her movements. Which type of neurons are probably affected?

A)sensory neurons
B)motor neurons
C)interneurons
D)Purkinje cells

Question 32

The difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of a neuron's cell membrane is the:

A)difference potential.
B)refractory period.
C)resting potential.
D)action potential.

Question 33

Which statement regarding bipolar cells is true?

A)They are a type of interneuron.
B)They have two axons.
C)They are involved in vision.
D)They are located in the cerebellum.

Question 34

An informant brings a tip to a police department about suspicious activity at the docks. After detectives meet and process this information, they decide that the best course of action is to send undercover officers to the scene. If the police department was a neural network, the detectives are functioning as:

A)sensory neurons.
B)motor neurons.
C)dendrites.
D)interneurons.

Question 35

The electrochemical action of neurons proceeds in two stages, _____ followed by _____.

A)polarization; hyperpolarization
B)conduction; transmission
C)transmission; conduction
D)conduction; repolarization

Question 36

At rest, there is a higher concentration of _____ inside the cell membrane of the neuron and a higher concentration of _____ outside.

A)Na+; K+
B)K+; Na+
C)Na+; Ca++
D)Na+; Cl-

Question 37

_____ work together in small circuits to perform simple tasks.

A)Sensory neurons
B)Motor neurons
C)Interneurons
D)Vagal neurons

Question 38

The majority of the neurons in the nervous system are:

A)sensory neurons.
B)motor neurons.
C)interneurons.
D)bipolar neurons.

Question 39

Which of these occur most often in the human brain?

A)synapses
B)neurons
C)axons
D)glia cells

Question 40

Which type of neuron receives information from the external world and conveys this information to the brain?

A)sensory neuron
B)motor neuron
C)interneuron
D)Purkinje neuron

Question 41

Which statement about neurons is NOT true?

A)Neurons either do or do not "fire."
B)Electrical stimulation of the dendrites does not always trigger "firing."
C)Activation must exceed a threshold before the neuron begins to "fire."
D)The intensity of the stimulus makes the neuron "fire" more intensely.

Question 42

What is the electrical charge of a neuron at rest?

A)70 mv
B)40 mv
C)-40 mv
D)-70 mv

Question 43

Which is the correct order of the firing of a neuron?

A)threshold, resting potential, refractory period, action potential
B)resting potential, threshold, action potential, refractory period
C)action potential, resting potential, refractory period, threshold
D)resting potential, threshold, refractory period, action potential

Question 44

Which statement MOST closely describes the firing of a single neuron?

A)Smoke triggers the alarm on a smoke detector.
B)Grip pressure on the hose handle modifies the pressure of the water stream.
C)Greater tension on a rubber band causes a paper ball to be launched with greater velocity.
D)Cell phone reception quality depends on how close you are to a cell phone tower.

Question 45

When an action potential occurs, _____ gates open, resulting in the inside of the cell becoming more _____ relative to the outside.

A)potassium; negative
B)potassium; positive
C)sodium; positive
D)sodium; negative

Question 46

An electrical signal that is conducted along the length of a neuron's axon to a synapse is called a(n) _____ potential.

A)electrostatic
B)resting
C)action
D)equilibrium

Question 47

The electrical charge inside of the neuron relative to the outside reaches _____ millivolts during an action potential.

A)-70
B)0
C)40
D)70

Question 48

When a neuron is at rest, there is a high concentration of _____ ions outside the cell relative to the inside.

A)positively charged sodium
B)positively charged potassium
C)positively charged chloride
D)negatively charged protein

Question 49

The time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated is called the _____ period.

A)regenerative
B)resting
C)refractory
D)omission

Question 50

_____ channels are open while a neuron is at rest; most _____ channels are closed.

A)Na+; Cl-
B)Na+; K+
C)Na+; Ca++
D)K+; Na+

Question 51

During the refractory period, a chemical "pump" moves:

A)myelin down the nodes of Ranvier.
B)sodium out of the cell.
C)potassium out of the cell.
D)negatively charged protein ions out of the cell.

Question 52

Which ion has a negative charge?

A)sodium
B)potassium
C)chloride
D)calcium

Question 53

The electrical charge of a neuron at rest represents:

A)the refractory period.
B)the all-or-none rule.
C)potential energy.
D)the action potential.

Question 54

After the action potential reaches its maximum, membrane channels return to their original state and _____ flows _____ the cell.

A)sodium; into
B)sodium; out of
C)potassium; into
D)potassium; out of

Question 55

Which ion has a negative charge?

A)sodium
B)protein
C)potassium
D)calcium

Question 56

When a neuron is at rest, there is a high concentration of _____ ions inside the cell relative to the outside.

A)positively charged sodium
B)positively charged potassium
C)negatively charged chloride
D)positively charged protein

Question 57

Hodgkin and Huxley (1939) conducted early research on the action potential using _____ as subjects.

A)Aplysia
B)fruit flies
C)tapeworms
D)giant squid

Question 58

When a neuron is at rest, the plasma membrane allows the unrestricted flow of _____ ions.

A)potassium
B)sodium
C)large protein
D)chlorine

Question 59

The electrical charge of a neuron at rest is largely the result of _____ flowing _____ the neuron.

A)potassium; out of
B)potassium; into
C)sodium; out of
D)sodium; into

Question 60

The nodes of Ranvier are the:

A)spaces in which one neuron receives information from another neuron.
B)spaces between sections of myelin on an axon.
C)sections of myelin wrapped around the axon.
D)"jumping" of the electrical signal.

Question 61

During an action potential, the charge seems to "jump" from node to node rather than flow continuously down the axon, a process known as:

A)salutatory conduction.
B)the all-or-none rule.
C)hyperpolarization.
D)myelination.

Question 62

_____ detect how much of a neurotransmitter has been released into the synapse and signal the neuron to stop releasing the neurotransmitter if an excess is present.

A)Reuptake inhibitors
B)Vesicles
C)Nodes of Ranvier
D)Autoreceptors

Question 63

A neuron that sends information is a _____ neuron; a neuron that receives information is a _____ neuron.

A)postsynaptic; presynaptic
B)presynaptic; postsynaptic
C)a priori; post hoc
D)sensory; motor

Question 64

_____ disease, which involves severe impairment of memory, is most closely associated with the deterioration of _____-producing neurons.

A)Alzheimer's; acetylcholine
B)Alzheimer's; dopamine
C)Parkinson's; acetylcholine
D)Huntington's; endorphin

Question 65

In a neuron, what happens when an action potential reaches the axon terminals of the neuron?

A)Since neurons touch one another, the action potential simply travels to an adjoining neuron.
B)The action potential stimulates the release of chemical substances.
C)The impulse changes direction, heading back to the cell body.
D)An electrical spark forms, which may jump to other neurons.

Question 66

The knoblike structures that branch out from an axon are called:

A)hormones.
B)neurotransmitters.
C)terminal buttons.
D)synapses.

Question 67

The neurotransmitter that enables muscle action, regulates attention, and acts in learning is called:

A)GABA.
B)acetylcholine.
C)dopamine.
D)norepinephrine.

Question 68

Neurotransmitter is to receptor as:

A)key is to lock.
B)lock is to key.
C)glove is to hand.
D)account is to password.

Question 69

Neurotransmitters are destroyed in the synapse in the process termed:

A)reuptake.
B)reconstitution.
C)enzyme deactivation.
D)autoreception.

Question 70

The process by which a neurotransmitter is broken down into its component molecules is termed:

A)reuptake.
B)reconstitution.
C)deactivation.
D)autoreception.

Question 71

The small gap between the terminal button of one neuron and a dendrite of a second neuron is called a:

A)node of Ranvier.
B)synapse.
C)vesicle.
D)receptor.

Question 72

The "bags" of neurotransmitters within an axon ready to be released are called:

A)vesicles.
B)neurotransmitters.
C)terminal buttons.
D)synapses.

Question 73

Neurotransmitters floating in the synapse may bind to _____ on the postsynaptic neuron.

A)vesicles
B)receptors
C)autoreceptors
D)cell bodies

Question 74

The end of a neuron contains many _____, which are filled with _____ for transmitting messages to the neuron on the other side of the synapse.

A)transporters; neurotransmitters
B)vesicles; receptors
C)neurotransmitters; vesicles
D)vesicles; neurotransmitters

Question 75

The process by which a neurotransmitter is reabsorbed by the terminal button of the presynaptic neuron is termed:

A)reuptake.
B)reconstitution.
C)deactivation.
D)autoreception.

Question 76

All of these are mechanisms for getting neurotransmitters to leave the synapse EXCEPT:

A)reuptake.
B)reconstitution.
C)enzyme deactivation.
D)binding to autoreceptors.

Question 77

The conductance of an electrical charge down an axon:

A)flows steadily like running water.
B)jumps from node to node.
C)increases in intensity as it reaches the end of the axon.
D)decreases in intensity due to the sodium-potassium pump.

Question 78

The communication chemicals that actually cross the synaptic gap between axons and dendrites are:

A)hormones.
B)neurotransmitters.
C)interneurons.
D)glial cells.

Question 79

_____ is the primary neurotransmitter involved in voluntary motor control.

A)Glutamate
B)Serotonin
C)Dopamine
D)Acetylcholine

Question 80

The flow of information within a neuron is _____, whereas the flow of information between neurons is _____.

A)mechanical; electrical
B)chemical; electrical
C)electrical; chemical
D)direct current; alternating current