Deck 11: Section 2: Development

Question 1

A male zygote results from a(n):

A)X chromosome from the father and a Y chromosome from the mother.
B)X chromosome from the mother and a Y chromosome from the father.
C)X chromosome from each parent.
D)Y chromosome from each parent.

Answer 1

X chromosome from the mother and a Y chromosome from the father.

Question 2

A single human sperm cell and a single human egg cell contain _____ chromosomes.

A)23
B)24
C)46
D)48

Answer 2

23

Question 3

Babies whose mothers smoke tobacco during pregnancy are more likely to have all of these EXCEPT:

A)lower birth weights.
B)perceptual problems.
C)attention deficits.
D)distinctive facial features.

Answer 3

distinctive facial features.

Question 4

The _____ is the single fertilized cell that contains chromosomes from both the sperm and the egg.

A)zygote
B)embryo
C)spermatozoid
D)nucleus

Question 5

Two-year-old Peter has short eye openings, a flat midface, an indistinct ridge under his nose, and a thin upper lip. An alert pediatrician is likely to diagnose _____ syndrome.

A)Down
B)teratogen
C)fetal alcohol
D)tobacco alcohol

Question 6

During the embryonic stage, which event occurs?

A)An insulating layer of fat develops below the skin.
B)The digestive system and respiratory systems mature.
C)The embryo grows to a length of six inches.
D)The heart begins to beat.

Question 7

The 2-week period of prenatal development that begins at conception is the _____ stage; the period of prenatal development that lasts from the second week until about the eighth week is the _____ stage.

A)zygotal; fetal
B)germinal; embryonic
C)embryonic; fetal
D)fetal; embryonic

Question 8

Which statement given to expectant parents is FALSE?

A)The fetus is more vulnerable to teratogens than the embryo.
B)There is no medical consensus as to a "safe" amount of alcohol consumption for pregnant women.
C)Prenatal exposure to second-hand smoke can result in deficits in learning and attention.
D)Pregnant women should avoid eating fish containing trace amounts of mercury.

Question 9

About what percentage of zygotes do not complete the journey down the fallopian tube?

A)10
B)25
C)50
D)75

Question 10

The word teratogen refers to the:

A)agent that can damage the process of development.
B)substance that forms a fatty sheath around axons of brain cells.
C)specific pattern of motor response triggered by a stimulus.
D)cephalocaudal rule of development.

Question 11

About _____ percent of the growth of the brain occurs outside of the womb.

A)15
B)25
C)50
D)75

Question 12

Each zygote contains _____ chromosomes.

A)23
B)24
C)46
D)48

Question 13

Children of mothers who received insufficient nutrition during pregnancy tend to have _____ problems.

A)physical but not psychological
B)psychological but not physical
C)both physical and psychological
D)neither physical nor psychological

Question 14

The process of myelination in the brain:

A)is complete by the time a baby is born.
B)occurs at a relatively constant rate across all areas.
C)is completed in the cerebral cortex by approximately 1 year of age.
D)continues into adulthood for some parts of the brain.

Question 15

The process of myelination in the brain:

A)involves the pruning of unneeded neurons.
B)begins during the embryonic stage.
C)only occurs in female embryos.
D)is the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a brain cell.

Question 16

Developmental psychology is the study of:

A)the child, from birth to adolescence.
B)adulthood, from the twenties through old age.
C)prenatal growth, from conception until birth.
D)continuity and change across the life span.

Question 17

Heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy can lead to which condition in her child?

A)low birth weight
B)enlarged heart
C)problems with academic achievement
D)deformed limbs

Question 18

Sunil, who had a very low birth weight, eventually shows problems with attention, perception, and learning deficits in school. Sunil was probably exposed to which teratogen?

A)alcohol
B)tobacco smoke
C)thalidomide
D)mercury

Question 19

Which is the longest stage of prenatal development?

A)zygotal
B)germinal
C)fetal
D)embryonic

Question 20

What is the order of the stages of prenatal development?

A)embryonic, germinal, fetal
B)germinal, embryonic, fetal
C)germinal, fetal, embryonic
D)embryonic, fetal, germinal

Question 21

Infants learn to control their elbows and knees before their hands and feet, which illustrates the _____ rule.

A)proximodistal
B)cephalocaudal
C)handedness
D)sensorimotor

Question 22

Infants are able to mimic the facial expressions of adults:

A)in the first hour of life.
B)after the first week of life.
C)after the age of 1 month.
D)when they are about 3 months old.

Question 23

Isabel, a newborn, turns her head toward a stimulus that strokes her cheek. Isabel is showing the _____ reflex.

A)proximodistal
B)cephalocaudal
C)sucking
D)rooting

Question 24

The level of detail that infants can see at 20 feet is equivalent to the level of detail that adults can see at _____ feet.

A)10
B)60
C)100
D)600

Question 25

Infants learn to control their heads before they learn to control their arms, illustrating the _____ rule.

A)proximodistal
B)cephalocaudal
C)dorsal striatal
D)ventral medial

Question 26

At birth, an infant is able to do all of these EXCEPT:

A)show the rooting reflex.
B)suck.
C)reach for a bottle.
D)mimic facial expressions.

Question 27

Yasmin is able to sit without support. She is probably at least _____ month(s) old.

A)1
B)2
C)4
D)6

Question 28

Susanna can expect that her normal newborn daughter will be able to:

A)hold her head up for brief periods.
B)reach for a toy.
C)sleep through the night.
D)suck.

Question 29

_____ is widely considered to be the father of modern developmental psychology.

A)Harry Harlow
B)Wilhelm Wundt
C)Jean Piaget
D)Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 30

The timing of motor development in infants is influenced by all of these EXCEPT the infants':

A)incentive for reaching.
B)body weight.
C)rooting strength.
D)general level of activity.

Question 31

Jake has learned to walk well by himself. He MOST likely learned this at _____ months old.

A)9
B)12
C)15
D)18

Question 32

Newborns:

A)can do little more than cry and squirm.
B)can see objects at a distance of 20 feet as clearly as an adult can.
C)are especially sensitive to social stimuli.
D)are unable to follow a moving stimulus with their eyes.

Question 33

According to Piaget, the sensorimotor stage begins at _____ and ends at about age _____.

A)birth; 4 months
B)birth; 2 years
C)2 years; 4 years
D)2 years; 6 years

Question 34

In Piaget's view, _____ are theories about or models of the way the world works.

A)operations
B)schemas
C)hypotheses
D)Gestalts

Question 35

Maria and Carlos purchase a mobile for their newborn's crib to keep his attention. After a period of time, the infant may stop paying attention to the mobile. This is an example of which process?

A)object permanence
B)habituation
C)assimilation
D)schema development

Question 36

Which of these is NOT one of the three essential tasks of cognitive development?

A)understanding how the physical world works
B)understanding the physiological processes underlying cognition
C)understanding how the mind represents the physical world
D)understanding how other minds represent the physical world

Question 37

_____ are specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation.

A)Conditioned responses
B)Habituated responses
C)Reflexes
D)Instincts

Question 38

What is the order of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

A)preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational
B)sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational
C)sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational
D)sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Question 39

The sucking reflex:

A)grows stronger over the first several months of life.
B)does not change in intensity over the first several months of life.
C)grows weaker over the first several months of life.
D)is replaced by the rooting reflex.

Question 40

Motor skills in infancy emerge:

A)in an orderly sequence, but the timing varies for different infants.
B)at the same time for all babies, but their sequence varies for different infants.
C)in different sequences and at different times.
D)in an orderly sequence and at the same time.

Question 41

Formal operational thinking is characterized by the ability to:

A)deal with physical facts.
B)reason about abstract concepts.
C)show egocentrism.
D)display reversibility.

Question 42

Baby Denisha learned to call her family's dog a "woof woof." Her parents were surprised when she pointed to a cow and said "woof woof." Jean Piaget would say that Denisha was making use of the process of:

A)habituation.
B)object permanence.
C)assimilation.
D)accommodation.

Question 43

The idea that quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object's appearance is what Jean Piaget termed:

A)conservation.
B)object permanence.
C)assimilation.
D)accommodation.

Question 44

As children watched, Dr. Vallance poured the same amount of juice into two identical glasses. Then she poured the juice from one of those glasses into a taller, narrower glass. When asked which glass now has more juice, children in the concrete operational stage say that:

A)the tall glass has more.
B)both glasses have the same amount.
C)they don't know.
D)the tall glass has less.

Question 45

Jean Piaget called the idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible:

A)conservation.
B)object permanence.
C)inattentional blindness.
D)objective blindsight.

Question 46

When infants apply their schemas in novel situations, they are engaging in:

A)assimilation.
B)accommodation.
C)object permanence.
D)habituation.

Question 47

Researchers of cognitive development now suggest that:

A)infants cannot develop the schema of object permanence.
B)infants develop the schema of object permanence much later than Piaget realized.
C)infants may have a sense of object permanence much earlier than Piaget realized.
D)Piaget's theories about the development of object permanence were surprisingly accurate.

Question 48

Seven-month-old José is given a kind of cracker that he has never eaten before. He promptly puts it into his mouth and eats it. According to Piaget, he is demonstrating:

A)object permanence.
B)accommodation.
C)assimilation.
D)concrete operations.

Question 49

Elsa and Ariela were discussing what might happen if the United States were to elect a woman as president. It is likely they are in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

A)formal operational
B)concrete operational
C)preoperational
D)abstract operational

Question 50

According to Piaget, the concrete operational stage of cognitive development begins at _____ and ends at about age _____.

A)2 years; 7 years
B)4 years; 9 years
C)6 years; 11 years
D)9 years; 14 years

Question 51

Jack is an infant who loves to play peek-a-boo with his father. He seems amazed that his father "reappears" after hiding his face behind his hands. Jack probably enjoys peek-a-boo because he does not yet understand:

A)object permanence.
B)schemas.
C)animism.
D)conservation.

Question 52

How do researchers know that infants can tell the difference between a physically impossible and physically possible event?

A)Infants will stare longer at the possible event than the impossible event.
B)Infants will stare longer at the impossible event than the possible event.
C)Infants will demonstrate object permanence to the possible event, but not to the impossible event.
D)Infants will demonstrate object permanence to the impossible event, but not to the possible event.

Question 53

The possibility that infants as young as 4 months of age have some knowledge of object permanence has been shown by studies in which:

A)infants view "possible" and "impossible" events.
B)children place eggs in cups.
C)water is poured from wide beakers into tall cylinders.
D)clay is flattened and then rolled into a ball.

Question 54

Isabel, who just had her first birthday, sees a butterfly and exclaims, "Bird!" "No, that's a butterfly," says her grandmother. The next time Isabel sees a butterfly, she says, "Butterfly!" According to Piaget, Isabel has just shown:

A)habituation.
B)concrete operations.
C)assimilation.
D)accommodation.

Question 55

Jacquie's big brother taught her how to catch a beach ball by positioning her hands a specified distance apart with hands open. After she learned to catch the large beach ball, she learned to adjust her hands to catch a smaller ball. This additional learning is an example of:

A)habituation.
B)object permanence.
C)accommodation.
D)assimilation.

Question 56

Three-month-old Shantel has not yet acquired object permanence and, as a result, she will:

A)search only briefly for a toy that has been covered with a blanket.
B)not search for a toy that has been covered with a blanket.
C)construct a schema about where the toy is hidden.
D)cry when her toy is hidden under a blanket.

Question 57

Five-year-old Latoya watches her father place a ball in each of six bowls. She agrees that there are just as many balls as bowls. Her father then removes the balls and spreads them out in a row that extends beyond the row of bowls. Latoya says there are now more balls than bowls. According to Piaget, Latoya lacks the concept of:

A)conservation.
B)egocentrism.
C)object permanence.
D)false beliefs.

Question 58

Which statement is NOT a reason why, according to Piaget, young children cannot grasp the notion of conservation?

A)Young children fail to think about centration.
B)Young children fail to think about reversibility.
C)Young children do not fully grasp the notion that they have minds.
D)Young children fail to make distinctions between objects and their mental representations of the objects.

Question 59

Piaget believed that object permanence:

A)is present at birth.
B)develops in the first 2 months of life.
C)develops in the sensorimotor stage.
D)develops in the preoperational stage.

Question 60

According to Piaget, the preoperational stage of cognitive development begins at _____ and ends at about age _____.

A)birth; 2 years
B)2 years; 6 years
C)6 years; 11 years
D)11 years; 18 years

Question 61

Current research shows that children generally acquire many of the abilities described by Piaget:

A)much earlier than he realized.
B)at about the same ages that he proposed.
C)slightly later than he realized.
D)much later than he realized.

Question 62

There is much variability in the rate that children acquire a theory of mind. Among the factors that have been identified, _____ seems to be the most important.

A)language
B)time spent in pretend play
C)socioeconomic status of the family
D)number of siblings

Question 63

Which child will MOST likely have acquired a theory of mind?

A)Rose, a typically developing 2-year-old
B)Devan, a 5-year-old child with autism
C)Lindsey, a 6-year-old deaf child who has been using sign language since before her first birthday
D)Rae, a 3-year-old deaf child

Question 64

Anthony is able to think about "what might be," not only about "what is." According to Piaget, Anthony is in which stage of cognitive development?

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 65

The view that cognitive development is largely the result of the child's interaction with members of her or his culture instead of interaction with objects was proposed by:

A)Harry Harlow.
B)Jean Piaget.
C)Lev Vygotsky.
D)John Bowlby.

Question 66

The two groups of children that are much slower than others to acquire a theory of mind are those who are:

A)autistic or antisocial.
B)blind or autistic
C)blind or deaf with parents who don't know sign language
D)autistic or deaf with parents who don't know sign language

Question 67

Most children ultimately come to understand that different people understand the world in different ways. Once they understand this concept, they are said to have acquired:

A)concrete operations.
B)postconventional reasoning.
C)a theory of mind.
D)formal operations.

Question 68

Daniel does not communicate well with others. As a result, he has few friends and does not understand the emotions of others. Although he has profound social deficits, his score on a standardized intelligence test was in the normal range. Daniel MOST likely has which disorder?

A)ADHD
B)mental retardation
C)autism
D)antisocial personality disorder

Question 69

Most children first understand that different people have different:

A)perceptions.
B)beliefs.
C)desires.
D)emotions.

Question 70

According to Piaget, egocentrism in a child means that the child:

A)is selfish.
B)is in the sensorimotor stage.
C)fails to understand that the world appears differently to different observers.
D)realizes that others may not share the child's point of view.

Question 71

One current criticism of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that:

A)his research was poorly done.
B)it applies only to Swiss children.
C)children do not all go through the same sequences of it.
D)it occurs gradually instead of in stages.

Question 72

Which metaphor best describes cognitive development?

A)turning on a light
B)the lunar cycle
C)changes in season
D)graduation from one grade to the next

Question 73

Lev Vygotsky talked about the cultural tools that exert influence on cognitive development. An example of a cultural tool is:

A)tradition.
B)values.
C)faith.
D)language.

Question 74

At about what age do children begin passing the false-belief test?

A)between ages 2 and 4
B)between ages 4 and 6
C)between ages 6 and 8
D)between ages 8 and 10

Question 75

The false-belief test demonstrates that 3-year-olds:

A)lack the concept of conservation.
B)do not have a theory of object permanence.
C)fail to apply their schemas in novel situations.
D)have trouble understanding that others may not know what they know.

Question 76

Due to differences in the regularity of the counting system, children in _____ can most easily deconstruct two-digit numbers.

A)China
B)France
C)Spain
D)the United States

Question 77

A researcher showed children a crayon box and opened it to reveal candy instead of crayons. Then she closed the box and asked the children what they originally had thought was in it. Most 3-year-olds said _____, and most 5-year-olds said _____.

A)candy; crayons
B)candy; candy
C)crayons; crayons
D)crayons; candy

Question 78

Autistic children are typically normal:

A)in their social skills.
B)on most intellectual dimensions.
C)in communicating with other people.
D)in acquiring a theory of mind.

Question 79

Beatriz is 2 years old; when her brother tells her to hide, she covers her face with a blanket. This is a good example of:

A)assimilation.
B)egocentrism.
C)conservation.
D)accommodation.

Question 80

Megan has a habit of standing in front of the television, even though other people behind her are also trying to watch the television. Megan seems unaware that people cannot see the television through her head. Megan:

A)is selfish.
B)is demonstrating egocentrism.
C)does not grasp the concept of conservation.
D)is demonstrating reversibility.