Deck 8: Section 2: Emotion and Motivation

Question 1

Certain drugs suppress the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, the branch of the autonomic nervous system associated with increases in heart rate, respiration, and adrenaline release. If a drug could block this system altogether, William James would predict that:

A)emotions could not be experienced.
B)negative valence emotions could not be experienced.
C)high arousal emotions could not be experienced.
D)the physiological changes accompanying the experienced emotion might be missing.

Answer 1

high arousal emotions could not be experienced.

Question 2

The primary difference between the Schachter-Singer theory and the older theories of emotion is that the Schachter-Singer theory emphasizes:

A)physiological changes.
B)conscious thoughts.
C)overt behaviors.
D)classical conditioning.

Answer 2

conscious thoughts.

Question 3

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, emotional experiences are triggered by:

A)conditioned stimuli.
B)expectancies.
C)physiological activity.
D)high valence events.

Answer 3

physiological activity.

Question 4

Which statement is NOT a reason that Walter Cannon and Philip Bard disagreed with the James-Lange theory?

A)The reaction of bodily responses is too slow to account for the rapid onset of emotional experience.
B)We often have trouble detecting differences in our own bodily responses, so we are not likely to experience these changes as emotion.
C)Because nonemotional stimuli can also trigger bodily responses, we should also feel emotions when we have a fever.
D)Emotions may occur in the absence of physiological arousal, so emotions should be felt continuously.

Question 5

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, if you stumbled onto a snake on a hike in the mountains, you would first _____ and then _____.

A)experience fear; cognitively process the sighting
B)cognitively process the sighting; experience fear
C)experience fear; react physiologically
D)react physiologically; experience fear

Question 6

Alice, a freshman in high school, is walking home from school. Jim, one of the "cool" boys in her class, approaches her and asks to walk with her. All of a sudden she experiences a feeling of excitement and, at the same time, she notices that her heart is pounding. The _____ theory of emotion BEST explains this reaction.

A)Cannon-Bard
B)Skinner-Watson
C)James-Lange
D)LeDoux-Freud

Question 7

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, an emotional experience is the _____ of physiological activity in the autonomic nervous system.

A)cause
B)trigger
C)opponent-process
D)consequence

Question 8

Which theory of emotion states that a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the body and emotional experience in the brain?

A)Klüver-Bucy
B)James-Lange
C)Cannon-Bard
D)two-factor

Question 9

If you believe that subjective emotional states are determined by the labels you attach to your internal feelings of arousal, you are most likely to subscribe to the _____ theory of emotion.

A)James-Lange
B)Cannon-Bard
C)Schachter-Singer
D)Skinner-Watson

Question 10

Walking through the dense woods, observing the fauna, John feels something grab him from the back. His heart and respiration rate spike. Immediately thereafter, he becomes very fearful. This sequence of events is best explained by which theory?

A)Cannon-Bard
B)James-Lange
C)Smith-Schaefer
D)two-factor

Question 11

William James believed that different emotional experiences are the result of different:

A)expectancies about a situation.
B)physiological responses.
C)interpretations of the same physiological response.
D)histories of reinforcement and punishment.

Question 12

The _____ scaling research technique is used to provide a map of emotions.

A)multidimensional
B)thematic apperception
C)James-Lange hedonic
D)multi-emotion space

Question 13

Which emotion is characterized as low arousal and negative valence?

A)alarmed
B)annoyed
C)depressed
D)serene

Question 14

The _____ theory of emotion suggests that you become happy as a result of smiling and laughing.

A)James-Lange
B)Cannon-Bard
C)Schachter-Singer
D)Skinner-Watson

Question 15

The James-Lange theory of emotion asserts that you will not experience _____ without first experiencing _____.

A)physiological activity; emotion
B)interpretation of an event; emotion
C)emotion; interpretation of an event
D)emotion; physiological activity

Question 16

The two dimensions of the multidimensional scaling of emotions are:

A)positive valence and negative valence.
B)high arousal and low arousal.
C)valence and arousal.
D)positive and negative.

Question 17

_____ is defined as a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular level of physiological activity.

A)Emotion
B)Drive
C)Motivation
D)Valence

Question 18

Certain drugs suppress the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, the branch of the autonomic nervous system associated with increases in heart rate, respiration, and adrenaline release. If a drug could block this system altogether, Walter Cannon would predict that:

A)emotions could not be experienced.
B)negative valence emotions could not be experienced.
C)high arousal emotions could not be experienced.
D)the physiological changes accompanying the experienced emotion might be missing.

Question 19

June is interviewing for a job. She is required to undergo psychological testing. During the testing, the psychologist noted many of her responses indicated emotionality of excitement and astonishment. On an emotion map, the emotions "excited" and "astonished" have _____ arousal and _____ valence.

A)low; negative
B)high; negative
C)low; positive
D)high; positive

Question 20

Research on emotion has led to the conclusion that:

A)the James-Lange theory has no merit.
B)the Cannon-Bard theory has no merit.
C)both the James-Lange and the Cannon-Bard theories were correct in some aspects.
D)the James-Lange theory is discredited, whereas the Cannon-Bard theory is fully supported.

Question 21

During surgery, Heinrich Klüver and Paul Bucy accidentally damaged the amygdala of a monkey named Aurora. The most striking feature of Aurora's behavior after the surgery was that she:

A)refused to eat nutritious food, preferring food that was spoiled.
B)lost all interest in sex.
C)stopped fearing snakes but increased her fear of humans.
D)was extraordinarily calm in the presence of stimuli that previously elicited fear.

Question 22

Which brain structure plays a critical role in the appraisal of emotions?

A)cerebellum
B)amygdala
C)hippocampus
D)sensorimotor cortex

Question 23

Which statement about specific emotions and physiological reactivity is true?

A)All emotions show the same basic pattern of physiological reactivity.
B)Anger produces the largest decrease in finger temperature.
C)Fear and disgust produce a higher galvanic skin response (sweating) than sadness or anger.
D)Anger, fear, and sadness produce a lower heart rate than disgust.

Question 24

The so-called fast emotion pathway leads from the _____ directly to the amygdala.

A)hypothalamus
B)pituitary gland
C)pineal gland
D)thalamus

Question 25

The so-called fast pathway leads from the _____ directly to the amygdala, whereas the so-called slow pathway leads from the thalamus to the _____ and then to the amygdala.

A)hypothalamus; cerebellum
B)pituitary gland; thyroid gland
C)pineal gland; hypothalamus
D)thalamus; cortex

Question 26

If you stumble upon a tarantula in the woods, your brain will transmit information about that stimulus to the _____ through two routes, the "fast pathway" and the "slow pathway."

A)frontal lobe
B)hippocampus
C)amygdala
D)pituitary gland

Question 27

According to Schachter and Singer, the emotion experienced by participants who were injected with adrenaline and then exposed to a confederate of the experimenter who acted giddy was due to:

A)activation of the amygdala in the participant.
B)the behavior of the confederate and not due to the adrenaline.
C)activation of the frontal cortex by the adrenaline.
D)the participant interpreting the arousal as happiness.

Question 28

The neuronal wiring between the thalamus and the amygdala allows us to:

A)recognize the location of a stimulus.
B)make rapid decisions about our environment without having to wait for cortical input.
C)analyze the identity and importance of the stimulus.
D)compare the visual image of the stimulus with known threat images.

Question 29

During surgery, Heinrich Klüver and Paul Bucy accidentally damaged the amygdala of a monkey named Aurora, inadvertently causing the monkey to:

A)become hypersexual.
B)stop eating.
C)react in fear to snakes.
D)react in fear when handled by experimenters.

Question 30

Because the amygdala receives information from the thalamus before it receives information from the cortex, you:

A)are hard-wired to fear snakes.
B)can be afraid of something without knowing exactly what it is.
C)would be best served to delay making important decisions for 24 hours.
D)will only have fast emotional responses to life-and-death situations.

Question 31

Recent research suggests that the primary role of the amygdala is to:

A)monitor the need for a food stimulus.
B)facilitate short-term memory.
C)provide evolutionary information to the frontal cortex.
D)appraise the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus.

Question 32

What is the role of the cortex in a fear response to a stimulus?

A)It initiates the fear response.
B)It is involved in the fast pathway that immediately triggers an increase in heart rate.
C)It either stops or sustains the fear response once the threat has been identified.
D)It is part of the slow pathway that opposes the fast pathway.

Question 33

What was the most important finding related to emotion that came from Klüver and Bucy's research with monkeys?

A)Results confirmed that the amygdala plays a role in the emotion of fear.
B)Results confirmed that the frontal lobe plays a role in the emotion of fear.
C)Results confirmed that the amygdala plays a role in the emotion of anger.
D)Results confirmed that the frontal lobe plays a role in the emotion of anger.

Question 34

Isaac wants to exploit findings consistent with the Schachter and Singer theory to maximize his chances that sparks will fly on his first date with Rebecca. Which of these might Isaac do?

A)take Rebecca on a roller coaster ride
B)buy Rebecca flowers
C)arrive 10 minutes late to pick her up
D)wear a red shirt

Question 35

Which statement best reflects our current understanding of emotion and the body?

A)Physiological arousal causes emotions.
B)Cognitive processes and not physiological arousal causes emotions.
C)Bodily activity and mental activity are both the cause and consequence of emotional experiences.
D)Bodily activity and mental activity both cause emotional experiences.

Question 36

People with bilateral amygdala damage have problems recognizing facial emotions of both:

A)happiness and anger.
B)disgust and anger.
C)happiness and sadness.
D)surprise and fear.

Question 37

Kelly sustained a severe head injury in a skiing accident. Following a limited recovery from the accident, the family has been advised that damage to Kelly's _____ will likely make it difficult for her to inhibit her emotions.

A)thalamus
B)cortex
C)hypothalamus
D)amygdala

Question 38

James-Lange is to Schachter-Singer as _____ is to _____.

A)cognitive processes; emotion
B)autonomic reactivity; labeling of emotional states
C)autonomic reactivity; physiological activity
D)labeling of emotional states; cognitive processes

Question 39

_____ is an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a particular stimulus.

A)Appraisal
B)Labeling
C)Regulation
D)Valence

Question 40

According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, a key factor in determining which emotion we feel is:

A)how often we have experienced this emotion in the past.
B)our level of physiological arousal.
C)the visceral pattern elicited by the emotion.
D)our cognitive interpretation of the situation.

Question 41

The cognitive and behavioral strategies we use to influence our emotional experience are collectively called:

A)active appraisal.
B)cognitive control.
C)emotion regulation.
D)behavioral control.

Question 42

Our facial musculature allows for _____ unique configurations.

A)10
B)16
C)1,000
D)10,000

Question 43

Appraisal is to reappraisal as:

A)right is to wrong.
B)amygdala is to cortex.
C)thalamus is to cortex.
D)fight is to flight.

Question 44

Slaton immediately becomes upset when his football coach yells at him and yanks him from the game. Sitting on the sideline a few minutes later, Slaton tells himself that the coach is only trying to make him a better player. He begins to feel better, illustrating the process of:

A)reappraisal.
B)emotional communication.
C)two-factor theory.
D)threat detection.

Question 45

Which statement does NOT describe an example of the facial feedback hypothesis?

A)Making the sound of a long e can make you feel happier.
B)Holding a pencil in your teeth can make you feel happier.
C)Smiling may cause you to feel happier.
D)Holding a pencil in your mouth can make you feel happier.

Question 46

Charles Darwin developed the universality hypothesis, which suggests that:

A)all individuals process emotions in the same way.
B)appraisal of stimuli causes a universal reaction.
C)all animals exhibit emotions.
D)emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone.

Question 47

Evidence suggests that all of these emotions are universal EXCEPT:

A)anger.
B)humility.
C)disgust.
D)surprise.

Question 48

Dr. Faber explained to her students that holding a pen in their teeth would make them feel happier. What is the main reason for this?

A)Holding a pen in your teeth sends emotion signals to the pleasure center in the brain.
B)Holding a pen in your teeth contracts the muscles of the face in the same way as a smile.
C)Feeling silly with a pen in your mouth causes you to feel happier.
D)Seeing others' reactions to the pen in your mouth causes you to feel happier.

Question 49

Angry because she had to endure a class she finds dreadfully boring, Susanna decided to use reappraisal to change her emotional state. Which action will be most effective?

A)Pledge to go jogging each day after class.
B)Start thinking of the course as preparation for her future career.
C)Make a date to meet friends for lunch before class.
D)Form a study group that meets weekly.

Question 50

While on an expedition to discover the lost city of Atlantis in the Amazon basin, your party is captured by a group of people who have never contacted the outside world, cannot read or write, converse in a language that you do not recognize, and are pointing sharp spears at you. What is the BEST way of communicating that you are not a threat?

A)Try to converse in sign language.
B)Hold your hands up over your head.
C)Smile at them.
D)Draw a "peace" sign in the dirt.

Question 51

When his mother asks when he will be home, Rudy finds that he feels better emotionally if he:

A)returns home early.
B)ignores her question.
C)interprets her question as a sign of caring.
D)interprets her question as nagging.

Question 52

Research has suggested that there are _____ basic emotions that are universal.

A)6
B)8
C)16
D)46

Question 53

Regarding emotional expressions, which statement is FALSE?

A)Congenitally blind people exhibit deficits in emotional expression.
B)Newborn infants exposed to a bitter taste make a disgust face.
C)People are quite accurate at judging the emotional expressions of members of other cultures.
D)Preliterate cultures are just as accurate at gauging emotional expression as literate cultures.

Question 54

A person who is asked to inhibit imagined emotions such as fear or happiness will show elevated activity of the _____ but decreased activity of the _____.

A)amygdala; cortex
B)hypothalamus; thalamus
C)cortex; amygdala
D)thalamus; hypothalamus

Question 55

A person with damage to the nerves serving the zygomatic major muscle would be expected to have difficulty showing a:

A)smile.
B)frown.
C)look of disgust.
D)look of anger.

Question 56

According to the facial feedback hypothesis:

A)emotional expressions can cause emotional experiences.
B)emotional experiences produce emotional expressions.
C)facial expressions are poor indicators of emotional experience.
D)facial expressions are symbols that provide others with information about an individual's emotional state.

Question 57

Darwin's universality hypothesis is supported by scientific studies in which:

A)animals accurately react to the emotional expressions of other animals.
B)people accurately judge the emotional expressions of members of other cultures.
C)all individuals react with fear when they see a spider.
D)people find it difficult to identify anger outside their own culture.

Question 58

Our _____ is the most powerful nonverbal means of communicating emotion.

A)facial expression
B)posture
C)gait
D)gaze direction

Question 59

What do these six emotions have in common: happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, anger, and disgust?

A)They are expressed very differently in Eastern and Western cultures.
B)They are universally reflected in facial expressions.
C)They are learned within the first three years of life.
D)They all have a positive valence.

Question 60

A smile is a(n) _____ of happiness.

A)symbol
B)sign
C)linguistic expression
D)arbitrary representation

Question 61

When researchers showed participants faces from pictures of tennis players who had either just won a point or lost a point and asked them to guess whether the athlete was experiencing a positive or negative emotion, results indicated that participants:

A)were consistently able to tell the difference between the two types of emotion.
B)labeled the positive emotions correctly more often than the negative.
C)labeled the negative emotions correctly more often than the positive.
D)were unable to tell whether the emotions were positive or negative.

Question 62

Coach Parlier knew that Felicia's smile was not sincere because she was smiling with her mouth but not "with her eyes." What feature allowed the coach to determine this?

A)symmetry
B)duration
C)morphology
D)temporal patterning

Question 63

Jerry is feeling sad. His roommate Bob has just learned of the facial feedback hypothesis. To help Jerry feel better, he tells Jerry to:

A)open a thesaurus and slowly pronounce words that are synonyms of happiness.
B)apply a cold compress to his face for 30 minutes.
C)hold a pencil in his pursed mouth for a few minutes.
D)force a smile every few minutes.

Question 64

Alejandro is a con man who marries older women and then robs them of their money. When Gertrude, his current wife, expresses her love, Alejandro is filled with disgust. Yet he tries to look at her affectionately as he says, "I love you too, my beautiful flower." Which display rule is Alejandro using?

A)deintensification
B)masking
C)neutralizing
D)intensification

Question 65

People have a strong bias:

A)toward believing that others are sincere.
B)against believing the veracity of statements from strangers.
C)against believing the veracity of statements from members of the opposite gender.
D)toward skepticism when evaluating whether someone is telling the truth.

Question 66

In _____ cultures, there is a strong norm against displaying _____ in the company of a respected person.

A)Western; positive emotions
B)Asian; negative emotions
C)Western; negative emotions
D)Asian; positive emotions

Question 67

The main reason people often mimic the facial expressions of others is that:

A)doing so has been reinforced from an early age.
B)it facilitates the formation of like-minded groups.
C)it lets others know that they feel the same way about an issue.
D)it helps them figure out what others are feeling.

Question 68

Which display rule is a poker player MOST likely to use when interacting with others at the table?

A)intensification
B)deintensification
C)masking
D)prioritizing

Question 69

A judge uses the display rule of _____ to prevent showing an emotion during court arguments by opposing counsel.

A)neutralizing
B)deintensification
C)prioritizing
D)masking

Question 70

Although Principal Morris is only slightly irritated with Jamie, the class clown, she expresses anger at Jamie's behavior. Which display rule is Principal Morris using?

A)deintensification
B)masking
C)neutralizing
D)intensification

Question 71

"Reliable muscles" in the face are so termed because they:

A)are always involved when we fake an emotional expression.
B)can stay contracted for greater than 30 seconds.
C)are not engaged during simple micro-expressions.
D)tend to resist conscious control.

Question 72

Although members of the soccer team were crushed when they lost the championship, they tried not to look as upset as they felt. Which display rule were they using?

A)deintensification
B)masking
C)neutralizing
D)intensification

Question 73

All of these are characteristics of a lie EXCEPT it:

A)often lacks expressions of spontaneous correction and self-doubt.
B)usually is less-detailed than a truthful statement.
C)is given with little hesitation after the question is asked.
D)is spoken more slowly than a true statement.

Question 74

A person who has suffered damage involving the _____ is less likely to be able to recognize expressions of fear and anger in the faces of other people.

A)spinal cord
B)amygdala
C)hippocampus
D)hypothalamus

Question 75

Display rules are the norms for the:

A)social interaction of a group.
B)control of emotional expression.
C)posing of persons for a photograph.
D)showing of a painting at an art gallery.

Question 76

Unable to keep a secret, Stephanie's best friend told her she would be given roses on her birthday. Even though she knew ahead of time about the flowers, Stephanie pretended to be surprised. Which display rule was she using?

A)deintensification
B)masking
C)neutralizing
D)intensification

Question 77

When we see people expressing emotions such as anger, fear, and joy we use information from all of these to interpret their feelings EXCEPT:

A)their body
B)their tone of voice
C)the words they use
D)the social context

Question 78

Which characteristic indicates to a trained observer that a person's smile is NOT sincere?

A)The smile includes a crinkling of the corners of their eyes.
B)The smile is slightly lopsided.
C)The smile lasts for about 3 seconds.
D)The smile engages the zygomatic major muscle.

Question 79

Which behavior is often exhibited by someone who is lying?

A)speaking rapidly
B)responding to questions with little detail
C)avoiding eye contact
D)responding quickly to questions

Question 80

Spartans were instructed never to outwardly express emotion, no matter what they were feeling. Spartans tended to use which display rule?

A)opposition
B)masking
C)neutralizing
D)intensification