Deck 8: Section 3: Emotion and Motivation

Question 1

Scenario II
The following model of emotion is based on the following work:
LeDoux, J. E. (2000). Emotion circuits in the brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 23, 155-184.
Psychologist Joseph LeDoux tracked the neural mechanisms underlying the fear response in rats. Rats were exposed to the sound of a tone followed by an electric shock. After a few tone-shock pairings, the tone elicited species-typical defense behaviors such as freezing and increased sympathetic activity (e.g., an increase in heart rate). Using this fear-conditioning paradigm, LeDoux argued for the existence of both fast and slow neural pathways underlying the fear response. A particular brain structure (arbitrary labeled "A") simultaneously routes sensory information to structures "B" and "C." In the fast pathway, information is routed to structure "C"-a limbic structure long known to be involved in emotional experiences such as fear-where it is rapidly assessed. If appraised as a threat, structure "C" activates the fear response. In the slow pathway, information travels to other structures in the brain (labeled "B") involved in planning and more advanced decision-making. The results of the appraisal by structure "B" is used by structure "C" to continue or terminate the fear response.
(Scenario II) In the fear-conditioning paradigm, what constitutes the unconditioned stimulus?

A)shock
B)tone
C)increased heart rate elicited by the tone
D)freezing behavior elicited by the shock

Answer 1

shock

Question 2

Scenario II
The following model of emotion is based on the following work:
LeDoux, J. E. (2000). Emotion circuits in the brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 23, 155-184.
Psychologist Joseph LeDoux tracked the neural mechanisms underlying the fear response in rats. Rats were exposed to the sound of a tone followed by an electric shock. After a few tone-shock pairings, the tone elicited species-typical defense behaviors such as freezing and increased sympathetic activity (e.g., an increase in heart rate). Using this fear-conditioning paradigm, LeDoux argued for the existence of both fast and slow neural pathways underlying the fear response. A particular brain structure (arbitrary labeled "A") simultaneously routes sensory information to structures "B" and "C." In the fast pathway, information is routed to structure "C"-a limbic structure long known to be involved in emotional experiences such as fear-where it is rapidly assessed. If appraised as a threat, structure "C" activates the fear response. In the slow pathway, information travels to other structures in the brain (labeled "B") involved in planning and more advanced decision-making. The results of the appraisal by structure "B" is used by structure "C" to continue or terminate the fear response.
(Scenario II) Which of the diagrams below best corresponds to the description given in the scenario?

A)Diagram A
B)Diagram B
C)Diagram C
D)Diagram D

Answer 2

Diagram C

Question 3

Scenario I
Scenario I. Emotion can be defined as a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity. The nature of this association has been intensely debated throughout the history of psychological science. An early theory of emotion was postulated by James and Lange. These psychologists argued that stimuli trigger different patterns of physiological activity in the body, and these in turn produce different emotional experiences in the brain. Contemporaneously, Cannon and Bard argued that a stimulus independently produces both physiological activity in the body and an emotional experience in the brain. Several decades later, Schachter and Singer argued that both of these theories are only partially correct. According to their two-factor theory, Schacter and Singer postulated that stimuli produce general physiological arousal which is then interpreted by the brain. Inferences about the causes of this arousal lead to an emotional experience
(Scenario I) Recent research using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) shows that different patterns of cortical activity are associated with different emotions. This fact is consistent with the _____ of emotion.

A)James-Lange theory
B)two-factor theory
C)the Cannon-Bard and the two-factor theory
D)the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and the two-factor theory

Answer 3

the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and the two-factor theory

Question 4

Scenario II
The following model of emotion is based on the following work:
LeDoux, J. E. (2000). Emotion circuits in the brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 23, 155-184.
Psychologist Joseph LeDoux tracked the neural mechanisms underlying the fear response in rats. Rats were exposed to the sound of a tone followed by an electric shock. After a few tone-shock pairings, the tone elicited species-typical defense behaviors such as freezing and increased sympathetic activity (e.g., an increase in heart rate). Using this fear-conditioning paradigm, LeDoux argued for the existence of both fast and slow neural pathways underlying the fear response. A particular brain structure (arbitrary labeled "A") simultaneously routes sensory information to structures "B" and "C." In the fast pathway, information is routed to structure "C"-a limbic structure long known to be involved in emotional experiences such as fear-where it is rapidly assessed. If appraised as a threat, structure "C" activates the fear response. In the slow pathway, information travels to other structures in the brain (labeled "B") involved in planning and more advanced decision-making. The results of the appraisal by structure "B" is used by structure "C" to continue or terminate the fear response.
(Scenario II) Brain structure A corresponds to the:

A)cerebellum.
B)thalamus.
C)hypothalamus.
D)corpus callosum.

Question 5

Scenario II
The following model of emotion is based on the following work:
LeDoux, J. E. (2000). Emotion circuits in the brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 23, 155-184.
Psychologist Joseph LeDoux tracked the neural mechanisms underlying the fear response in rats. Rats were exposed to the sound of a tone followed by an electric shock. After a few tone-shock pairings, the tone elicited species-typical defense behaviors such as freezing and increased sympathetic activity (e.g., an increase in heart rate). Using this fear-conditioning paradigm, LeDoux argued for the existence of both fast and slow neural pathways underlying the fear response. A particular brain structure (arbitrary labeled "A") simultaneously routes sensory information to structures "B" and "C." In the fast pathway, information is routed to structure "C"-a limbic structure long known to be involved in emotional experiences such as fear-where it is rapidly assessed. If appraised as a threat, structure "C" activates the fear response. In the slow pathway, information travels to other structures in the brain (labeled "B") involved in planning and more advanced decision-making. The results of the appraisal by structure "B" is used by structure "C" to continue or terminate the fear response.
(Scenario II) Which of these constitutes an operational definition of a learned fear response?

A)the A-B-C pathway with the structures correctly identified
B)ten pairings of the tone and shock, with a 5-milliamp shock occurring 1 second after each tone presentation
C)an increase in heart rate elicited by the tone alone as measured by an implantable telemetry device
D)freezing behavior that occurs after the shock, as measured by locomotor counts in the pressure-sensitive floor of a testing apparatus

Question 6

Scenario I
Scenario I. Emotion can be defined as a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity. The nature of this association has been intensely debated throughout the history of psychological science. An early theory of emotion was postulated by James and Lange. These psychologists argued that stimuli trigger different patterns of physiological activity in the body, and these in turn produce different emotional experiences in the brain. Contemporaneously, Cannon and Bard argued that a stimulus independently produces both physiological activity in the body and an emotional experience in the brain. Several decades later, Schachter and Singer argued that both of these theories are only partially correct. According to their two-factor theory, Schacter and Singer postulated that stimuli produce general physiological arousal which is then interpreted by the brain. Inferences about the causes of this arousal lead to an emotional experience
(Scenario I) Which of the following is entirely consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A)Embarrassment is perceived before blushing begins.
B)Anger and disgust produce different physiological reactions.
C)Anger and fear produce similar increases in heart rate.
D)Happiness and sadness are associated with different physiological responses.

Question 7

Scenario I
Scenario I. Emotion can be defined as a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity. The nature of this association has been intensely debated throughout the history of psychological science. An early theory of emotion was postulated by James and Lange. These psychologists argued that stimuli trigger different patterns of physiological activity in the body, and these in turn produce different emotional experiences in the brain. Contemporaneously, Cannon and Bard argued that a stimulus independently produces both physiological activity in the body and an emotional experience in the brain. Several decades later, Schachter and Singer argued that both of these theories are only partially correct. According to their two-factor theory, Schacter and Singer postulated that stimuli produce general physiological arousal which is then interpreted by the brain. Inferences about the causes of this arousal lead to an emotional experience
(Scenario I) According to the _____ theory, emotion is the _____ of physiological arousal.

A)Cannon-Bard; consequence
B)Cannon-Bard; cause
C)James-Lange; consequence
D)James-Lange; cause

Question 8

Scenario II
The following model of emotion is based on the following work:
LeDoux, J. E. (2000). Emotion circuits in the brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 23, 155-184.
Psychologist Joseph LeDoux tracked the neural mechanisms underlying the fear response in rats. Rats were exposed to the sound of a tone followed by an electric shock. After a few tone-shock pairings, the tone elicited species-typical defense behaviors such as freezing and increased sympathetic activity (e.g., an increase in heart rate). Using this fear-conditioning paradigm, LeDoux argued for the existence of both fast and slow neural pathways underlying the fear response. A particular brain structure (arbitrary labeled "A") simultaneously routes sensory information to structures "B" and "C." In the fast pathway, information is routed to structure "C"-a limbic structure long known to be involved in emotional experiences such as fear-where it is rapidly assessed. If appraised as a threat, structure "C" activates the fear response. In the slow pathway, information travels to other structures in the brain (labeled "B") involved in planning and more advanced decision-making. The results of the appraisal by structure "B" is used by structure "C" to continue or terminate the fear response.
(Scenario II) Brain structure B corresponds to the:

A)cortex.
B)thalamus.
C)cerebellum.
D)hippocampus.

Question 9

Scenario I
Scenario I. Emotion can be defined as a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity. The nature of this association has been intensely debated throughout the history of psychological science. An early theory of emotion was postulated by James and Lange. These psychologists argued that stimuli trigger different patterns of physiological activity in the body, and these in turn produce different emotional experiences in the brain. Contemporaneously, Cannon and Bard argued that a stimulus independently produces both physiological activity in the body and an emotional experience in the brain. Several decades later, Schachter and Singer argued that both of these theories are only partially correct. According to their two-factor theory, Schacter and Singer postulated that stimuli produce general physiological arousal which is then interpreted by the brain. Inferences about the causes of this arousal lead to an emotional experience
(Scenario I) Which of the following is NOT consistent with the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

A)Quadriplegics often report blunted emotional experiences to stimuli.
B)Alone on a dark street, the sound of approaching footsteps causes fear and increases walking pace.
C)Riding a roller coaster with your date might produce feelings of passion.
D)Fearful and surprising stimuli both are associated with pupil dilation.

Question 10

Scenario II
The following model of emotion is based on the following work:
LeDoux, J. E. (2000). Emotion circuits in the brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 23, 155-184.
Psychologist Joseph LeDoux tracked the neural mechanisms underlying the fear response in rats. Rats were exposed to the sound of a tone followed by an electric shock. After a few tone-shock pairings, the tone elicited species-typical defense behaviors such as freezing and increased sympathetic activity (e.g., an increase in heart rate). Using this fear-conditioning paradigm, LeDoux argued for the existence of both fast and slow neural pathways underlying the fear response. A particular brain structure (arbitrary labeled "A") simultaneously routes sensory information to structures "B" and "C." In the fast pathway, information is routed to structure "C"-a limbic structure long known to be involved in emotional experiences such as fear-where it is rapidly assessed. If appraised as a threat, structure "C" activates the fear response. In the slow pathway, information travels to other structures in the brain (labeled "B") involved in planning and more advanced decision-making. The results of the appraisal by structure "B" is used by structure "C" to continue or terminate the fear response.
(Scenario II) Brain structure C corresponds to the:

A)cortex.
B)amygdala.
C)thalamus.
D)medulla.

Question 11

Scenario II
The following model of emotion is based on the following work:
LeDoux, J. E. (2000). Emotion circuits in the brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 23, 155-184.
Psychologist Joseph LeDoux tracked the neural mechanisms underlying the fear response in rats. Rats were exposed to the sound of a tone followed by an electric shock. After a few tone-shock pairings, the tone elicited species-typical defense behaviors such as freezing and increased sympathetic activity (e.g., an increase in heart rate). Using this fear-conditioning paradigm, LeDoux argued for the existence of both fast and slow neural pathways underlying the fear response. A particular brain structure (arbitrary labeled "A") simultaneously routes sensory information to structures "B" and "C." In the fast pathway, information is routed to structure "C"-a limbic structure long known to be involved in emotional experiences such as fear-where it is rapidly assessed. If appraised as a threat, structure "C" activates the fear response. In the slow pathway, information travels to other structures in the brain (labeled "B") involved in planning and more advanced decision-making. The results of the appraisal by structure "B" is used by structure "C" to continue or terminate the fear response.
(Scenario II) Damage to the slow pathway may result in an inability:

A)for dangerous stimuli to elicit a fear response.
B)for innocuous stimuli to elicit a fear response (i.e., a false alarm).
C)to make split-second distinctions between dangerous and innocuous stimuli.
D)to curtail a fear response once it is initiated.

Question 12

Scenario I
Scenario I. Emotion can be defined as a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity. The nature of this association has been intensely debated throughout the history of psychological science. An early theory of emotion was postulated by James and Lange. These psychologists argued that stimuli trigger different patterns of physiological activity in the body, and these in turn produce different emotional experiences in the brain. Contemporaneously, Cannon and Bard argued that a stimulus independently produces both physiological activity in the body and an emotional experience in the brain. Several decades later, Schachter and Singer argued that both of these theories are only partially correct. According to their two-factor theory, Schacter and Singer postulated that stimuli produce general physiological arousal which is then interpreted by the brain. Inferences about the causes of this arousal lead to an emotional experience
(Scenario I) Which statement is NOT consistent with the two-factor theory of emotion?

A)The range of emotional experiences exceeds the range of physiological responses to stimuli.
B)Muscle pain is interpreted as desirable while lifting weights at the gym but considered worrisome while sitting at one's desk.
C)Emotion is partly the product of the brain being exquisitely sensitive to subtle differences in physiological arousal.
D)Anger and fear produce similar increases in heart rate.

Question 13

Scenario I
Scenario I. Emotion can be defined as a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity. The nature of this association has been intensely debated throughout the history of psychological science. An early theory of emotion was postulated by James and Lange. These psychologists argued that stimuli trigger different patterns of physiological activity in the body, and these in turn produce different emotional experiences in the brain. Contemporaneously, Cannon and Bard argued that a stimulus independently produces both physiological activity in the body and an emotional experience in the brain. Several decades later, Schachter and Singer argued that both of these theories are only partially correct. According to their two-factor theory, Schacter and Singer postulated that stimuli produce general physiological arousal which is then interpreted by the brain. Inferences about the causes of this arousal lead to an emotional experience
(Scenario I) According to the _____, a perception of bodily arousal is NOT required to experience emotion.

A)James-Lange theory
B)Cannon-Bard theory
C)James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories
D)two-factor