Deck 6: Section 4: Memory

Question 1

Thinking about a word's meaning results in a deeper level of encoding than listening to how it sounds or thinking about how it looks.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Repeating a telephone number over and over until you can write it down or dial it is an example of semantic encoding.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

In correct chronological order, we encode, retrieve, and store memories.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Remembering new information is easier if that new information is unrelated to something that we already know.

Question 5

With practice, we can markedly increase the duration information can be held in sensory storage.

Question 6

The nature of any new memory consists of about 80 percent new sensory information integrated within about 20 percent of old information already in memory.

Question 7

Without rehearsal, information cannot be stored in short-term memory beyond about 5 seconds.

Question 8

Iconic memories decay faster than echoic memories.

Question 9

Often, semantic encoding occurs without conscious effort.

Question 10

Iconic memories persist slightly longer than echoic memories.

Question 11

It is typically easier to remember meaningful words than random sequences of letters.

Question 12

Repeating a telephone number over and over until you can write it down or dial it is an example of rehearsal.

Question 13

Without rehearsal, short-term memory fades in less than 30 seconds.

Question 14

Memories are constructed, not recorded.

Question 15

Organizational encoding activates the upper portion of the left temporal lobe.

Question 16

Visual imagery encoding activates brain regions in the parietal lobe.

Question 17

Sensory storage can hold information for only a few seconds or less.

Question 18

Survival-related information is easily encoded into memory precisely because little or no planning is needed to encode biologically relevant information.

Question 19

New information can be held in short-term storage for several days before it is transferred to long-term memory.

Question 20

When we remember something, our brains create exact duplicates of perceptual experiences.

Question 21

The executive functions of working memory occur in the occipital lobe of the brain.

Question 22

After surgery to stop seizure activity, Patient HM could not remember any life event that occurred prior to the surgery.

Question 23

Once consolidated, memories are relatively permanent fixtures in the brain.

Question 24

The amygdala is involved in the consolidation of emotional memories.

Question 25

Patient HM developed anterograde amnesia due to brain trauma from a near-fatal automobile accident.

Question 26

Sleep aids in memory by facilitating the consolidation of important-but not unimportant-information.

Question 27

A person with only retrograde amnesia cannot remember aspects of his or her past but can form new memories.

Question 28

Long-term memory has no known capacity limits.

Question 29

Surgeons removed the hippocampus and portions of HM's medial temporal lobes in an effort to stop seizure activity.

Question 30

Neurotransmission, or communication among neurons, is analogous to you sending a toy boat across a river to your friend on the other side.

Question 31

Patient HM's memory loss was primarily due to the removal of a large section of the prefrontal cortex in an attempt to stop seizure activity.

Question 32

"Working memory" refers to active maintenance of information in sensory storage.

Question 33

Memory reconsolidation primarily occurs each morning after we awaken from sleep.

Question 34

We can hold about seven meaningful pieces of information in our short-term memory.

Question 35

Anterograde amnesia would prevent a patient from retrieving information that occurred a year before the date of the injury or operation that resulted in the amnesia.

Question 36

Long-term memories tend to be stored in the hippocampus.

Question 37

Because he suffered from anterograde amnesia, the patient HM was unable to transfer new information from short-term into long-term memory.

Question 38

Most people would be incredibly accurate at matching names to faces from their high-school yearbook, even decades after they graduated.

Question 39

A memory is less likely to be distorted the more often it is retrieved.

Question 40

Neurotransmission between two neurons physically changes the synapse, or space between these neurons.

Question 41

Remembering how to ride a skateboard requires hippocampal activation.

Question 42

Drugs that block long-term potentiation produce effects similar to severe retrograde amnesia.

Question 43

The scent of a former partner's cologne may serve as a strong retrieval cue, bringing instant thoughts of him or her.

Question 44

Retrieval of a memory may promote forgetting a related memory.

Question 45

Retrieval cues always are external stimuli in the environment.

Question 46

Kandel's work with Aplysia demonstrated that short-term memory involves enhanced neurotransmitter release.

Question 47

Knowing how to ride a skateboard is an example of a procedural memory.

Question 48

The encoding specificity principle states that retrieval cues which induce novel cognitive states are especially powerful at evoking memory retrieval.

Question 49

Kandel's work with Aplysia demonstrated that long-term memory involves the growth of new synaptic connections among neurons.

Question 50

The more times a memory is retrieved, the more accurate it becomes.

Question 51

Focusing on only the most important details about the crime during the initial interview of an eyewitness may actually increase the eyewitness's memory of other aspects of the crime.

Question 52

Predictions based on state-dependent retrieval state that if you are emotionally upset when you are studying for a test, you will remember the material even better if you are in a good mood on the test day.

Question 53

Long-term potentiation occurs in the hippocampus.

Question 54

Past events can influence our current behavior even if we are not aware that these events are in our long-term memory store.

Question 55

Repeatedly retrieving a piece of information from memory produces roughly the same effects on long-term recall as studying the information repeatedly.

Question 56

Memory retrieval is a single, identifiable process in the brain.

Question 57

Eric Kandel won the Nobel Prize by demonstrating long-term memory in the Aplysia, a one-celled organism.

Question 58

The hippocampus and the upper temporal lobe become activated when Abigail remembers the voice of her deceased grandfather.

Question 59

Kandel's work with Aplysia demonstrated that short-term memory involves the growth of new synaptic connections among neurons.

Question 60

The hippocampus becomes activated when we try but fail to recall an event from childhood.

Question 61

Implicit memory allows us to engage in mental time travel.

Question 62

The memory of doing cartwheels with your cousin at a family reunion is an episodic memory.

Question 63

Episodic memory allows us to engage in mental time travel.

Question 64

Explicit memories can affect our current behavior even if they are outside of conscious awareness.

Question 65

Episodic memory allows us to think about past events but is not involved in our ability to envision the future.

Question 66

If you can consciously recall a memory, it is an explicit memory.

Question 67

Contestants on quiz shows typically use episodic memory to come up with correct answers.

Question 68

The hippocampus is necessary for acquiring new semantic information.

Question 69

Implicit memory is a subtype of procedural memory.

Question 70

Conceptual priming is an explicit memory, and perceptual priming is an implicit memory.

Question 71

The memory of a person with amnesia can be primed.

Question 72

Kelly's memory of the first goal she scored in organized soccer is an example of a semantic memory.

Question 73

The memory of how to do a cartwheel is an episodic memory.

Question 74

Hippocampal amnesics have difficulty imagining new experiences.

Question 75

Procedural memory is a type of working memory.

Question 76

The hippocampus is highly involved in the priming of memories.

Question 77

Priming is a type of implicit memory process.

Question 78

The memory that Paris is the capital of France is a semantic memory.

Question 79

Remembering the past and envisioning the future activate two distinct memory systems in the brain.

Question 80

The effects of priming disappear if the memory prime and the subsequent memory test are separated in time by more than about 15 to 20 seconds.