Deck 6: Section 2: Memory

Question 1

You are taking a biology class. During lecture, you listen, take notes, and think about how the information is related to you. These are examples of _____ information into memory. When you rehearse this information, you are facilitating _____. During a test, you must remember the information, which is called _____.

A)storage; retrieval; encoding
B)encoding; retrieval; storage
C)storage; encoding; retrieval
D)encoding; storage; retrieval

Answer 1

encoding; storage; retrieval

Question 2

The ability to store and retrieve information over time is called:

A)preservation.
B)memory.
C)elaboration.
D)storage.

Answer 2

memory.

Question 3

Memories are:

A)recorded into the brain.
B)duplicated by the brain into perceptual experiences.
C)transformed by the brain into elemental sensory components.
D)constructed by the brain.

Answer 3

constructed by the brain.

Question 4

Your friend tells you her phone number. Hearing, thinking about, and translating the phone number to place it in your memory is an example of which process?

A)semantics
B)encoding
C)storage
D)retrieval

Question 5

_____ is the process of maintaining information in memory over time.

A)Memory
B)Encoding
C)Storage
D)Retrieval

Question 6

Semantic encoding is related to an increase of activity in which brain regions?

A)the lower left frontal lobe and the inner part of the left parietal lobe
B)the lower left frontal lobe and the inner part of the left temporal lobe
C)the lower right frontal lobe and the inner part of the left occipital lobe
D)the lower right frontal lobe and the inner part of the right parietal lobe

Question 7

Storing information by converting it into mental pictures is known as:

A)photographic encoding.
B)visual imagery encoding.
C)semantic encoding.
D)organizational encoding.

Question 8

Janet uses semantic judgment in encoding new terms encountered in her sociology class. MRI studies reveal that the part of her brain likely to be most active during this process is the:

A)left temporal lobe.
B)right frontal lobe.
C)left parietal lobe.
D)right occipital lobe.

Question 9

You learned French in high school 10 years ago. You travel to Paris, and at the airport a customs officer asks you a question in French. You recall the correct answer from your study of the language and answer the officer. This is an example of which function of memory?

A)semantics
B)encoding
C)storage
D)retrieval

Question 10

Actively relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge already in memory is the definition of _____ encoding.

A)visual
B)meaning
C)semantic
D)organizational

Question 11

Jorge uses semantic judgment in encoding new terms encountered in his biology class. MRI studies reveal that the part of his brain likely to be most active during this process is the:

A)amygdala.
B)parietal lobe.
C)frontal lobe.
D)hypothalamus.

Question 12

While cramming for a psychology exam, Hannah finds that if she thinks about the meaning of terms and tries to use them in examples, she learns them much better. What technique is Hannah using to improve her memory of the terms?

A)organizational encoding
B)chunking
C)visual imagery judgments
D)semantic judgments

Question 13

When Paul studies for a psychology test, he tries to remember important terms by relating them to his past experiences and knowledge. He is using the strategy of:

A)semantic encoding.
B)visual imagery encoding.
C)organization encoding.
D)chunking.

Question 14

The most effective form of encoding appears to be linking new information to:

A)what it comes after in serial position.
B)how it sounds, such as rhyming words.
C)how it relates to other knowledge in memory.
D)what it looks like in sensory memory.

Question 15

Which type of judgment has research shown results in better memory for words?

A)visual
B)semantic
C)rhyme
D)mnemonics

Question 16

Memories are made by:

A)transforming perceptions into sensory experiences.
B)combining existing information in the brain with new information from our senses.
C)recording information coming in from our senses.
D)creating exact duplicates of perceptual experiences in the hippocampus.

Question 17

The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored in memory is known as:

A)memory.
B)encoding.
C)storage.
D)retrieval.

Question 18

The process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory is called:

A)encoding.
B)remembering.
C)recalling.
D)storing.

Question 19

Making a new memory is analogous to:

A)transforming a written message into binary computer code.
B)taking a picture.
C)altering a recipe to create a new dish.
D)recording a video.

Question 20

When learning a new word, like "amygdala," Angie will remember it best if she:

A)thinks about what the word means.
B)thinks of another word that rhymes with it.
C)pictures how the word itself looks.
D)writes the word in large block letters.

Question 21

Which statement would a person most likely remember later the same day?

A)Pablo Picasso represents the Cubist movement in art.
B)Kenneth Clark was the first member of a minority group to become president of the APD)
C)Poe wrote "The moon never beams without bringing me dreams of the beautiful Annabel Lee."
D)A black-widow spider is crawling up your leg.

Question 22

Anthony is given a list of 20 objects to memorize in order. Anthony imagines a walk from home to school and pictures one of the objects on each street corner. Which memory technique is Anthony MOST likely using?

A)organizational encoding
B)chunking
C)semantic encoding
D)visual imagery encoding

Question 23

Categorizing information based on relationships among the items in a series to be remembered is the definition of:

A)semantic encoding.
B)visual imagery encoding.
C)organizational encoding.
D)chunking.

Question 24

Recent research has suggested that _____ encoding subsequently results in the greatest recall of information.

A)organizational
B)semantic
C)survival
D)visual imagery

Question 25

Which area of the frontal lobe is activated during organizational encoding?

A)upper right
B)lower right
C)upper left
D)lower left

Question 26

Relative to semantic encoding, organizational encoding shows more activation of the upper left _____ lobe.

A)frontal
B)temporal
C)parietal
D)occipital

Question 27

Iconic memory is a fast-decaying store of:

A)memory of peoples' names.
B)visual memory.
C)echoic memory.
D)auditory memory.

Question 28

After having spent half a day touring the Chicago Institute of Art, Emily had seen hundreds of paintings. To maximize her potential for remembering as many paintings as possible, she decides to categorize each painting depending on its artistic style: Neoclassical, Realistic, Romantic, Impressionist, Abstract, and so on. This method of memorization is called _____ encoding.

A)semantic
B)organizational
C)survival
D)visual imagery

Question 29

Sensory information is kept for a few seconds or less in:

A)the rehearsal memory store.
B)the short-term memory store.
C)the sensory memory store.
D)working memory.

Question 30

Unlike semantic encoding, visual imagery encoding shows activation of the _____ lobe.

A)frontal
B)temporal
C)parietal
D)occipital

Question 31

Sperling flashed a matrix of letters for 1/20th of a second to participants. Sperling found that the participants:

A)attempted to encode the letters from left to right.
B)attempted to encode the letters from top to bottom.
C)automatically stored the entire matrix of letters, but for only a brief moment.
D)automatically stored the entire matrix of letters for up to a minute after the presentation.

Question 32

When Matt sleeps over at his grandma's house, he needs to remember to pack his pajamas, a blanket for the bed, slippers, a pair of pants, a shirt, and a jacket. After his mom reminds him what to take, he separates the items into items he will need for the night and items he will need during the day. Matt is using which type of encoding to remember what he should pack?

A)visual imagery
B)organizational
C)semantic
D)sensory

Question 33

Echoic memories last _____ iconic memories.

A)slightly longer than
B)approximately the same length of time as
C)slightly shorter than
D)much longer than

Question 34

Robert calls Darla and asks her to pick up soap, a new pair of slippers, and wine from the store on her way home from work. Instead of making a list, Darla successfully remembers the items to be purchased by picturing herself sipping wine in her slippers, while Robert gives her a sponge bath. What memory technique is Darla MOST likely using?

A)visual imagery encoding
B)semantic encoding
C)organizational encoding
D)sensory memory encoding

Question 35

The fast-decaying store of visual information that is forgotten in seconds if not attended to is known as _____ memory.

A)iconic
B)echoic
C)anterograde
D)retrograde

Question 36

Frank remembers that Virginia Tech and Stanford played in the Orange Bowl by picturing cartoonish turkeys and cardinals hurling oranges at each other on South Beach. Which of the following brain regions would be LEAST involved in the encoding of this information?

A)frontal lobe
B)temporal lobe
C)parietal lobe
D)occipital lobe

Question 37

At the supermarket, Charlotte finds it much easier to remember the food items she needs when she puts them into the categories of fruits, vegetables, and meat. What encoding process is Charlotte using to create and recall memories?

A)organizational
B)transformative
C)semantic
D)visual imagery

Question 38

The encoding of survival-related information is effective because it often requires participants to engage in:

A)extensive planning.
B)constructing a fear hierarchy.
C)chunking.
D)sensory integration.

Question 39

The store of auditory information that decays very rapidly is called _____ memory.

A)iconic
B)echoic
C)short-term
D)working

Question 40

Brittany is daydreaming in class when her instructor asks her a question. Brittany finds that, even though she was not paying attention, she can replay in her "mind's ear" the instructor's last words, taking advantage of a process called:

A)auditory memory.
B)visual imagery encoding.
C)iconic memory.
D)echoic memory.

Question 41

In the absence of rehearsal, research has shown that information can be held in the short-term memory store for _____ seconds or less.

A)5
B)7
C)10
D)20

Question 42

Kelly is at a local bar having a drink. A young man starts flirting with her and approaches her. Kelly decides to tell him her number. He repeats the series of digits in his head over and over again until he has a chance to write it down. This process is known as:

A)encoding.
B)retrieval.
C)rehearsal.
D)short-term memory storage.

Question 43

The process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it is called:

A)rehearsal.
B)chunking.
C)memorizing.
D)mnemonic storage.

Question 44

Jessica Li held up three rows of four letters on a poster board to her high school class for a fraction of a second. She then removed it and immediately asked the class to name the 12 letters they had just been shown. Which memory store is being tested?

A)echoic
B)iconic
C)working
D)limited capacity

Question 45

Jessica Li held up three rows of four letters on a poster board to her high school class for a fraction of a second. She then removed it and immediately asked the class to name the 12 letters they had just been shown. Based on previous research, about how many letters would you expect individual students to recall?

A)0
B)5
C)8
D)10

Question 46

Jessica Li held up three rows of four letters on a poster board to her high school class for a fraction of a second. She then removed it and immediately asked the class to name the letters in the top, middle, or bottom row. Based on previous research, about how many letters in the row would you expect individual students to recall?

A)0
B)1
C)2
D)3 or 4

Question 47

Ann is trying to memorize 15 random, 2-digit numbers in only 10 seconds. She is very frustrated when she can't do it. Ann is having trouble memorizing the numbers in such a short period of time because short-term memory:

A)does not have transience.
B)can retain only about seven meaningful items.
C)must be primed.
D)relies on state-dependent retrieval.

Question 48

Short-term memory is limited in how long it can hold information and in the _____ information it can hold.

A)type of
B)utility of the
C)complexity of the
D)amount of

Question 49

In a classic memory study by Peterson and Peterson (1959), participants were given consonant strings to remember-such as DBX and HLM-and then were instructed to count backward from 100 by 3. After a variable amount of time, the participants were asked to recall the consonant strings. Asking participants to count backward effectively prevents:

A)sensory storage
B)iconic memory
C)short-term storage
D)rehearsal

Question 50

You look up a friend's address for the envelope of a letter you're writing. Suddenly, the phone rings. You abandon your address research to answer the phone, but it is a wrong number. When you get back to write down the address, you have forgotten it because _____ memory has failed you.

A)long-term
B)short-term
C)sensory
D)iconic

Question 51

Jason looked up a telephone number on his desktop computer but his cell phone is in another room. The easiest and perhaps most effective technique he can use to remember the number until he can get to his phone is:

A)organizational encoding.
B)visual imagery encoding.
C)state-dependent retrieval.
D)rehearsal.

Question 52

Iconic memories usually decay in about _____ or less.

A)1 second
B)7 seconds
C)1 minute
D)2 minutes

Question 53

Chunking is used to _____ information.

A)retrieve
B)organizationally encode
C)rehearse
D)visually encode

Question 54

In a classic memory study by Peterson and Peterson (1959), participants were given consonant strings to remember-such as DBX and HLM-and then were instructed to count backward from 100 by 3. After a variable amount of time (delay), the participants were asked to recall the consonant strings. Which statement accurately describes the results of the experiment?

A)There was no decrease in recall accuracy until the delay reached about 20 seconds.
B)A 3-second delay decreased accuracy by almost 80 percent.
C)A 20-second delay decreased accuracy by over 80 percent.
D)There was no decrease in recall accuracy until the delay reached about 7 seconds.

Question 55

Roger is using rehearsal to remember a telephone number. Each time he repeats the numbers, he is "reentering" the information into his short-term memory, thus adding _____ to the shelf life.

A)15 to 20 seconds
B)60 seconds
C)20 to 30 minutes
D)1 hour

Question 56

A sixth-grade teacher assigned as homework learning as many digits as possible of the math constant pi. The student who memorized the most digits of pi for the next day would receive a reward. Which advice would most help the students with their homework?

A)Chunk the digits of pi together.
B)Functionally fix the digits onto a mental representation.
C)Rehearse the digits constantly before reciting them.
D)Use flash cards to study the digits.

Question 57

It is helpful that local phone numbers are only seven digits long because seven items is the capacity of _____ memory.

A)sensory
B)short-term
C)iconic
D)long-term

Question 58

Short-term memory can hold:

A)a seven-digit telephone number but not a list of seven words.
B)approximately seven meaningful items.
C)information for no more than 3 minutes.
D)an unlimited amount of information.

Question 59

Echoic memories usually decay in about:

A)1 second.
B)5 seconds.
C)30 seconds.
D)60 seconds.

Question 60

Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters is known as:

A)rehearsal.
B)chunking.
C)elaborative encoding.
D)visual encoding.

Question 61

While Carla is out with friends one night she is hit by a speeding car. Carla is in a coma for three weeks. When she finally wakes up, she has trouble not only remembering what she was doing the night of the accident but also the names of her family and friends, her address, and where she goes to school. She can, however, form new memories. Carla is suffering from:

A)short-term memory loss.
B)anterograde amnesia.
C)retrograde amnesia.
D)iconic memory loss.

Question 62

Which statement summarizing research on whether training working memory skills improves cognitive performance on non-memory related tasks is true?

A)Over 50 years of research has clearly demonstrated that training working memory increases overall cognitive performance.
B)Training working memory skills has not been shown to increase cognitive performance on non-memory related tasks.
C)More research is needed to determine if enhancing working memory leads to increased cognitive performance on non-memory related tasks.
D)Efforts to study this research question have been thwarted by the fact that working memory skills cannot be improved with training.

Question 63

The inability to retrieve information acquired before a particular date, usually the date of brain trauma or surgery, is termed:

A)consolidation.
B)retrograde amnesia.
C)reconsolidation.
D)anterograde amnesia.

Question 64

Short-term memory is to working memory as:

A)function is to structure.
B)sensation is to attending.
C)place is to process.
D)frontal lobe is to temporal lobe.

Question 65

Information can be kept for hours, days, weeks, or years in the _____ memory store.

A)working
B)short-term
C)sensory
D)long-term

Question 66

You are volunteering at a psychiatric ward for the summer. On your first day, a man comes up to you and says you have very pretty eyes and asks your name. You thank him and give him your name. For the next four days, the same man approaches you, says you have pretty eyes, and asks for your name. After a week, you ask a doctor on the ward about this man, and the doctor tells you that the man suffers from:

A)retrograde amnesia.
B)anterograde amnesia.
C)retroactive interference.
D)proactive interference.

Question 67

Robert, a successful businessman, was in a terrible car accident. He now cannot remember any new pieces of information for more than a few seconds. However, he is able to remember everything before the accident perfectly clearly. Robert's condition is an example of:

A)suppression.
B)anterograde amnesia.
C)retrograde amnesia.
D)transfer-appropriate processing.

Question 68

The case of HM is a documented case of a patient who could not form new long-term memories due to the removal of his _____ and parts of his temporal lobe.

A)hippocampus
B)amygdala
C)corpus callosum
D)cerebellum

Question 69

People suffering from the same disorder as patient HM most probably would not be able to:

A)play a song learned long ago on the piano.
B)remember the names of their high school classmates.
C)remember the plot to the movie that they watched a few hours ago.
D)recognize their immediate family members.

Question 70

The famous patient who had a substantial portion of his hippocampus removed to stop seizure activity and, as a result, could not form any new memories is known by his initials:

A)MT.
B)HM.
C)HT.
D)TM.

Question 71

Research has indicated that, 50 years after graduation, people can accurately recognize _____ percent of their classmates from yearbook photographs.

A)7
B)50
C)75
D)90

Question 72

Working memory includes subsystems that store and manipulate:

A)sensory experiences only.
B)visual images only.
C)visual images and verbal information.
D)long-term memories organizationally encoded.

Question 73

The location in which information can be kept for hours to years is known as the _____ memory store.

A)sensory
B)short-term
C)working
D)long-term

Question 74

The case of HM is a documented case of a patient whose speech skills and intelligence were unaffected by the removal of his hippocampus and parts of his temporal lobe but who could not form new long-term memories. Which disorder did HM have?

A)normal forgetting
B)retrograde amnesia
C)prograde amnesia
D)anterograde amnesia

Question 75

In most people, the long-term memory store has:

A)no known capacity limits.
B)only a few limits on how much information can be stored.
C)no known capacity limits, as long as information is stored semantically.
D)a limit on how much can be stored after adulthood is reached.

Question 76

Devin was recently injured in a car accident on his way home from school. Afterward, he was physically fine and had just a couple scratches. However, he began to realize that he did not remember anything before the accident. Devin is experiencing:

A)anterograde amnesia.
B)retrograde amnesia.
C)memory consolidation.
D)proactive interference.

Question 77

Active maintenance of information in short-term memory is referred to as:

A)working memory.
B)sensory storage.
C)active memory.
D)labor storage.

Question 78

The inability to transfer new information from short-term to long-term memory is defined as:

A)normal forgetting.
B)retrograde amnesia.
C)prograde amnesia.
D)anterograde amnesia.

Question 79

Callie visited a dance club where the songs were "oldies but goodies." Although she had not gone dancing in more than 20 years, Callie remembered the lyrics to most of the songs. This was MOST likely because:

A)the hippocampus ages more slowly than the rest of the brain.
B)semantic memories are more easily recalled than procedural memories.
C)the information was stored in her long-term memory.
D)she used an acoustic encoding strategy.

Question 80

Brain-imaging studies indicate that the executive functioning underlying working memory is attributable to activity in the _____ lobe.

A)frontal
B)parietal
C)temporal
D)occipital