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Deck 5: Section 3: Consciousness
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Scenario II
Scenario II is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Bègue, L., Bushman, B. J., Zerhouni, O., Subra, B., & Ourabah, M. (2013). "Beauty is in the eye of the beer holder": People who think they are drunk also think they are attractive. British Journal of Psychology, 104(2), 225-234. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.2012.02114.x
Alcohol myopia refers to the fact that people often react to complex situations in simple ways when intoxicated. For example, we might attend to only highly salient stimuli in a complex social situation. One such stimulus is physical attractiveness. While numerous studies have investigated if alcohol makes us perceive others as more attractive, Bègue and colleagues (2013) wondered if alcohol increases the salience of feelings already held about our own self-attractiveness. In their first study (Figure 5.2A), 19 bar patrons completed a questionnaire and were asked to rank their own physical attractiveness on a scale of 0 (very unattractive) to 7 (very attractive). Then, the researchers measured the blood-alcohol level of each of these patrons using a breathalyzer test. In a second experiment, Bègue and colleagues investigated the relative contributions of alcohol and alcohol expectancies in modulating self-attractiveness. Using random assignment, male participants were administered either alcohol or a placebo that smelled and tasted like alcohol. In each group, a random half were told it was alcohol and the other half were told it was not. All participants were then instructed to create a sales pitch for the beverage that they just consumed. A female experimenter video-recorded the sales pitch. Finally, the participants watched their sales pitch and were asked to rank their self-attractiveness. A set of independent judges-unaware of the condition to which each participant was assigned-also watched every sales pitch and ranked the attractiveness of the participants. Figure 5.2B shows the mean (and standard deviations) self-attractiveness ratings of the participants and Figure 5.2C shows the mean attractiveness ratings as assessed by the judges.
Figure 5.2A (left), 5.2B (middle), and 5.2C (right)
(Scenario II) In the first study, what was the manipulated independent variable?
A)self-attractiveness rating only
B)blood-alcohol level only
C)self-attractiveness rating and blood-alcohol level
D)there was not a manipulated independent variable
Scenario II is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Bègue, L., Bushman, B. J., Zerhouni, O., Subra, B., & Ourabah, M. (2013). "Beauty is in the eye of the beer holder": People who think they are drunk also think they are attractive. British Journal of Psychology, 104(2), 225-234. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.2012.02114.x
Alcohol myopia refers to the fact that people often react to complex situations in simple ways when intoxicated. For example, we might attend to only highly salient stimuli in a complex social situation. One such stimulus is physical attractiveness. While numerous studies have investigated if alcohol makes us perceive others as more attractive, Bègue and colleagues (2013) wondered if alcohol increases the salience of feelings already held about our own self-attractiveness. In their first study (Figure 5.2A), 19 bar patrons completed a questionnaire and were asked to rank their own physical attractiveness on a scale of 0 (very unattractive) to 7 (very attractive). Then, the researchers measured the blood-alcohol level of each of these patrons using a breathalyzer test. In a second experiment, Bègue and colleagues investigated the relative contributions of alcohol and alcohol expectancies in modulating self-attractiveness. Using random assignment, male participants were administered either alcohol or a placebo that smelled and tasted like alcohol. In each group, a random half were told it was alcohol and the other half were told it was not. All participants were then instructed to create a sales pitch for the beverage that they just consumed. A female experimenter video-recorded the sales pitch. Finally, the participants watched their sales pitch and were asked to rank their self-attractiveness. A set of independent judges-unaware of the condition to which each participant was assigned-also watched every sales pitch and ranked the attractiveness of the participants. Figure 5.2B shows the mean (and standard deviations) self-attractiveness ratings of the participants and Figure 5.2C shows the mean attractiveness ratings as assessed by the judges.
Figure 5.2A (left), 5.2B (middle), and 5.2C (right)
(Scenario II) In the first study, what was the manipulated independent variable?
A)self-attractiveness rating only
B)blood-alcohol level only
C)self-attractiveness rating and blood-alcohol level
D)there was not a manipulated independent variable
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Scenario I
Scenario I is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Merikle, P. M., & Skanes, H. E. (1992). Subliminal self-help audiotapes: A search for placebo effects. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(5), 772-776. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.77.5.772
Merikle and Skanes (1992) investigated the effectiveness of subliminal self-help audiotapes to promote weight loss in overweight females seeking to lose weight. Participants were randomly assigned to groups. Participants in two groups were instructed to listen to audio tapes containing subliminal messages associated with weight loss daily. Group 1 (the subliminal group) actually received these tapes. Group 2 (the placebo group) received tapes containing subliminal messages associated with relieving dental anxiety. Finally, a third group of participants were not given audio tapes and were told that they were on a waiting list to participate in the study. All participants-including the participants on the waiting list-were weighed weekly for 5 weeks. The average total weight loss (and standard deviations) for the three groups after the fifth week is presented in Figure 5.1.
Figure 5.1
(Scenario I) If subliminal messages truly are effective at promoting weight loss then:
A)participants in the subliminal group should lose more weight than those in the other two groups.
B)only those participants in the subliminal group should lose weight.
C)participants in the subliminal and placebo groups should lose approximately the same amount of weight.
D)there must be no difference in weight loss between the placebo and waiting list groups
Scenario I is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Merikle, P. M., & Skanes, H. E. (1992). Subliminal self-help audiotapes: A search for placebo effects. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(5), 772-776. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.77.5.772
Merikle and Skanes (1992) investigated the effectiveness of subliminal self-help audiotapes to promote weight loss in overweight females seeking to lose weight. Participants were randomly assigned to groups. Participants in two groups were instructed to listen to audio tapes containing subliminal messages associated with weight loss daily. Group 1 (the subliminal group) actually received these tapes. Group 2 (the placebo group) received tapes containing subliminal messages associated with relieving dental anxiety. Finally, a third group of participants were not given audio tapes and were told that they were on a waiting list to participate in the study. All participants-including the participants on the waiting list-were weighed weekly for 5 weeks. The average total weight loss (and standard deviations) for the three groups after the fifth week is presented in Figure 5.1.
Figure 5.1
(Scenario I) If subliminal messages truly are effective at promoting weight loss then:
A)participants in the subliminal group should lose more weight than those in the other two groups.
B)only those participants in the subliminal group should lose weight.
C)participants in the subliminal and placebo groups should lose approximately the same amount of weight.
D)there must be no difference in weight loss between the placebo and waiting list groups
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Deck 5: Section 3: Consciousness
1
(Scenario I) Suppose that Merikle and Skanes (1992) had studied ONLY the subliminal and placebo groups. Based on these data, what is the MOST reasonable conclusion?
A)The subliminal messages were effective at facilitating weight loss.
B)The observed weight loss in both groups was entirely due to a placebo effect.
C)The subliminal messages might be effective at facilitating weight loss, but a waiting-list control group is needed to know for sure.
D)The observed weight loss in both groups could be due to a placebo effect.
A)The subliminal messages were effective at facilitating weight loss.
B)The observed weight loss in both groups was entirely due to a placebo effect.
C)The subliminal messages might be effective at facilitating weight loss, but a waiting-list control group is needed to know for sure.
D)The observed weight loss in both groups could be due to a placebo effect.
The observed weight loss in both groups could be due to a placebo effect.
2
(Scenario I) If weight loss were due to simply a placebo effect then:
A)participants in the placebo group should lose more weight than those in the subliminal group.
B)only those participants in the placebo group should lose weight.
C)participants in the subliminal and placebo groups should lose more weight than those on the waiting list.
D)there must be no difference in weight loss between the subliminal and waiting list groups.
A)participants in the placebo group should lose more weight than those in the subliminal group.
B)only those participants in the placebo group should lose weight.
C)participants in the subliminal and placebo groups should lose more weight than those on the waiting list.
D)there must be no difference in weight loss between the subliminal and waiting list groups.
participants in the subliminal and placebo groups should lose more weight than those on the waiting list.
3
(Scenario II) Based on the results depicted in Figures 5.2B and 5.2C, what can be reasonably concluded?
A)Alcohol intoxication increased ratings of self-attractiveness.
B)Alcohol expectancies increased ratings of self-attractiveness.
C)Both the pharmacological and expectancy effects of alcohol interacted to increase ratings of self-attractiveness.
D)Neither alcohol nor alcohol expectancies affected ratings of self-attractiveness.
A)Alcohol intoxication increased ratings of self-attractiveness.
B)Alcohol expectancies increased ratings of self-attractiveness.
C)Both the pharmacological and expectancy effects of alcohol interacted to increase ratings of self-attractiveness.
D)Neither alcohol nor alcohol expectancies affected ratings of self-attractiveness.
Alcohol expectancies increased ratings of self-attractiveness.
4
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Bègue, L., Bushman, B. J., Zerhouni, O., Subra, B., & Ourabah, M. (2013). "Beauty is in the eye of the beer holder": People who think they are drunk also think they are attractive. British Journal of Psychology, 104(2), 225-234. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.2012.02114.x
Alcohol myopia refers to the fact that people often react to complex situations in simple ways when intoxicated. For example, we might attend to only highly salient stimuli in a complex social situation. One such stimulus is physical attractiveness. While numerous studies have investigated if alcohol makes us perceive others as more attractive, Bègue and colleagues (2013) wondered if alcohol increases the salience of feelings already held about our own self-attractiveness. In their first study (Figure 5.2A), 19 bar patrons completed a questionnaire and were asked to rank their own physical attractiveness on a scale of 0 (very unattractive) to 7 (very attractive). Then, the researchers measured the blood-alcohol level of each of these patrons using a breathalyzer test. In a second experiment, Bègue and colleagues investigated the relative contributions of alcohol and alcohol expectancies in modulating self-attractiveness. Using random assignment, male participants were administered either alcohol or a placebo that smelled and tasted like alcohol. In each group, a random half were told it was alcohol and the other half were told it was not. All participants were then instructed to create a sales pitch for the beverage that they just consumed. A female experimenter video-recorded the sales pitch. Finally, the participants watched their sales pitch and were asked to rank their self-attractiveness. A set of independent judges-unaware of the condition to which each participant was assigned-also watched every sales pitch and ranked the attractiveness of the participants. Figure 5.2B shows the mean (and standard deviations) self-attractiveness ratings of the participants and Figure 5.2C shows the mean attractiveness ratings as assessed by the judges.
Figure 5.2A (left), 5.2B (middle), and 5.2C (right)
(Scenario II) In the first study, what was the manipulated independent variable?
A)self-attractiveness rating only
B)blood-alcohol level only
C)self-attractiveness rating and blood-alcohol level
D)there was not a manipulated independent variable
Scenario II is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Bègue, L., Bushman, B. J., Zerhouni, O., Subra, B., & Ourabah, M. (2013). "Beauty is in the eye of the beer holder": People who think they are drunk also think they are attractive. British Journal of Psychology, 104(2), 225-234. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.2012.02114.x
Alcohol myopia refers to the fact that people often react to complex situations in simple ways when intoxicated. For example, we might attend to only highly salient stimuli in a complex social situation. One such stimulus is physical attractiveness. While numerous studies have investigated if alcohol makes us perceive others as more attractive, Bègue and colleagues (2013) wondered if alcohol increases the salience of feelings already held about our own self-attractiveness. In their first study (Figure 5.2A), 19 bar patrons completed a questionnaire and were asked to rank their own physical attractiveness on a scale of 0 (very unattractive) to 7 (very attractive). Then, the researchers measured the blood-alcohol level of each of these patrons using a breathalyzer test. In a second experiment, Bègue and colleagues investigated the relative contributions of alcohol and alcohol expectancies in modulating self-attractiveness. Using random assignment, male participants were administered either alcohol or a placebo that smelled and tasted like alcohol. In each group, a random half were told it was alcohol and the other half were told it was not. All participants were then instructed to create a sales pitch for the beverage that they just consumed. A female experimenter video-recorded the sales pitch. Finally, the participants watched their sales pitch and were asked to rank their self-attractiveness. A set of independent judges-unaware of the condition to which each participant was assigned-also watched every sales pitch and ranked the attractiveness of the participants. Figure 5.2B shows the mean (and standard deviations) self-attractiveness ratings of the participants and Figure 5.2C shows the mean attractiveness ratings as assessed by the judges.
Figure 5.2A (left), 5.2B (middle), and 5.2C (right)
(Scenario II) In the first study, what was the manipulated independent variable?
A)self-attractiveness rating only
B)blood-alcohol level only
C)self-attractiveness rating and blood-alcohol level
D)there was not a manipulated independent variable
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5
(Scenario I) Suppose that a company markets a subliminal audio-tape designed for people wanting to lose weight. As evidence that the product is effective, it cites a study based on 100 randomly selected overweight participants demonstrating that people listening to the tapes for 10 weeks lost-on average-6 pounds. Which of these is NOT a reason to be skeptical of these claims?
A)The weight loss could have been due to a placebo effect.
B)The weight loss probably is not representative of how much weight a typical overweight person would lose.
C)The weight loss could be due simply to the fact that the participants were motivated to lose weight.
D)It is impossible to determine if the weight loss was caused by the subliminal messages based on the information provided.
A)The weight loss could have been due to a placebo effect.
B)The weight loss probably is not representative of how much weight a typical overweight person would lose.
C)The weight loss could be due simply to the fact that the participants were motivated to lose weight.
D)It is impossible to determine if the weight loss was caused by the subliminal messages based on the information provided.
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6
(Scenario II) Twenty participants were told that they received alcohol and were actually given alcohol. If an equal number of participants were exposed to the other conditions, how many total participants completed the study?
A)40
B)60
C)80
D)160
A)40
B)60
C)80
D)160
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7
(Scenario I) What were the independent and dependent variables in this study?
A)weight loss; audio-tape type (subliminal, placebo, none)
B)how often participants were weighed; weight loss
C)audio-tape type (subliminal, placebo, none); weight loss
D)weight loss; how often participants were weighed
A)weight loss; audio-tape type (subliminal, placebo, none)
B)how often participants were weighed; weight loss
C)audio-tape type (subliminal, placebo, none); weight loss
D)weight loss; how often participants were weighed
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8
(Scenario II) Based on the description of the first study and the results depicted in Figure 5.2A, what can be reasonably concluded?
A)With increasing blood-alcohol levels, alcohol causes people to think that they are more attractive.
B)Alcohol is not associated with perceptions of self-attractiveness.
C)There is a positive correlation between blood-alcohol levels and ratings of self-attractiveness.
D)There is a negative correlation between blood-alcohol levels and ratings of self-attractiveness.
A)With increasing blood-alcohol levels, alcohol causes people to think that they are more attractive.
B)Alcohol is not associated with perceptions of self-attractiveness.
C)There is a positive correlation between blood-alcohol levels and ratings of self-attractiveness.
D)There is a negative correlation between blood-alcohol levels and ratings of self-attractiveness.
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9
(Scenario II) What was the purpose of obtaining independent assessments of participant attractiveness in the second study?
A)to determine if participants were truthful about feeling more attractive when intoxicated
B)to determine if participants were truthful about feeling more attractive when they thought that they had consumed an alcoholic beverage
C)to determine if alcohol and/or alcohol expectancies caused participants to behave in ways that really did make them more attractive
D)to determine the relative contributions of alcohol and alcohol expectancies in modulating ratings of self-attractiveness
A)to determine if participants were truthful about feeling more attractive when intoxicated
B)to determine if participants were truthful about feeling more attractive when they thought that they had consumed an alcoholic beverage
C)to determine if alcohol and/or alcohol expectancies caused participants to behave in ways that really did make them more attractive
D)to determine the relative contributions of alcohol and alcohol expectancies in modulating ratings of self-attractiveness
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10
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Merikle, P. M., & Skanes, H. E. (1992). Subliminal self-help audiotapes: A search for placebo effects. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(5), 772-776. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.77.5.772
Merikle and Skanes (1992) investigated the effectiveness of subliminal self-help audiotapes to promote weight loss in overweight females seeking to lose weight. Participants were randomly assigned to groups. Participants in two groups were instructed to listen to audio tapes containing subliminal messages associated with weight loss daily. Group 1 (the subliminal group) actually received these tapes. Group 2 (the placebo group) received tapes containing subliminal messages associated with relieving dental anxiety. Finally, a third group of participants were not given audio tapes and were told that they were on a waiting list to participate in the study. All participants-including the participants on the waiting list-were weighed weekly for 5 weeks. The average total weight loss (and standard deviations) for the three groups after the fifth week is presented in Figure 5.1.
Figure 5.1
(Scenario I) If subliminal messages truly are effective at promoting weight loss then:
A)participants in the subliminal group should lose more weight than those in the other two groups.
B)only those participants in the subliminal group should lose weight.
C)participants in the subliminal and placebo groups should lose approximately the same amount of weight.
D)there must be no difference in weight loss between the placebo and waiting list groups
Scenario I is based on and presents fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Merikle, P. M., & Skanes, H. E. (1992). Subliminal self-help audiotapes: A search for placebo effects. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(5), 772-776. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.77.5.772
Merikle and Skanes (1992) investigated the effectiveness of subliminal self-help audiotapes to promote weight loss in overweight females seeking to lose weight. Participants were randomly assigned to groups. Participants in two groups were instructed to listen to audio tapes containing subliminal messages associated with weight loss daily. Group 1 (the subliminal group) actually received these tapes. Group 2 (the placebo group) received tapes containing subliminal messages associated with relieving dental anxiety. Finally, a third group of participants were not given audio tapes and were told that they were on a waiting list to participate in the study. All participants-including the participants on the waiting list-were weighed weekly for 5 weeks. The average total weight loss (and standard deviations) for the three groups after the fifth week is presented in Figure 5.1.
Figure 5.1
(Scenario I) If subliminal messages truly are effective at promoting weight loss then:
A)participants in the subliminal group should lose more weight than those in the other two groups.
B)only those participants in the subliminal group should lose weight.
C)participants in the subliminal and placebo groups should lose approximately the same amount of weight.
D)there must be no difference in weight loss between the placebo and waiting list groups
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11
(Scenario II) Based on the description of the second study, which of these statements is NOT true?
A)The judge ratings were manipulated independent variables.
B)A balanced placebo design was used.
C)The experimental design allows for determinations of cause and effect.
D)The presence or absence of alcohol expectancies was a manipulated independent variable.
A)The judge ratings were manipulated independent variables.
B)A balanced placebo design was used.
C)The experimental design allows for determinations of cause and effect.
D)The presence or absence of alcohol expectancies was a manipulated independent variable.
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12
(Scenario I) Suppose that the waiting list group did NOT lose weight. Based on these hypothetical findings, what is the MOST reasonable conclusion about the weight loss in the subliminal group?
A)The observed weight loss was entirely due to a placebo effect.
B)The observed weight loss was not due to placebo effects but rather due to participant motivation to lose weight.
C)The subliminal messages were truly effective at facilitating weight loss.
D)The observed weight loss was due to a combination of subliminal message effectiveness and placebo effects.
A)The observed weight loss was entirely due to a placebo effect.
B)The observed weight loss was not due to placebo effects but rather due to participant motivation to lose weight.
C)The subliminal messages were truly effective at facilitating weight loss.
D)The observed weight loss was due to a combination of subliminal message effectiveness and placebo effects.
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13
(Scenario I) Based on the entire data set shown in Figure 5.1, what is the MOST reasonable conclusion concerning the weight loss in the subliminal group?
A)The observed weight loss was entirely due to a placebo effect.
B)Placebo effects were minimal; but the observed weight loss was most likely due to participant motivation rather than the effectiveness of the subliminal messages.
C)The observed weight loss was due to the subliminal messages interacting with heightened sensitivity to weight caused by the weekly weigh-ins.
D)The observed weight loss was due to a combined effect of the subliminal messages and placebo effects.
A)The observed weight loss was entirely due to a placebo effect.
B)Placebo effects were minimal; but the observed weight loss was most likely due to participant motivation rather than the effectiveness of the subliminal messages.
C)The observed weight loss was due to the subliminal messages interacting with heightened sensitivity to weight caused by the weekly weigh-ins.
D)The observed weight loss was due to a combined effect of the subliminal messages and placebo effects.
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