Deck 5: Establishment of Intimate Relationships and Their Implications for Future Development

Question 1

Multiple attachments

A) imply more numerous but less intense social ties
B) are a sign of emotional insecurity
C) usually emerge soon after an infant forms a primary social attachment
D) precede specific attachments

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Two- to 3-month-old infants' _____ are thought to contribute greatly to the development of synchronized routines with caregivers.

A) emerging understandings of social contingencies
B) emerging understandings of complex emotions
C) warm experiences with caregivers shortly after birth
D) social smiles

Answer 2

emerging understandings of social contingencies

Question 3

With respect to the development of attachments, synchronized routines

A) can disrupt attachment in children with difficult temperaments
B) develop at age 7 months, after a secure attachment bond is formed
C) are rewarding for both infant and caregiver thereby promoting reciprocal attachments
D) are seen shortly after birth, thus accounting for parents' early emotional bonding with infants

Answer 3

are rewarding for both infant and caregiver thereby promoting reciprocal attachments

Question 4

Bowlby (1960) found that hospitalized children who have endured prolonged separations from their mothers

A) at first attempt to regain their mothers by protesting and demanding her return
B) often give up hope of being reunited with their mothers
C) may eventually become indifferent to their mothers
D) may lose interest in human relationships
E) all of these are possible

Question 5

An attachment relationship is characterized by

A) an extreme dependence of the attached parties on each other
B) the desire of attached parties to maintain proximity to one another
C) an inability of attached parties to function adequately in each other's absence
D) all of these

Question 6

Just prior to forming a primary attachment, infants

A) are apt to protest whenever anyone walks off and leaves them alone
B) are in the stage of multiple attachments
C) are largely asocial creatures
D) are apt to protest whenever anyone walks off and leaves them alone, and are in the stage of multiple attachements
E) none of these

Question 7

Developmentalists such as Bowlby and Spitz believed that

A) healthy attachments were necessary for normal social and personality development
B) loss of an attachment relationship poses no difficulties if it happens early (during infancy or early toddlerhood)
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 8

A good index as to whether an infant has established an attachment with a specific adult would be if the infant were to

A) cry a lot at home
B) smile a lot in the presence of strangers
C) engage in behaviors that promote proximity with that adult
D) become quiet and apathetic when in the proximity of that adult

Question 9

Infants under the age of 6 weeks will typically

A) smile more at people they know than at strangers
B) protest loudly when strangers approach
C) smile more at people than at other life-like stimuli such as puppets
D) show equally favorable reactions to many kinds of social and nonsocial stimuli

Question 10

Interactional synchrony refers to the

A) solitary but coordinated play behaviors of the pre-attached infant
B) meshing of parental and infant affect and behavior during face-to-face interactions
C) finding that interactions proceed more smoothly with attractive rather than unattractive babies
D) coordination of a woman's motherly and wifely roles

Question 11

According to Klaus and Kennell's "sensitive period" hypothesis

A) infants can become emotionally bonded to their mothers within hours after birth
B) mothers can become emotionally bonded to their infants within hours after giving birth
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 12

If Klaus and Kennell's "sensitive period" hypothesis were correct, then we would expect that _____ .

A) parents who had no contact with their infant during the sensitive period would not be as strongly attached to their infant as those who had had early contact with their babies
B) adoptive parents should be less closely attached to their infants than biological parents are
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 13

Research on early parent-to-infant emotional bonding indicates that

A) early skin-to-skin contact is neither crucial nor sufficient for the establishment of secure emotional ties
B) parents may begin to form positive emotional relations with their infants if they have close contact with them in the first few hours after giving birth
C) adoptive parents and their adoptees are less securely attached, on average, than biological parents and their children
D) early skin-to-skin contact is neither crucial nor sufficient for the establishment of secure emotional ties and parents may begin to form positive emotional relations with their infants if they have close contact with them in the first few hours after giving birth
E) parents may begin to form positive emotional relations with their infants if they have close contact with them in the first few hours after giving birth and adoptive parents and their adoptees are less securely attached, on average, than biological parents and their children

Question 14

Jared smiles more at people he sees regularly than at strangers. However, he loves to be held and was apt to protest whenever a family guest who has been holding him should lay him down in his crib and walk away. Jared seems to be in the

A) asocial phase of attachment
B) phase of indiscriminate attachments
C) phase of specific attachments
D) phase of multiple attachments

Question 15

Research on multiple attachments in the first year of life indicates that

A) infants have an attachment hierarchy in which their first attachment object remains their most preferred companion
B) infants have an attachment hierarchy in which the person who feeds them remains their most preferred companion
C) different attachment objects serve different functions, typically with fathers being preferred as protectors and comforters and mothers being preferred as playmates
D) different attachment objects serve different functions, typically with mothers being preferred as protectors and comforters and fathers being preferred as playmates

Question 16

In Schaffer and Emerson's (1964) classic study of the development of attachments in Scottish infants, _____ was taken as evidence that the child had formed a primary social attachment.

A) the onset of social smiling
B) the child's protests at being left alone
C) the child's discriminated smiling response
D) the child's discriminated separation protest

Question 17

Attachments are

A) strong affectional ties
B) relationships in which the parties involved are motivated to interact often and to maintain proximity to each other
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 18

Adoptive parents may well develop close emotional ties to their adopted children even if no contact was possible during the neonatal period because

A) attachments develop gradually from weeks and months of interaction
B) no child is allowed to be adopted unless he or she is socially responsive, and hence, likely to be loved
C) both of these
D) none of these; most adoptive parents do not form close attachments to adopted children

Question 19

Once children form a true emotional attachment they become

A) somewhat wary of strangers
B) more inclined to explore the environment in the presence of the attachment object
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 20

One observation implying that Klaus and Kennell's "sensitive period" interpretation of early emotional bonding is an overstatement is _____ .

A) the strong affection that most adoptive parents feel for their children
B) the fact that neonates do not show the same levels of affection for parents that parents display toward them
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 21

Some research (for example, Gunner and associates, 1992) reveals that infants respond most adaptively to being left with an unfamiliar babysitter if the sitter

A) assumes a "caretaker" role by first settling the infant and then pursuing her own interests
B) largely ignores the infant and talks to friends on the phone
C) assumes a "playmate" role by providing toys and playing with the baby
D) dons strange clothing such as a clown outfit that will make the baby laugh and forget his anxieties

Question 22

In explaining how infants become attached to their caregivers, a contemporary learning theorist would focus on _____ .

A) caregivers' feeding practices
B) caregivers' provision of a variety of pleasant or pleasurable experiences
C) caregivers' provision of contact comfort
D) the number of people to whom infants are exposed

Question 23

_____ cite babies' "Kewpie doll" appearance as a preadapted characteristic that elicits attention and affection from caregivers, thereby promoting attachments.

A) psychoanalysts
B) social-learning theorists
C) cognitive-developmentalists
D) ethologists

Question 24

Freud and Erikson agreed that

A) infants become "attached" once their primary caregivers assume the status of conditioned reinforcers
B) untrusting infants will become overdependent
C) feeding activities can be important to the formation of attachments
D) indiscriminate attachments are the result of excessive and unchecked oral gratification

Question 25

A basic assumption of the ethological approach to attachment is that

A) attachment is merely a form of "imprinting" that occurs in humans
B) the major purpose of mother-infant attachments is to protect the young of a species, thus allowing them to develop and reproduce
C) attachment occurs in roughly the same way in all species
D) attachment is merely a form of "imprinting" that occurs in humans and attachment occurs in roughly the same way in all species
E) all of these

Question 26

The "Strange Situation" measures the _____ of attachment that an infant established with a close companion by analyzing _____ .

A) strength; the infant's reactions to separation from the close companion
B) strength; the infant's reaction to strange environments, strangers, and separations from the close companion
C) quality; the infant's reactions to separations from the close companion
D) quality; the infant's reactions to strange environments, strangers, and separations from the close companion

Question 27

In Erikson's theorizing, the strength or security of an infant's attachment to a caregiver is primarily a reflection of

A) the caregiver's feeding practices
B) the amount of contact-comfort the caregiver provides
C) the sense of trust the infant has developed toward the caregiver
D) the caregiver's value as a conditioned reinforcer

Question 28

The theorist who would most likely stress that infants play an active role in the attachment process is

A) John Bowlby
B) Harry Harlow
C) Erik Erikson
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 29

Necessary separations can be made less painful for older infants and toddlers

A) if the substitute caregiver immediately attempts to establish a positive relationship with the child by picking him/her up
B) if the child is given some reminder of the home setting (for example, a teddy bear or security blanket) to carry around with him or her
C) if all reminders of home are removed so that the child is forced to deal adaptively with his/her new surroundings
D) if the substitute caregiver immediately attempts to establish a positive relationship with the child by picking him/her up and if the child is given some reminder of the home setting to carry around with him or her
E) if the substitute caregiver immediately attempts to establish a positive relationship with the child by picking him/her up and if all reminders of home are removed so that the child is forced to deal adaptively with his/her new surroundings

Question 30

Contemporary learning theorists have adopted a position similar to _____ in assuming that a caregiver's _____ is a strong predictor of the strength or security of an infant's primary attachment.

A) Freud's; feeding practices
B) Erikson's; responsiveness
C) Bowlby's; reactions to the baby's innate social responses
D) Klaus & Kennell's; contact with the baby in the first few hours

Question 31

Ethologists argue that attachments build from biologically programmed responses that influence

A) how an infant behaves toward a caregiver
B) how a caregiver responds to an infant
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 32

When assessing the contribution of various psychoanalytic, social learning, cognitive, and ethological theories of attachment

A) all four make important, complementary contributions to our understanding of attachment
B) the evidence clearly favors ethological theory and refutes the psychoanalytic and learning approaches
C) the evidence clearly favors learning theories and refutes the cognitive- developmental approach
D) the evidence clearly establishes cognitive-developmental theory as the strongest explanation for infant attachments

Question 33

One way to make necessary separations more tolerable for toddlers and to reduce their separation distress is to

A) prepare the child in advance for the separation
B) provide the child with a detailed explanation about where "Mommy" is going and when she is likely to return
C) provide the child with a brief explanation about where "Mommy" is going and when she is likely to return
D) prepare the child in advance for the separation and provide the child with a detailed explanation about where "Mommy" is going and when she is likely to return
E) prepare the child in advance for the separation and provide the child with a brief explanation about where "Mommy" is going and when she is likely to return

Question 34

Harlow and Zimmerman's classic study of attachment in rhesus monkeys revealed that _____ was the primary factor in promoting primary attachments.

A) feeding practices
B) provision of tactile stimulation
C) preprogrammed biological responses
D) development of object permanence

Question 35

Harlow and Zimmerman's (1959) classic "surrogate mother" study with monkeys showed that

A) attachment follows different courses in monkeys and humans
B) monkeys must have achieved a certain level of object permanence before they will form attachments
C) contact comfort delayed the onset of stranger anxiety
D) feeding is not the primary determinant of attachments in monkeys

Question 36

Schaffer and Emerson's (1964) study on the relationship between maternal feeding practices and attachment revealed that

A) breast feeding results in stronger mother-infant attachments than bottle feeding
B) infants fed "on demand" were more closely attached than those fed at regular intervals
C) none of the maternal feeding practices were related to the strength of mother-infant attachments
D) in the vast majority of the cases, it was the father rather than the mother who became the child's primary attachment object

Question 37

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, infants should form primary attachments with _____ .

A) whoever feeds them regularly
B) whoever responds most consistently to all of their needs
C) whoever provides the most "contact comfort"
D) their closest genetic relatives

Question 38

Early learning theorists suggested that the development of infant attachment largely depended on

A) the caregiver becoming a conditioned stimulus for positive outcomes (or a secondary reinforcer)
B) pleasure derived from oral activities
C) the maturity of object permanence in the infant
D) preprogrammed infant behaviors that stimulate contact with caregivers

Question 39

A common misunderstanding about the ethological theory of attachment is the idea that

A) attachment is under cognitive control
B) attachments are reciprocal bonds between caregiver and infant
C) attachments are "automatic" if the child has a regular caregiver
D) infants are passive participants in the attachment process

Question 40

Evidence for the role of cognitive development in the establishment of attachments comes from studies showing that

A) the timing of primary attachment is related to the child's level of object permanence
B) children with higher IQs are more securely attached
C) attachment occurs during the period of primary circular reactions
D) infants show no evidence of forming attachments before they are capable of inner experimentation

Question 41

In the "Strange Situation" procedure, researchers pay particular attention to

A) how much time the mother spends interacting with her infant
B) the infant's exploration of a strange room, and his or her behavior when the mother returns after a separation
C) whether the infant shares toys with another, unfamiliar infant
D) the infant's reactions to unfamiliar mechanical toys

Question 42

Mary Main believes that the introduction of _____ into an otherwise adequate caregiving relationship may be responsible for the development of disorganized/disoriented attachments.

A) selfishness on the caregiver's part
B) an alternative caregiver
C) fear
D) sibling rivalry

Question 43

An avoidant attachment may result if

A) a mother resents or rejects her infant
B) a mother is highly intrusive and frequently overarouses her infant
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 44

Mothers who are generally affectionate but who tend to respond to their child when they feel like being responsive are likely to have children who are

A) securely attached
B) resistant
C) avoidant
D) disorganized/disoriented

Question 45

Cross-cultural studies of infants' behavior in the "Strange Situation" reveals that _____ is the most common kind of attachment that infants display.

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) resistant
D) disorganized/disoriented

Question 46

Susan and her mother are participating in the "Strange Situation." When Susan's mother returns to the room, Susan acts resentful but moves closer, staying near until Mom tries to hug her. Susan's attachment classification is most likely

A) secure
B) resistant
C) avoidant
D) disorganized/disoriented

Question 47

One-year-old Julie, who is playing with her toy, happens to notice her mother leaving the room. Julie becomes upset and whimpers but soon resumes playing. Five minutes later, Julie smiles and willingly accepts a hug when her mother reenters the room, and then ventures away from mom to play with a distant object. Julie's attachment appears to be

A) secure
B) resistant
C) avoidant
D) disordanized/disoriented

Question 48

An infant reacts to the "Strange Situation" by appearing anxious around her mother and strangers, becoming very upset over separations, and by remaining near the mother in reunion episodes although preferring not to have any close physical contact with her. Ainsworth would classify this youngster's attachment as

A) resistant
B) avoidant
C) disorganized/disoriented
D) secure

Question 49

Fourteen-month-old John sees his mother return to the room after a separation episode in the "Strange Situation." He runs halfway to her and suddenly turns and moves just as quickly away. John's attachment is probably

A) secure
B) resistant
C) avoidant
D) disorganized/disoriented

Question 50

_____ attachments seem to be especially common among infants who have been abused by caregivers.

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) resistant
D) disorganized/disoriented

Question 51

Infants who are securely attached tend to have caregivers who are

A) extremely permissive
B) responsive when the caregiver chooses to be responsive
C) generally warm and responsive
D) generally unresponsive and impatient

Question 52

Zoe loves her infant and consistently tries to stimulate him in play, particularly when he shows signs of becoming fussy. This treatment might be expected to lead her son to form a(n)

A) resistant attachment
B) secure attachment
C) disorganized/disoriented attachment
D) avoidant attachment

Question 53

A securely attached infant in the Strange-Situation is

A) visibly distressed when her mother leaves the room
B) wary of strangers in the mother's absence
C) happy to see the mother when she returns
D) all of these

Question 54

An infant who is uninterested in exploring strange environments particularly wary of strangers companions when they return after a separation would be classified by Ainsworth as

A) resistant
B) avoidant
C) disorganized/disoriented
D) secure

Question 55

Freida (18 months) and her mother are visiting at a friend's house. When Freida's mother and her friend go into the kitchen for tea, Freida appears undisturbed. Twenty minutes later her mother emerges from the kitchen and tries to pick Freida up. Freida is unresponsive and wants to get down. When put down, Freida ignores her mother and wanders around playing with toys. This best demonstrates which sort of attachment relationship?

A) disorganized/disoriented
B) resistant
C) avoidant
D) secure

Question 56

A mother who is inconsistent in her caregiving--sometimes enthusiastic and involved and sometimes distant--is most likely to have a child who has a

A) resistant attachment
B) secure attachment
C) disorganized/disoriented attachment
D) avoidant attachment

Question 57

The only attachment measure that provides a direct assessment of attachment security and is appropriate for infants, toddlers, and preschool children is

A) the "Strange Situation"
B) the Attachment Q-set
C) the Adult Attachment Interview
D) paper and pencil measures of adults' recollections of their attachment relationships with caregivers

Question 58

During the "Strange Situation", an infant who is securely attached

A) will explore strange environments while alone with the mother
B) is very outgoing with strangers when the mother is absent
C) is visibly upset by separations and welcomes contact with the mother when she returns
D) will explore strange environments while alone with the mother and is very outgoing with strangers when the mother is absent
E) will explore strange environments while alone with the mother and is visibly upset by separations and welcomes contact with the mother when she returns

Question 59

Ainsworth's "Strange Situation" for assessing attachment quality has been criticized for

A) creating exaggerated emotional reactions in young children
B) providing an assessment of infant behavior that may not generalize to the home setting
C) being of limited usefulness for characterizing the attachments of children much older than 2 years of age
D) all of these

Question 60

Cross-cultural research indicates that the percentages of children who fall into each of the four attachment classifications

A) are quite consistent across different cultures
B) vary somewhat across cultures and seem to reflect cultural differences in child rearing practices
C) vary greatly across cultures and seem to reflect racial and ethnic differences in child temperament
D) vary somewhat across cultures and seem to reflect racial and ethnic differences in child temperament

Question 61

A recent review of 34 studies revealed that sharp increases in the incidence of insecure attachments were most closely associated with

A) maternal problems such as illness, depression, and other life stresses
B) child problems such as illness, prematurity, and other psychological disorders
C) children's irritable or unresponsive temperaments
D) all of these

Question 62

Critics of Ainsworth's attachment theory (for example, Jerome Kagan) believe that the "Strange Situation" really measures individual differences in _____ rather than the quality of infant attachments.

A) infant temperament
B) infant intelligence
C) infant curiosity
D) maternal caregiving

Question 63

According to Kagan's temperament hypothesis, an infant who has a difficult temperament is most likely to form _____ attachments.

A) secure
B) resistant
C) avoidant
D) disorganized/disoriented

Question 64

Behavioral genetic studies of the similarity of attachment classifications displayed by identical and fraternal twins imply that _____ .

A) genotype and such genetically-influenced characteristics as temperamental attributes contribute substantially to the kinds of attachments infants form
B) such shared environmental influences as interacting with the same sensitive or insensitive caregiver contribute substantially to the kinds of attachments twin infants form
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 65

Caregivers may find it relatively easy to be sensitive and responsive toward their baby if

A) they are clinically depressed, so that the infant's positive responses have a therapeutic effect
B) they were rejected themselves as children and vow to parent differently than they were parented
C) they had not planned the pregnancy and thus, are less anxious about the responsibilities of parenthood
D) all of these
E) none of these

Question 66

When insensitive caregivers receive social support and tips on sensitive parenting

A) their parenting improves but their children still form insecure attachments
B) their parenting improves and their children form secure attachments, unless these youngsters are extremely irritable
C) their parenting improves and their children become more inclined to establish and maintain secure attachments with them
D) none of these

Question 67

Unwanted Czechoslovakian children in one longitudinal study showed many developmental impairments largely because

A) they were less healthy than wanted children from birth and had extremely difficult temperaments
B) their parents were not very invested in fostering the development of children they did not care to raise
C) of their parents' lack of competence at parenting
D) a and c
E) all of these

Question 68

Among the caregiver characteristics that increase the likelihood that infants will form insecure attachments are

A) clinical depression
B) having been neglected in childhood
C) having a negative attitude toward pregnancy because the pregnancy was unplanned
D) all of the these

Question 69

One study of Czechoslovakian children whose mothers had unplanned, unwanted pregnancies found that, compared to children who had been "wanted," these "unwanted" children

A) quickly changed their mothers' attitudes and developed normally from infancy onward
B) showed developmental impairments throughout the school years and into adulthood
C) showed insecure attachments in infancy but otherwise were indistinguishable from "wanted" peers
D) none of these

Question 70

Recent research on the interplay between caregiving, infant temperament, and attachments reveals that

A) quality of caregiving is the most important factor in determining whether an infants's attachment with a caregiver is secure or insecure
B) infant temperament is the most important factor in determining whether an infant's attachment with a caregiver is secure or insecure
C) infant temperament is a strong predictor of the specific type of insecurity that infants with insecure attachments display
D) quality of caregiving is the most important factor in determining whether an infants's attachment with a caregiver is secure or insecure and infant temperament is a strong predictor of the specific type of insecurity that infants with insecure attachments display
E) infant temperament is the most important factor in determining whether an infant's attachment with a caregiver is secure or insecure and infant temperament is a strong predictor of the specific type of insecurity that infants with insecure attachments display

Question 71

Which of the following caregiver characteristics is least likely to interfere with the attachment process?

A) being clinically depressed
B) having a child as a result of an unplanned pregnancy
C) having a warm and supportive relationship with one's spouse
D) having been abused or neglected as a child

Question 72

Which of the following observations would Kagan's temperament hypothesis find difficult to explain?

A) when mothers receive parenting training, most infants with difficult temperaments form secure attachments
B) infants can be securely attached to one parent and insecurely attached to the other
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 73

Irritable, unresponsive infants who are at risk of alienating close companions are likely to continue to experience non-synchronous interactions with their parents

A) if they are boys
B) if their parents are unhappily married
C) if they are adoptees rather than biological offspring
D) all of these

Question 74

A poor marital relationship

A) is typically improved by the arrival of a baby
B) often interferes with parents' attachment to their infant
C) often promotes attachments as unhappy spouses set their differences aside and cooperate with each other to establish synchronous interactions with their infants
D) is typically improved by the arrival of a baby and often promotes attachments as unhappy spouses set their differences aside and cooperate with each other to establish synchronous interactions with their infants

Question 75

When assessed in the Strange Situation, Garrison showed little distress when his mother left the room and avoided her upon reunion. Kagan's temperament hypothesis would expect Garrison to have a _____ temperament.

A) easy
B) difficult
C) slow-to-warm-up
D) irritable

Question 76

Caregivers who were themselves unloved, neglected, or abused as children

A) are especially inclined to be sensitive caregivers
B) readily establish interactional synchrony with their infants
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 77

According to Kagan's temperament hypothesis classified as having _____ attachments.

A) avoidant; resistant
B) avoidant; avoidant
C) resistant; avoidant
D) resistant; resistant

Question 78

In summarizing the literature on the contribution of infant temperament and maternal caregiving to the quality of infant attachments, it appears that

A) the quality of infant attachments depends almost exclusively on the mother's patterns of caregiving
B) infant temperament is the primary determinant of the quality of attachments
C) mothers who provide high levels of stimulation are contributing to the development of secure attachments, regardless of their babies' temperamental characteristics
D) secure attachments evolve when there is a good fit between the caregiving a baby receives and his or her temperament

Question 79

When caregivers are clinically depressed

A) their infants will form disorganized/disoriented attachments
B) their infants become hyperactive and fussy with them but show adequate social skills when interacting with other nondepressed adults
C) their infants are likely to form secure attachments nonetheless
D) their infants are at risk of forming some kind of insecure attachment

Question 80

_______ is a caregiver attribute or experience that places infants at risk of forming a disorganized/disoriented attachment.

A) alcohol or drug abuse
B) grief over loss of a loved one
C) playing games that frighten the child
D) alcohol or drug abuse and grief over loss of a loved one
E) all of these