Deck 4: Emotional Development and Temperament

Question 1

Which of the following is not a component of an emotion?

A) a positive or negative feeling
B) physiological responses
C) a goal
D) none of these

Answer 1

D

Question 2

When 2- to 6-month olds experience a loss in ability to control some object (or person) in the environment, they may experience

A) anger
B) fear
C) sadness
D) anger and fear
E) anger and sadness

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The primary emotion of joy often accompanies the 4 to 6-month-old infant's discovery that he can _____, whereas sadness or anger are a common reaction to _____.

A) recognize himself in a mirror; failing to solve a puzzle
B) control objects; disconfirmation of learned expectancies
C) appraise his performance as a success; another baby's successful task performance
D) interpret others' emotions; feeling embarrassed or otherwise self-conscious

Answer 3

B

Question 4

_____ proposes that the most basic purpose of emotions is to influence behavior or promote some action toward achieving a goal.

A) primary emotions theory
B) secondary emotions theory
C) the functionalist perspective on emotions
D) discrete emotions theory

Question 5

_____ proposes that newborns and young infants emit global displays of positive or negative affect and that even simple emotions must develop over time.

A) discrete emotions theory
B) the functionalist perspective on emotions
C) primary emotions theory
D) secondary emotions theory

Question 6

Newborn infants are likely to display facial expressions of all but one of the following emotions:

A) anger
B) distress
C) disgust
D) interest

Question 7

_____ are emotions first seen between 2 and 7 months of age.

A) surprise
B) anger
C) sadness
D) fear
E) all of these

Question 8

All emotions that are not present at birth seem to require some _____ in order to appear.

A) learning
B) object permanence
C) rule awareness
D) inner experimentation

Question 9

One clue that primary or basic emotions have deep biological roots is that they

A) emerge at about the same ages in all normal infants
B) are displayed and interpreted similarly in all cultures
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 10

Infants' reactions to their mothers' "still faces" implies that they

A) expect their mothers to respond appropriately to their social overtures
B) are embarrassed by their inability to induce their mothers to respond to them
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 11

Which of the following observations implies that young infants experience and convey distinct emotions?

A) adults observing the same facial expressions agree about the babies' emotions
B) adults correctly deciphering the meaning of babies' coos, cries, and "blurts" of excitation
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 12

Infants first appear to share positive affect with others

A) shortly after birth whenever they are rocked, stroked or fed
B) by age 2 months when they successfully master a toy
C) by age 3 to 6 months while interacting with a smiling caregiver
D) by age 8 months, when they begin to display social referencing

Question 13

During the first 6 months of life, raised-cheek (or big) smiles are most likely to be observed when an infant

A) is lying alone after a feeding
B) is attending to an animated puppet
C) successfully operates and controls objects such as toy
D) is interacting with a smiling caregiver

Question 14

The first signs of happiness that infants display are

A) the smiles shown in response to a full stomach or gentle soothing
B) social smiles emitted while interacting with caregivers
C) smiles observed when infants master a toy
D) big smiles elicited upon reunion with a familiar caregiver

Question 15

According to developmentalists who study emotions, an emotion consists of

A) a positive or negative feeling
B) physiological responses that accompany a feeling
C) thoughts that accompany a feeling
D) all of these

Question 16

Sue opens her birthday package, finds the arts materials she hoped to receive, and her heart pounds. She feels really good, which prompts her to turn and say, "Thank you Grandma for these art materials." Of these reactions, which would not be considered a component of Sue's happy emotion:

A) her desire to thank her grandmother
B) her pounding heart
C) the act of unwrapping the gift
D) the thought that her wish was granted
E) all of these

Question 17

Upon discovering that he can no longer control an interesting visual display, a 5-month-old becomes highly agitated but shows little physiological evidence of stress. This infant is likely experiencing

A) anger
B) sadness
C) fear
D) disgust

Question 18

The first "negative" emotion that infants display is

A) distress
B) anger
C) sadness
D) fear

Question 19

_____ proposes that basic emotions that humans display are products of evolution and have adaptive value.

A) discrete emotions theory
B) primary emotions theory
C) secondary emotions theory
D) the functionalist perspective on emotions

Question 20

Suppose that the mother of a month-old infant claims that her infant displays interest, contentment, and disgust. Research suggests that the mother's claim is

A) likely because infants first display distinct emotions at age 4 weeks
B) likely because even newborns display these particular emotions
C) unlikely because raters cannot reliably identify distinct emotions in infants this young
D) unlikely because disgust and interest do not appear until 4 to 6 months of age

Question 21

The proposition that infants fear strangers because they cannot explain who the stranger is or what has become of familiar companions is the explanation for stranger anxiety offered by

A) psychoanalysts
B) evolutionary theorists
C) behavioral geneticists
D) cognitive-developmentalists

Question 22

According to research on the sequencing of infant emotions, _____ appears to be necessary for the appearance of all complex emotions.

A) object permanence
B) social referencing
C) self recognition
D) rule awareness

Question 23

Evolutionary theorists propose that stranger anxiety is stronger _____ because _____.

A) in unfamiliar environments; the strangeness of the environment magnifies infants' wariness of strangers
B) at home; the familiar home environment highlights the stranger's unfamiliarity
C) when infants are seated near their attachment object; they fear the stranger will take them from loved ones
D) none of these

Question 24

With the appearance of complex, self-evaluative emotions during the second and third years of life, children are likely to display _____ when they succeed at a challenge and _____ should they fail.

A) happiness; shame or evaluative embarrassment
B) happiness; guilt
C) pride; guilt
D) pride; shame or evaluative embarrassment

Question 25

Upon discovering that she can no longer control an interesting visual display, a 5-month-old becomes less animated and shows physiological evidence of being stressed. This infant is likely experiencing

A) anger
B) sadness
C) fear
D) disgust

Question 26

According to cognitive-developmental theorists most likely to cry when separated from their mothers if

A) the separation is initiated by the child
B) the separation occurs in the home where the infant has associated stress and discomfort with the mother's absence
C) the child is left with a reminder of home
D) the child cannot explain where the mother may have gone

Question 27

Billy steals $.75 from his mother's purse to buy an Eskimo pie from the ice-cream man. He then feels bad about his misdeed and confesses, offering to pay his mother back out of next week's allowance. Billy is experiencing _____.

A) shame
B) guilt
C) evaluative embarrassment
D) anxiety about being caught and the hope that mom will go easy on him for confessing

Question 28

theorists believe that infants are wary of strangers because

A) they fear that strangers will take them away from their loved ones
B) strange faces elicit a preprogrammed fear of the unfamiliar
C) their inability to explain who a stranger is makes them apprehensive
D) infants associate strange faces with doctors and thus fear that they will receive a shot

Question 29

The last primary negative emotion to appear during the first 6 to 7 months of life is

A) distress
B) anger
C) sadness
D) fear

Question 30

An early "fear" that is closely tied to the formation of an infant's first emotional attachment is

A) stranger anxiety
B) separation anxiety
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 31

Negative reactions to strangers are more intense when

A) the encounter occurs in a familiar setting that highlights the stranger's unfamiliarity
B) the infant has yet to form an attachment
C) the infant controls the pace of the interaction
D) attachment objects are unavailable to the child

Question 32

Infants show little fear of strangers when

A) the stranger approaches quickly
B) they are seated away from their mothers
C) the infant controls the pace of the interaction
D) the stranger appears in a strange setting

Question 33

Evolutionary theorists explain the early separation protests of infants from many nonindustrialized societies by claiming that

A) these infants have learned that their needs are unlikely to be met in the caregiver's absence
B) separations from caregivers are highly unusual and, thus, fear-provoking events
C) these infants have no idea where caregivers are going or when they will return
D) all of these

Question 34

Evolutionary theorists explain infants' fear of strangers by arguing that strange faces

A) elicit fear, even among neonates
B) are natural clues to danger
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 35

Separation anxiety

A) typically emerges at 4-6 months of age
B) peaks at 8-10 months of age
C) appears earlier in Western cultures than in nonindustrialized countries such as Uganda
D) peaks at 8-10 months of age and appears earlier in Western cultures than in nonindustrialized countries such as Uganda
E) none of these

Question 36

Stranger anxiety

A) precedes the onset of primary attachments by approximately one month
B) peaks during the latter half of the first year
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 37

Thinking that his mother is in the kitchen, 10-month-old Billy becomes upset and cries when he crawls there from the living room and fails to find her. This observation supports the _____ interpretation(s) of separation anxiety.

A) psychoanalytic
B) evolutionary theory
C) cognitive-developmental
D) all of these

Question 38

Embarrassment is an example of a complex emotion that seems to require _____ in order to appear.

A) self-recognition
B) rule awareness
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 39

Four-year-old Susan steals a cookie between meals and feels uneasy about her misdeed. She says to herself, "You are a bad girl" and slinks away to her room to avoid having to interact with her mother. Susan is experiencing _____ .

A) shame
B) guilt
C) evaluative embarrassment
D) generalized anxiety about being caught and punished

Question 40

Shame and pride are examples of complex emotions that seem to require _____ in order to happen.

A) self-recognition
B) rule awareness
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 41

Children first begin to notice and react to the emotional expressions of other people

A) at birth or shortly thereafter
B) at age 3 to 4 months when they discriminate photos of neutral, sad, and angry faces
C) by age 8 to 12 months when they become capable of social referencing
D) by age 18-24 months when they begin to display complex emotions such as embarrassment

Question 42

Social referencing refers to

A) an infant's tendency to interpret ambiguous situations by reading others' emotional reactions to those situations
B) an infant's tendency to communicate needs and wants by sending emotional messages to his or her companions
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 43

Rather than seeking information when social referencing, infants and toddlers may sometimes be treating adults' emotional cues as

A) greetings
B) playful prompts
C) commands
D) an adult's imitation of their own emotions

Question 44

A 3-month-old infant's tendency to become _____ in response to her mother's naturalistic displays of _____ provides evidence that the infant can discriminate and react appropriately to her mother's emotional expressions.

A) gleeful; happy
B) distressed; angry
C) distressed; sad
D) all of these

Question 45

When asked to label the emotional expressions posed by others in photographs, even 5-year-olds often fail to correctly label the emotion _____ .

A) surprise
B) disgust
C) embarrassment
D) all of these

Question 46

Children younger than 3 are poor at correctly labeling the emotional expressions of people in photographs, often characterizing most emotional expressions as

A) sad
B) mad
C) happy
D) scared

Question 47

Emotions play a major role in early social development. Infant emotional expressions serve to _____ , and infants' emerging abilities to interpret others' emotions _____ .

A) communicate infants' needs and goals; further their knowledge and understanding of their environments
B) further infants' understanding of their environments; communicate infants' needs and goals
C) communicate infants' needs and goals; communicate infants' needs and goals
D) further infants' understanding of their environments; further infants' understanding of their environments

Question 48

Parents clearly influence children's expressions of complex emotions. Research reveals that mothers who accentuate the positive as their children work on puzzles generally showed _____ negative have children who generally showed _____ .

A) more pleasure than shame; more shame than pride
B) more pride than shame; more shame than pride
C) more pride than shame; more embarrassment than pride
D) more pleasure than shame; more embarrassment than pleasure

Question 49

Parents' reactions to a child's transgressions influence children's emotional reactions to their misdeeds. Children whose parents belittle them (e.g., you're bad, thoughtless, etc.) are likely to feel _____ , whereas parents who criticize their children's inappropriate acts and explain why these acts are wrong are more likely to feel _____ .

A) guilty; shameful
B) guilty; embarrassed
C) shameful; guilty
D) shameful; embarrassed

Question 50

Clear evidence that 7-month-old infants can discriminate different emotions in facial displays is the observation that they

A) emit different patterns of brain wave activity (ERPs) to photos posing different emotions
B) show stronger ERPs to happy rather than fearful faces
C) look longer at fearful rather than happy faces
D) emit different paters of brain wave activity (ERPs) to photos posing difference emotions and look longer at fearful rather than happy faces
E) all of these

Question 51

As young adolescents, members of the ____ sex are more susceptiable to serious bouts of depression, largely because ____________.

A) male; they have more stressful experiences with both parents and peers
B) female; they have more stressful experiences with both parents and peers
C) female; they are bothered more by the hassles they experience with parents & peers
D) a and c
E) none of these; boys and girls are equally susceptible to depression early in adolescence

Question 52

Infants begin to discriminate and to respond appropriately to the facial expressions of close companions

A) from the first day of life
B) at age 3-4 months if the companion's facial expression of emotion is accompanied by an appropriate tone of voice
C) at age 7-9 months if the companion's facial expression of emotion is accompanied by an appropriate tone of voice
D) by the end of the first year

Question 53

When asked to label the emotional expressions posed by others in photographs, 3- to 4-year olds use the label _____ to characterize positive emotions and _____ to characterize negative emotions.

A) happy; scared
B) happy; sad/angry
C) surprised; scared
D) surprised; sad/angry

Question 54

The best predictor of the amount of negative emotionality that adolescents display is

A) hormonal changes that accompany sexual maturation
B) daily hassles with parents
C) stressful life events of all kinds
D) none of these

Question 55

Ten-month-old Juan falls, skins his knee, and notices his mother grimace and look upset. A second or two later, Juan begins to cry. Juan's crying behavior

A) is prompted, in part, by social referencing
B) illustrates his knowledge of emotional display rules
C) illustrates his self-awareness
D) reflects his deceitful attempt to manipulate his mother's emotions

Question 56

Increases in negative emotionality often seen among adolescents

A) continue throughout adolescence
B) have generally leveled off by mid-adolescence
C) are a major problem for a clear majority of adolescents
D) continue throughout adolescence and are a major problem for a clear majority of adolescents
E) have generally leveled off by mid-adolescence and are a major problem for a clear majority of adolescents

Question 57

By the end of the first year a nearby stranger displays a look of concern; this tendency to use the stranger's expression as a cue for action illustrates the infant's _____ .

A) approach; compliance with emotional display rules
B) approach; social referencing
C) avoid; compliance with emotional display rules
D) avoid; social referencing

Question 58

The infant's emerging emotional capabilities play an important role in early social development by

A) signaling the infant's reactions to social stimulation
B) communicating the infant's needs and desires
C) allowing the infant to infer how he or she should be feeling or behaving in ambiguous situations
D) signaling the infant's reactions to social stimulation and communicating the infant's needs and desires
E) all of these

Question 59

The aspect of early emotional development that may contribute most to an infant's early learning and adaptation to the environment is _____.

A) development of self-recognition
B) social referencing
C) the infant's reflexive smiles
D) the emergence of separation and stranger anxieties

Question 60

By age 1 year, many infants are capable of inferring how they should behave in an uncertain situation from emotional information displayed by

A) friendly strangers
B) an actor on TV
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 61

One important contributor to the emergence of toddlers' and preschoolers' cognitive strategies for emotional self-regulation is (are) _____ .

A) supportive conversations about emotions with parents
B) formal instruction they receive about their culture's emotional display rules
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 62

A child who grimaces upon seeing a one-armed lady and who avoids the lady's attention

A) has not yet developed the complex emotions of guilt or shame
B) is not yet proficient at social referencing
C) has not yet learned emotional display rules
D) is largely incapable of experiencing empathic distress

Question 63

Research reveals that children are gaining an understanding of the situations that are likely to elicit simple emotions during _____ , but that they are unlikely to appreciate the causes of such complex emotions as pride or shame until _____ .

A) toddlerhood; the preschool years
B) the preschool years; elementary school or middle school
C) elementary-school or middle school; high school
D) the preschool years; high school

Question 64

By age 5, children are becoming more proficient at identifying the simple emotions that others might be experiencing from others' _____ .

A) expressive body movements
B) reflections on past events
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 65

_____ refers to our ability to manage emotions and adjust emotional arousal to a level of intensity to achieve our goals.

A) social referencing
B) self-referencing
C) emotional expressivity
D) emotional self-regulation

Question 66

One cognitive development that may first help older children to realize that someone may experience mixed (i.e., positive and negative) emotions to the same event is _____ .

A) object permanence
B) multidimensional thought that underlies conservation
C) mental seriation
D) hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Question 67

Mothers are more successful at fostering emotional understanding in their young children when they

A) discuss the causes of the emotions that storybook characters display
B) rely on open-ended questions to allow children to elaborate on emotions they have experienced (for example, How did you feel about seeing the clown)?
C) rely on yes-no questions when quizzing children about their emotions (for example, The clown made you happy, didn't he?)
D) discuss the causes of the emotions that storybook characters display and rely on open ended questions to allow children to elaborate on emotions they have experienced
E) discuss the causes of the emotions that storybook characters display and rely on yes-no questions when quizzing children about their emotions

Question 68

Research on parental regulation of infants' emotions reveals that _____ .

A) infant girls require more regulatory support than infant boys
B) parents are quicker to regulate an infant's negative emotions than his or her positive emotions
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 69

Jomo is a 1-year-old growing up among the Gusii of Kenya. Based on cross-cultural studies of the socialization of emotion, Jomo should display

A) fewer positive and more negative emotions than an American age mate
B) more positive and fewer negative emotions than an American age mate
C) fewer positive and fewer negative emotions than an American age mate
D) more positive and more negative emotions than an American age mate

Question 70

A child who knows the circumstances under which it is acceptable to express various emotions is displaying a knowledge of

A) self-awareness
B) emotional display rules
C) social referencing
D) emotional bonding

Question 71

Mothers appear to promote their toddler's emotional understanding if they often talk about the _______.

A) emotional consequences of their toddlers' thwarted and fulfilled desires
B) noteworthy achievements toddlers have displayed
C) fun toddlers had last year on vacation
D) love that they feel for their toddlers

Question 72

Perhaps the first meaningful evidence of children's attempts to regulate their emotions is

A) a 6-month-old's turning her body away from unpleasant stimuli
B) the attempts of 1-2-year-olds to control anger or sadness by compressing their lips
C) the ability of 3-year-olds to hide their guilt after telling a lie
D) the ability of 7-9-year-olds to mask their disappointment at receiving a gift they do not want

Question 73

Joey has a sand castle destroyed at the beach by a careless peer. He becomes angry and wishes to admonish the harmdoer without triggering a hostile exchange. To achieve these aims, Joey must successfully regulate his anger by

A) managing his hostile feelings
B) dampening his physiological arousal
C) toning down hostile thoughts and facial expressions of anger
D) managing his hostile feelings and toning down hostile thoughts and facial expressions of anger
E) all of these

Question 74

Eighteen- to 24-month-olds have often learned to regulate simple emotions through such strategies as

A) compressing their lips or knitting their brows
B) distracting themselves from unpleasantries
C) complying with emotional display rules of their culture
D) compressing their lips or knitting their brows and distracting themselves from unpleasantries
E) distracting themselves from unpleasantries and complying with emotional display rules of their culture

Question 75

The early socialization of emotions varies from culture to culture. Compared to American mothers, mothers among the Gusii and Aka tribes of central Africa are more likely to

A) try to dampen (regulate) their infants' negative emotions
B) try to prolong or intensify their infant's positive emotions
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 76

Adaptive regulation of emotions involves

A) suppressing all negative emotions
B) maintaining or intensifying all positive emotions
C) suppressing some forms of emotional arousal while maintaining or intensifying others
D) generally suppressing all kinds of emotions to maintain an even keel

Question 77

One powerful contributor to a preschooler's ability to regulate emotions is _____.

A) interactions with toddler playmates
B) family conversations centering on emotions
C) the development of social referencing
D) accelerated cognitive development

Question 78

In Western cultures such as the United States, mothers are likely to try to _____ an infant's negative emotions and to _____ an infant's positive emotions.

A) regulate; prolong or intensify
B) prolong or intensify; regulate
C) regulate; regulate
D) prolong or intensify; prolong or intensify

Question 79

The dramatic advances in emotional understanding that 6- to 10-year-olds display may be attributable, in part, to

A) cognitive development
B) family conversations about the causes of emotions
C) both of these
D) neither of these

Question 80

Perhaps the major reason that young children learn to comply with emotional display rules is

A) to manipulate other people's emotions
B) to maintain others' approval
C) to deceive authority figures so as to get their own way
D) to further their own intellectual development