Deck 10: Section 2: Emotional Development

Question 1

Walter Mischel's procedure in which preschool children were asked to wait for a considerable amount of time in order to receive a greater number of treats was designed to assess which characteristic?

A) intelligence
B) attentiveness
C) delay of gratification
D) social competence

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which statement would MOST likely be made by a theorist who takes a functionalist approach to understanding emotional development?

A) The purpose of anger is to initiate movement to eliminate an obstacle to one's goal.
B) Developmental changes in the experience of joy/pleasure are due to accumulating social experiences.
C) Distinct emotions are innate and present from early in life.
D) There is a direct link between the inner emotional state of fear and the facial expression that accompanies it.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which scenario describes a social smile?

A) Newborn Timmy smiles during his sleep.
B) At 3 months, Indira smiles when her father talks to her.
C) Alexa smiles at 1 month when her mother strokes her cheek.
D) All of the scenarios describe a social smile.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which theory specifically addresses how emotional reactions develop differently for each individual, based on biological and cognitive capacities and experience?

A) fundamentalist approach
B) Sroufe's view of emotion
C) dynamic-systems perspective
D) discrete emotions theory

Question 5

The study that followed 450 boys from impoverished neighborhoods until middle age demonstrated that _____ strongly predicted later social functioning.

A) both IQ score and emotional intelligence
B) IQ score but not emotional intelligence
C) emotional intelligence but not IQ score
D) neither IQ score nor emotional intelligence

Question 6

According to Sroufe, 1-week-old Baby Tyson experiences which emotions?

A) distress and excitement
B) joy/pleasure, anger/frustration, and wariness/fear
C) anger/frustration and wariness/fear
D) pleasure and pain

Question 7

Which theorist focuses on infants' accumulating social interaction and their expanding ability to understand their experiences as the explanation for the developmental change from primitive to more advanced forms of emotion during the early years of life?

A) Alan Sroufe
B) Joseph Campos
C) Carroll Izard
D) Charles Darwin

Question 8

Which statement BEST represents developmentalists' view of emotions and cognitions?

A) Emotion is a part of cognition.
B) Cognition is a part of emotion.
C) Emotion usually occurs before cognition.
D) Emotion and cognition are entirely separate; they typically occur independently.

Question 9

Which statement is supported by Mischel's findings on delay of gratification?

A) Preschoolers' ability to delay gratification does not predict adjustment beyond preschool.
B) The ability to delay gratification is related to SAT scores and rational thinking in adolescence.
C) The ability to delay gratification is based primarily on parental socialization.
D) Delay of gratification cannot be reliably tested until approximately age 8.

Question 10

_____ is considered to be part of emotional intelligence.

A) Processing speed
B) Ability to control impulses
C) Reasoning
D) Verbal fluency

Question 11

Which statement BEST represents developmentalists' view of emotions and feelings?

A) Emotions are a part of feelings.
B) Feelings are a part of emotions.
C) Emotions and feelings are synonyms; they have the same meaning.
D) Emotions and feelings are entirely separate; neither is part of the other.

Question 12

Theorists who take a functionalist approach to understanding emotional development propose that emotions:

A) have little impact on cognition.
B) are innate and thus are unaffected by socialization.
C) promote action toward a goal.
D) do not emerge until a child has a sense of self.

Question 13

Social smiles tend to emerge by the _____ month of life.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth

Question 14

_____ is NOT considered to be part of emotional intelligence.

A) Persistence
B) Ability to delay gratification
C) Empathy
D) Verbal fluency

Question 15

The ability of preschoolers to delay gratification has been found to be associated with:

A) academic competence 10 years later.
B) ability to deal with frustration 10 years later.
C) decreased drug use in adulthood.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 16

Developmental psychologists define emotions as:

A) subjective feelings.
B) the desire to take action.
C) the physiological correlates of feelings.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 17

Which statement about infant smiling is true?

A) All infant smiling is reflexive.
B) Infants' smiling induces parents to have more positive social interactions with them.
C) Young infants rarely smile at strangers.
D) Infants are unlikely to smile at auditory stimuli.

Question 18

The first clear sign of happiness in infants is:

A) the expression of love toward the mother.
B) the social smile.
C) laughter.
D) smiling.

Question 19

The set of abilities that researchers have proposed are key to competent social functioning is referred to as:

A) attachment.
B) emotional regulation.
C) emotional intelligence.
D) empathy.

Question 20

Discrete emotions theory holds that:

A) the basic emotions are innate and distinct from early in life.
B) emotional facial expressions must be learned.
C) a select few emotions are present at birth, and the others are a function of experience.
D) children must learn to fear strangers.

Question 21

During late in the first year of life, children are _____ to laugh at unexpected events and/but are _____ to take pleasure in making other people laugh.

A) likely; likely
B) likely; unlikely
C) unlikely; likely
D) unlikely; unlikely

Question 22

Of these children, who is LEAST likely to experience separation anxiety in the situation described?

A) 8-month-old Gianna is placed in a car seat by her parent who then disappears from her view
B) 13-month-old Nolan walks away from his parent into another room
C) 18-month-old Evan is playing on the floor when his parent leaves the room
D) 15-month-old Cecile is placed into her crib by her parent who then leaves the room

Question 23

Which emotion is self-conscious?

A) anger
B) shame
C) fear
D) sadness

Question 24

Which statement about infants' negative emotions is true?

A) Infants' negative emotions are easily interpreted.
B) Infants' negative emotions often seem incongruent with the situation.
C) Infants show a wide variety of highly discernible facial expressions.
D) Infants display only generalized distress.

Question 25

Fear of strangers typically begins at approximately _____ of age and lasts until approximately _____ of age.

A) 7 months; 2 years
B) 4 months; 2 years
C) 7 months; 1 year
D) 4 months; 1 year

Question 26

The initial signs of fear develop at approximately _____ months of age.

A) 6 to 7
B) 2 to 3
C) 4 to 5
D) 8 to 9

Question 27

Roger, who is 10 months old, is sitting on the floor of his room happily playing with his toys. The phone rings, and his mother leaves the room to get it. Roger begins to cry. Roger is experiencing:

A) separation anxiety.
B) loneliness.
C) fear of strangers.
D) jealousy.

Question 28

Which statement about infants' fear of strangers is correct?

A) Infants' fear of strangers occurs in early infancy and quickly disappears.
B) All infants experience fear of strangers to a similar degree across a variety of contexts.
C) Infants' fear of strangers occurs well after the start of separation anxiety.
D) None of these statements is correct.

Question 29

Of hunger, pain, and separation from the primary caregiver, which emotion(s) do newborns express?

A) hunger only
B) pain only
C) hunger, pain, and separation from the primary caregiver
D) both hunger and pain

Question 30

Which statement about older infants' displays of sadness is NOT true?

A) Infants often display sadness in the same contexts in which they display anger.
B) Displays of sadness are less frequent than displays of anger.
C) Infants show anger but not sadness when they are unable to control their environment.
D) Infants are capable of experiencing sadness.

Question 31

_____ decreases the likelihood that an infant will experience separation anxiety in a particular situation.

A) Being between the ages of 11 and 13 months
B) Crawling away from a parent (rather than the parent departing)
C) Living in a non-Western culture
D) All of these

Question 32

Which of these stimuli is LEAST likely to elicit a smile in a 7-month-old infant?

A) a smiling stranger
B) an interesting object
C) being able to control a particular event
D) a parent's tickle on the tummy

Question 33

Which statement supports the proposal that young infants' negative emotions are largely undifferentiated?

A) Young infants display negative emotions in contexts in which one would expect positive emotions.
B) Young infants experience both separation anxiety and a fear of strangers.
C) Young infants display negative emotions to a greater extent than do older infants.
D) Young infants display fear in contexts in which one would expect anger.

Question 34

Which of these stimuli is LEAST likely to elicit a smile in a 2-month-old infant?

A) a smiling stranger
B) an interesting object
C) being able to control a particular event
D) a parent's tickle on the tummy

Question 35

Which statement about the development of anger is true?

A) Infants are incapable of experiencing anger.
B) During the first year of life, it is easy to differentiate between infants' anger and distress.
C) By the second year of life, children often express anger toward other people.
D) Anger develops later than the self-conscious emotions.

Question 36

The first negative emotion that is apparent in infants is:

A) anger.
B) sadness.
C) fear.
D) distress.

Question 37

Of these children, who is MOST likely to experience separation anxiety in the situation described?

A) 5-month-old Anton is placed in a car seat by his parent who then disappears from his view
B) 13-month-old Jordan walks away from her parent into another room
C) 23-month-old Ellie is playing on the floor when her parent leaves the room
D) 15-month-old Sebastian is placed into his crib by his parent who then leaves the room

Question 38

Older infants commonly express fear toward:

A) strangers.
B) loud noises.
C) sudden movements by objects.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 39

During the second year of life, children are _____ to laugh at unexpected events and/but are _____ to take pleasure in making other people laugh.

A) likely; likely
B) likely; unlikely
C) unlikely; likely
D) unlikely; unlikely

Question 40

Of these children who have healthy family relationships, the LEAST likely to display negative emotions would be:

A) 12-month-old Kiana.
B) 20-month-old Trey.
C) 26-month-old Riley.
D) 36-month-old Amaris.

Question 41

Elementary school children are less likely to be afraid of monsters than preschool children because older children have:

A) better night vision.
B) a better understanding of reality.
C) better language skills.
D) more coping skills.

Question 42

_____ is(are) NOT a characteristic of guilt.

A) Feelings of remorse
B) Regret about one's behaviour
C) Empathy for the injured party
D) Feelings of exposure and degradation

Question 43

Many cultural variations in children's experiences of self-conscious emotions appear to be associated with cultural differences in the:

A) importance placed on the individual versus the importance placed on the social group.
B) level of emotional maturity expected of children.
C) age at which children understand that they themselves are entities separate from others.
D) distinction among shame, guilt, and embarrassment.

Question 44

Which parental practice in response to a child doing something wrong is likely to influence the child to feel shame over guilt?

A) telling the child that he or she did a mean thing, rather than that he or she is mean
B) publicly humiliating the child
C) helping the child to understand the consequences of his or her actions for others
D) communicating respect and love in disciplinary situations

Question 45

Self-conscious emotions are different from other emotions in that they:

A) relate to our consciousness of others' reactions to us.
B) are more easily discerned from facial expressions.
C) develop earlier.
D) are always focused on other people.

Question 46

Which statement about the association between emotional development and cognitive development is true?

A) Emotions are independent of cognition, and therefore the two are unassociated.
B) Cognitive development influences children to become less emotional as they develop from infancy through adolescence.
C) Cognitive changes influence the types of stimuli that elicit particular emotional responses.
D) None of the statements is true.

Question 47

In comparison with preschool children, children in elementary school are:

A) less emotionally intense.
B) less likely to be worried about real-life issues.
C) more emotionally negative.
D) more likely to be angry at someone who harms them accidentally.

Question 48

Some researchers believe that self-conscious emotions do not emerge until the second year of life because these emotions depend on children's understanding that:

A) other people experience emotions as well.
B) important others can evaluate them.
C) they themselves are entities distinct from other people.
D) guilt is an appropriate reaction to bad behaviour.

Question 49

Zoe, who is 3 years old, has broken a dish and feels as if she wants to hide. She is primarily experiencing:

A) anger.
B) embarrassment.
C) guilt.
D) shame.

Question 50

In comparison with U.S. children, Japanese children are LESS likely to experience which emotion as a consequence of personal success?

A) shame
B) pride
C) guilt
D) embarrassment

Question 51

The causes of which emotion tend to change as children develop?

A) anger
B) pride
C) happiness
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 52

Feelings of _____ include a focus on oneself.

A) guilt
B) shame
C) both guilt and shame
D) neither guilt nor shame

Question 53

_____ is the self-conscious emotion that typically develops earliest.

A) Guilt
B) Fear
C) Embarrassment
D) Pride

Question 54

Which parental practice in response to a child doing something wrong is likely to influence the child to feel guilt over shame?

A) saying "You're a bad boy"
B) publicly humiliating the child
C) helping the child to understand the consequences of his or her actions for others
D) removing expressions of love in disciplinary situations

Question 55

Which condition is NOT a symptom of depression in adolescence?

A) insomnia
B) recurrent thoughts of death
C) significant weight loss
D) increased focus on school work

Question 56

Which instruction would be BAD advice for parents who want to encourage their child to respond to his or her wrongdoings with guilt rather than shame?

A) Communicate love and respect for the child.
B) Emphasize the badness of the behaviour rather than of the child.
C) Teach the child to understand the consequences of his or her actions for others.
D) Criticize the child for his or her actions.

Question 57

The anxieties and fears of 3-year-old Alexander are most likely to involve:

A) pleasing teachers.
B) being physically attacked.
C) being separated from his mother.
D) ghosts and monsters.

Question 58

What percentage of Canadian youths ages 12 to 16 reported feeling depressed at least once a week for the past six months?

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 15%
D) 20%

Question 59

Twins Sheree and Caitlin, who are 3 years old, each just successfully completed a jigsaw puzzle. Sheree's puzzle was simple, and she completed it easily. Caitlin's puzzle was more difficult, and it took a lot of effort for her to complete it. Which twin is more likely to experience pride in her accomplishment?

A) Sheree is more likely than Caitlin to experience pride.
B) Caitlin is more likely than Sheree to experience pride.
C) Sheree and Caitlin are equally likely to experience pride.
D) Neither Sheree nor Caitlin is likely to experience pride because they are both too young.

Question 60

Of types of stimuli that elicit particular emotional responses, frequency of particular emotions, and intensity of emotional responses, which change during childhood?

A) types of stimuli
B) types of stimuli and frequency of particular emotions
C) types of stimuli and intensity of emotional responses
D) types of stimuli, frequency of particular emotions, and intensity of emotional responses

Question 61

Which factor is NOT associated with higher levels of depression or depressive symptoms?

A) being a girl
B) being of higher socioeconomic status
C) thinking about the negative consequences of one's symptoms
D) having a mother who is depressed

Question 62

Which situation is LEAST likely to contribute to an increase in depressive symptoms?

A) early puberty in girls
B) early puberty in boys
C) late puberty in girls
D) late puberty in boys

Question 63

Newborns' emotions are MOST frequently regulated in which way?

A) by intentionally averting their gaze in distressing situations
B) through self-soothing
C) through other people's attempts to soothe and distract the baby
D) by initiating the "fight or flight" response

Question 64

Extensively discussing emotional problems with a peer is referred to as:

A) rumination.
B) co-rumination.
C) reiteration.
D) co-reiteration.

Question 65

Which statement is NOT an example of a maladaptive belief that is associated with depression?

A) "My mother drives me crazy."
B) "Nothing in this world is fair."
C) "Nothing I can do will fix this problem."
D) "I'm worthless."

Question 66

Children start to show awareness of adults' demands and begin to regulate themselves accordingly at about _____ of age.

A) 9 to 12 months
B) 15 to 18 months
C) 1 to 2 years
D) 3 to 4 years

Question 67

Sandra, who has depressive symptoms that are not severe enough to be classified as major depression, is experiencing:

A) insignificant depression.
B) clinical depression.
C) nonclinical depression.
D) depressive disorder.

Question 68

All of these have been proposed to be major contributors to depression in adolescence EXCEPT:

A) maladaptive belief systems.
B) skill deficits.
C) peer rejection.
D) poor achievement.

Question 69

_____ is an example of a cognitive emotional regulation strategy.

A) Repetitive rubbing of a special object such as a blanket
B) Averting one's attention to a nondistressing object
C) Downplaying the importance of the situation
D) Having a temper tantrum

Question 70

At what age does the rate of a depression for females become higher than the rate of depression in males?

A) 12
B) 15
C) 19
D) 21

Question 71

Baby Rachel sucks her thumb and rubs the ribbons in her baby doll's hair in response to fear-provoking situations. Baby Rachel is engaging in:

A) gaze aversion.
B) self-soothing.
C) emotional restriction.
D) mental distraction.

Question 72

The gender difference in _____ is NOT an important contributor to the difference in rates of depression in adolescent females and males.

A) academic achievement
B) likelihood of rumination
C) concern with physical appearance
D) difficulty with the biological changes of adolescence

Question 73

Which family factor does NOT contribute to depression in youth?

A) genetic vulnerability
B) maternal insensitivity
C) levels of family engagement
D) age disparity among siblings

Question 74

Which statement about depression in adolescence is true?

A) Adolescents who are depressed frequently exhibit behavioural problems such as aggression and substance abuse.
B) Genetic factors rarely contribute to depression.
C) Poorer adolescents are especially prone to nonclinical depression but not to clinical depression.
D) All of the statements are true.

Question 75

The development of emotional regulation is characterized by all of these patterns of change EXCEPT a(n):

A) decrease in reliance on other people.
B) decrease in the experience of negative emotions.
C) increase in the use of planful problem solving.
D) increase in the use of effective regulating strategies.

Question 76

The process of initiating, inhibiting, or modulating emotions in order to accomplish one's goals is referred to as emotional:

A) restriction.
B) constriction.
C) repression.
D) regulation.

Question 77

In general, the development of emotional regulation is characterized by all of these patterns of change EXCEPT:

A) decreasing reliance on others for help in regulating emotions.
B) increasing ability to select appropriate strategies.
C) increasing use of cognitive strategies.
D) decreasing control over physiological reactions.

Question 78

In terms of emotional regulation, as they get older, children:

A) are better able to select appropriate strategies.
B) rely on their parents more.
C) use behavioural strategies to a greater extent.
D) do all of these things.

Question 79

Emotional self-regulation includes all of these activities EXCEPT:

A) eliminating subjective negative feelings.
B) modulating one's interpretation of evocative situations.
C) appropriately inhibiting facial expressions related to one's feelings.
D) initiating actions related to one's feelings.

Question 80

Children's decreased reliance on parents for help with emotional regulation as they get older reflects:

A) their increased ability to negotiate ways to resolve situations.
B) increasing maturation of neurological systems.
C) changes in adults' expectations of them.
D) All of the answers are correct.