Deck 8: Section 2: Intelligence and Academic Achievement

Question 1

The type of intelligence that is hypothesized to influence people's ability to think and learn on all intellectual tasks is referred to as _____ intelligence.

A) fluid
B) practical
C) crystallized
D) general

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Tests of fluid intelligence:

A) peak in old age.
B) correlate more highly with tests of factual knowledge about the world than they do with the ability to draw inferences.
C) include knowledge about geometric facts.
D) have a different developmental course than tests of crystallized intelligence.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Crystallized intelligence refers to:

A) the ability to think and learn on all intellectual tasks.
B) factual knowledge about the world.
C) the ability to think on the spot.
D) individuals' memory span.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Crystallized intelligence includes which skill?

A) speed of neural transmission in the brain
B) ability to determine the next item in a sequence
C) knowledge of the periodic table
D) capacity to solve novel puzzles

Question 5

Which statement supports the distinction between fluid and crystalized intelligence?

A) Knowledge of word meanings is correlated with knowledge of arithmetic problems to a higher degree than to speed of information processing.
B) Intelligence tests correlate with people's knowledge of subjects they have not studied in school.
C) Children who do well on one intellectual task tend to do well on other intellectual tasks.
D) Speed of neural transmission is positively correlated with brain volume.

Question 6

Carroll proposed the _____ theory of intelligence.

A) multiple intelligences
B) primary mental abilities
C) "g"
D) three-stratum

Question 7

Measurements of intelligence directly measure:

A) behaviour on tasks that require intelligence.
B) capacity to think and learn.
C) both behaviour on tasks that require intelligence and capacity to think and learn.
D) neither behaviour on tasks that require intelligence nor capacity to think and learn.

Question 8

Binet postulated that intelligence:

A) consists of factual knowledge about the world.
B) develops with age, and thus there are few differences among same-age individuals.
C) is composed of high-level abilities.
D) is not associated with everyday matters, such as school performance.

Question 9

Carroll's proposed resolution to the various theories of intelligence involves a:

A) focus on the differentiation between knowledge and capacity.
B) proposal to include additional abilities, such as social understanding and knowledge of one's strengths and weaknesses.
C) hierarchical model of intellectual ability and processes.
D) all of these.

Question 10

Intelligence tests are best used with children who are at least _____ old.

A) 6 months
B) 5 years
C) 2 years
D) 10 years

Question 11

Which piece of evidence does NOT support the existence of "g"?

A) Some tests of intelligence increase steadily with age, whereas others do not.
B) Overall scores on intelligence tests correlate positively with achievement test scores.
C) Intelligence tests correlate with people's knowledge of subjects they have not studied in school.
D) Children who do well on one intellectual task tend to do well on other intellectual tasks.

Question 12

Which view of intelligence hypothesizes intelligence as comprising numerous distinct processes?

A) Thurstone
B) Simon
C) nativist
D) information-processing

Question 13

Binet's approach to intelligence has persuaded the field of child development to:

A) concentrate on the effect of race on intelligence.
B) examine age-related changes more carefully.
C) study the influences of nature versus nurture.
D) focus on individual differences.

Question 14

Thurstone portrayed intelligence as involving:

A) "g."
B) fluid and crystallized intelligence.
C) seven primary mental abilities.
D) 22 tertiary abilities.

Question 15

The WISC-IV is MOST consistent with which notion of intelligence?

A) intelligence as a single entity
B) intelligence as a few basic abilities
C) intelligence as numerous processes
D) the three-stratum theory of intelligence

Question 16

The ability to think on the spot is referred to as _____ intelligence.

A) fluid
B) general
C) practical
D) crystallized

Question 17

According to Carroll's integration of theories of intelligence, which properties influence a person's skill at a particular type of problem?

A) fluid and crystallized intelligence
B) "g," moderately general abilities, and specific processes
C) general intelligence
D) primary mental abilities

Question 18

Intelligence is:

A) a single trait.
B) a few abilities.
C) many processes.
D) all of these.

Question 19

Thurstone's primary mental abilities do NOT include:

A) verbal meaning.
B) picture completion.
C) spatial visualization.
D) rote memory.

Question 20

The most commonly used intelligence test for children age 6 and older is the:

A) Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test for Children.
B) Binet-Simon Intelligence Test.
C) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.
D) Thurstone Intelligence Test.

Question 21

Which of the following statements about exceptionally gifted children is true?

A) Exceptionally gifted children are more likely to be exceptional in a single area than in a wide range of areas.
B) Exceptionally gifted children tend not to make outstanding contributions during adulthood.
C) Exceptionally gifted children tend to be low in energy level.
D) Exceptionally gifted children tend to need to learn with the help of adults.

Question 22

In regard to the influence of practical intelligence on occupational success, people high in practical intelligence tend to have:

A) less occupational success than others.
B) more occupational success than others, but this effect largely disappears once IQ score is taken into account.
C) more occupational success than others, and this effect remains even once IQ score is taken into account.
D) There is no association between practical intelligence and occupational success.

Question 23

On a typical intelligence test, a score of 130 is:

A) one standard deviation below average.
B) average.
C) one standard deviation above average.
D) two standard deviations above average.

Question 24

Of these pairs of ages, the correlation between IQ score at one age and IQ score at the later age is highest for which pair?

A) 3 years and 5 years
B) 7 years and 9 years
C) 5 years and 10 years
D) 10 years and 12 years

Question 25

Which ability is NOT a component of self-discipline?

A) ability to read others' intentions
B) ability to follow rules
C) ability to avoid impulsive reactions
D) ability to inhibit actions

Question 26

IQ calculation relies on the fact that intelligence scores fall into what type of distribution?

A) normal
B) standard deviated
C) skewed
D) double-mean

Question 27

Which is NOT true about globally gifted children?

A) They often enjoy solitary play.
B) There are fewer globally gifted children than singularly gifted children.
C) They have short attention spans.
D) They tend to have very good memories.

Question 28

A child's intelligence quotient is:

A) an exact measure of her general intelligence.
B) an indicator of her standard deviation.
C) the mean intelligence score of her age-mates.
D) a score that takes into account the mean and standard deviation of intelligence scores for children of the same age.

Question 29

Which of the following is MOST frequently observed in gifted children?

A) high achievement in one area
B) high achievement in multiple areas
C) a very calm personality
D) being highly social

Question 30

Which statement about individuals' intelligence tests at different ages is true?

A) The correlation between individuals' IQ scores at a particular age and their scores five years later is approximately .90.
B) On average, individuals' IQ scores increase 13 points between age 4 and age 17.
C) If intelligence tests are administered according to instructions, there should be no change in an individual's IQ score with age.
D) Children who take an intelligence test at age 12 and again at age 17 show an average change, up or down, of 7 points.

Question 31

Practical intelligence refers to:

A) the ability to draw inferences and understand relations between concepts not encountered previously.
B) the part of intelligence that is common to all intellectual tasks.
C) factual knowledge about the world.
D) mental abilities important for success in many situations and not measured on intelligence tests.

Question 32

_____ can have an impact on children's IQ scores.

A) Parental divorce
B) Moving to a better neighborhood
C) Alertness on the test day
D) All of these

Question 33

An IQ of 92.5 indicates that the individual:

A) is more intelligent than most of his peers.
B) is one-half a standard deviation below the mean for his age group.
C) has an intelligence score higher than only 16% of his peers.
D) is of average intelligence.

Question 34

The perceptual-reasoning section of the WISC measures:

A) skill in using language.
B) the ability to manipulate information in short-term memory.
C) the ability to focus attention.
D) spatial and logical abilities.

Question 35

IQ score is a strong predictor of success in which domain(s)?

A) economic
B) occupational
C) academic
D) all of these domains

Question 36

Practical intelligence is measured on which intelligence test(s)?

A) WISC
B) Stanford-Binet
C) both WISC and Stanford-Binet
D) neither WISC nor Stanford-Binet

Question 37

_____ can cause a change in IQ score over time.

A) Knowledge of the test items
B) The child's alertness on the test days
C) Divorce
D) All of these

Question 38

Research examining the associations between IQ scores and outcomes such as income and occupational success has demonstrated that:

A) IQ score is more closely related to individuals' occupational success than any other factor ever studied.
B) regardless of the socioeconomic status of an individual's family of origin, individuals with high IQ scores always succeed.
C) other factors, such as motivation and social skills, have little impact on economic success.
D) people with comparable IQ scores tend to make similar amounts of money, despite variability in level of education.

Question 39

Eric has an IQ of 100 at age 5 and an IQ of 100 at age 22. What can be said about his intelligence in comparison to others his age?

A) Eric has become comparatively less intelligent, as his IQ should increase with age.
B) Eric has become comparatively less intelligent, as it is more difficult to get a high score at age 5 than it is at age 22.
C) Eric has become comparatively more intelligent, as it is more difficult to get a high score at age 22 than it is at age 5.
D) Eric's comparative intelligence has remained stable.

Question 40

In what way do the WISC-IV and the WISC-IV Canadian differ?

A) The two tests have different questions related to language.
B) There are more spatial reasoning questions and fewer language questions on the WISC-IV Canadian.
C) Scores on the WISC-IV Canadian are based on norms for the Canadian population; scores on the WISC-IV are not.
D) The WISC-IV is a timed test and the WISC-IV Canadian is not.

Question 41

Which test is a commonly used measure of the quality of the family environment?

A) Simon-Binet
B) WISC
C) HOME
D) QFE

Question 42

Which statement(s) about the effects of IQ score and years of education on amount of money earned is true? Statement A: Among people with comparable IQ scores, those who complete more years of education earn more money. Statement B: Among people with the same level of education, people with higher IQ scores earn more money.

A) Statement A only
B) Statement B only
C) Both Statement A and Statement B
D) Neither Statement A nor Statement B

Question 43

Which statement about HOME scores is the BEST representation of current research?

A) They correlate positively with IQ score at the same age but not at a later age.
B) They exert a causal influence on IQ score at the same age but not at a later age.
C) They correlate positively with IQ score both at the same age and at a later age.
D) They exert a causal influence on IQ score both at the same age and at a later age.

Question 44

The few studies that have examined the association between HOME scores and children's IQ scores in adoptive families have indicated that the associations for children who are adopted are _____ the associations found with children living with their biological parents.

A) lower than
B) exactly the same as
C) almost the same as
D) greater than

Question 45

Sandra Scarr has proposed three processes by which an individual's genes are associated with the type of environment he or she encounters. Which of Scarr's processes involves children's influence on other people's behaviour?

A) active
B) passive
C) evocative
D) inductive

Question 46

Phoebe is in eighth grade and is 13 years 6 months old. Nancy is also in eighth grade and is 13 years 7 months old. Trina is in ninth grade and is 13 years 8 months old. Research would indicate that:

A) Nancy's IQ score will be higher than the IQ scores of Phoebe and Trina.
B) Nancy's IQ score will be closer to Phoebe's IQ score than to Trina's IQ score.
C) Trina's IQ score will be closer to Phoebe's IQ score than to Nancy's IQ score.
D) Nancy's IQ score will be equally close to Phoebe's and Trina's IQ scores.

Question 47

The influence of the shared environment _____ with age; the influence of the nonshared environment _____ with age.

A) remains stable; increases
B) decreases; increases
C) increases; decreases
D) decreases; remains stable

Question 48

Which statement is an example of an active effect of the genotype on a child's scientific understanding?

A) Sally is interested in science, so she joins the science club at school.
B) Gabriel loves to go to the science museum, so his parents take him often.
C) Charlotte is curious about scientific phenomena, so her parents explain many scientific phenomena to her.
D) Blake's parents love to read about science, so they have many science books and magazines in their home.

Question 49

The lessening of rules in a particular family for each subsequent child is an example of the:

A) shared environment.
B) nonshared environment.
C) evocative effect.
D) passive effect.

Question 50

Which statement about the association between the intellectual quality of the family environment and children's IQ scores is NOT true?

A) There is a confirmed causal relation between the intellectual quality of the family environment and IQ score.
B) IQ score is positively correlated with the intellectual quality of the family environment throughout childhood.
C) The intellectual quality of the family environment at an early age is associated with IQ score at a later age.
D) If the intellectual quality of the family environment decreases, IQ score tends to decrease as well.

Question 51

What is the extent of influence of the shared environment and genetics on IQ score in children living in affluent and impoverished families?

A) For children living in both types of families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than the influence of genetics.
B) For children living in both types of families, the influence of genetics is stronger than the influence of the shared environment.
C) For children living in affluent families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than the influence of genetics, and the pattern is reversed for impoverished families.
D) For children living in impoverished families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than the influence of genetics, and the pattern is reversed for affluent families.

Question 52

A passive effect of genotype on environment occurs as a result of the:

A) child's influence over other people's behaviour.
B) overlap between a child's genotype and the genotypes of his or her biological parents.
C) child seeking out environments that are consistent with his or her genotype.
D) adoption agency's choice of parents for a newborn.

Question 53

The change in genetic influence on intelligence with age is a result of:

A) brain connections formed in adolescence.
B) increasing freedom to choose one's own environments.
C) both brain connections formed in adolescence and increasing freedom to choose one's own environments.
D) neither brain connections formed in adolescence nor increasing freedom to choose one's own environments.

Question 54

With age, adopted children's IQ scores and the IQ scores of their biological parents become _____ correlated because of _____ gene-environment interactions.

A) less; active and evocative
B) less; passive
C) more; active and evocative
D) more; passive

Question 55

Considering the research on the influence of schooling on IQ, which statement would be the BEST advice to give to a city's board of education?

A) Have children start first grade when they are 7 years old rather than the traditional age of 6 years.
B) Allow parents to push a child ahead one or two grades if they believe the child is ready.
C) Lengthen the school year by shortening the summer vacation.
D) Create grades 13 and 14 to extend the number of years in high school.

Question 56

Sandra Scarr has proposed three processes by which an individual's genes are associated with the type of environment he or she encounters. The _____ process proposed by Scarr is NOT relevant for children who are adopted outside their biological family.

A) active
B) passive
C) evocative
D) inductive

Question 57

The genetic contribution to intelligence:

A) remains stable across the life span.
B) is strongest when individuals are young.
C) becomes greater as individuals get older.
D) is an artificial concept.

Question 58

The uncertainty about the causal nature of the association between HOME scores at infancy and children's later IQ scores is founded on the possibility of which type of gene-environment relations?

A) active
B) passive
C) evocative
D) inductive

Question 59

With age, the IQ scores of adopted children and their biological parents become _____ correlated, and the IQ scores of adopted children and their adoptive parents become _____ correlated.

A) more; more
B) more; less
C) less; more
D) less; less

Question 60

During the school year, the achievement test scores of low-SES children tend to _____; during the summer, their scores tend to _____.

A) remain constant while those of high-SES children rise; drop or remain constant while those of high-SES children rise
B) rise similarly to those of high-SES children; drop while those of high-SES children remain constant
C) remain constant while those of high-SES children rise; drop while those of high-SES children remain constant
D) rise similarly to those of high-SES children; drop or remain constant while those of high-SES children rise

Question 61

Which of the following was considered a "child-focused" characteristic of the Better Beginning, Better Futures program?

A) a "breakfast club"
B) home visits
C) neighbourhood safety initiatives
D) family camps

Question 62

Who developed the multiple intelligences theory?

A) Binet
B) Sameroff
C) Simon
D) Gardner

Question 63

Studies using Sameroff's environmental risk scale have demonstrated that:

A) the number of risks in a child's environment is a better predictor of IQ score than any single risk alone.
B) an unemployed head of household is the strongest risk factor for low IQ.
C) maternal anxiety is the strongest risk factor for low IQ.
D) environmental risks have only short-term effects on children's intellectual development.

Question 64

The Flynn effect is believed to be caused by:

A) genetics.
B) changes in environment.
C) the highest IQ individuals.
D) gender differences.

Question 65

Sternberg's theory of intelligence proposes that intelligence:

A) includes varied intelligences, from linguistic and spatial to interpersonal and intrapersonal.
B) involves the ability to achieve success in life.
C) is composed of only a single, general intelligence.
D) is immutable.

Question 66

The Flynn effect is the:

A) effect of poverty on IQ score.
B) influence of schooling on IQ score.
C) overarching influence of "g" on lower mental abilities.
D) increase in average IQ scores over the past several generations.

Question 67

The existence of prodigies such as Mozart is evidence of the theory of intelligence developed by which scholar?

A) Gardner
B) Sternberg
C) Binet
D) Carroll

Question 68

Sternberg is the founder of which theory of intelligence?

A) multiple intelligences
B) theory of successful intelligence
C) "g"
D) three-stratum

Question 69

The multiple intelligences theory includes _____ intelligence.

A) interpersonal
B) fluid
C) rote memory
D) normal

Question 70

Sternberg's theory of intelligence views traditional theories of intelligence as:

A) too narrow.
B) not capable of being properly measured.
C) including an insufficient number of intelligences.
D) including only observable behaviours.

Question 71

Gardner's theory of intelligence proposes that intelligence is composed of:

A) fluid and crystallized intelligence.
B) eight intelligences.
C) a hierarchy of "g," abilities, and processes.
D) primary mental abilities.

Question 72

Which statement about tests of the intellectual achievement of affluent and poor children in various countries is true?

A) Affluent children in the United States score higher than affluent children in countries with greater income equality.
B) Affluent children in the United States score much lower than affluent children in countries with greater income equality.
C) Poor children in the United States score higher than poor children in countries with greater income equality.
D) Poor children in the United States score lower than poor children in countries with greater income equality.

Question 73

The multiple intelligences theory is supported by studies of:

A) brain-damaged patients.
B) prodigies.
C) both brain-damaged patients and prodigies.
D) neither brain-damaged patients nor prodigies.

Question 74

Which of these is NOT a plausible explanation for the Flynn effect?

A) increased societal emphasis on abstract problem solving
B) increased exposure to new technologies
C) improvements in the lives of low-income families
D) deterioration in educational opportunities for middle-class families

Question 75

The multiple intelligences theory includes all of these intelligences EXCEPT:

A) logical-mathematical
B) musical
C) naturalistic
D) emotional

Question 76

Which factor is NOT involved in the association between poverty and impaired intellectual growth?

A) diet
B) level of intellectual stimulation
C) gender
D) level of emotional support

Question 77

Studies using Sameroff's environmental risk scale have demonstrated that:

A) the fewer risks in a child's environment, the lower the child's IQ score tends to be.
B) mothers' high school completion status has no impact on children's IQ score.
C) environmental risks have long-term effects on children's intellectual development.
D) there is more stability in children's IQ scores than in their environments.

Question 78

The Better Beginnings, Better Futures project took which of the following approaches to education?

A) preventative
B) reactive
C) selective
D) streaming

Question 79

Which statement about the Carolina Abecedarian Project is true?

A) The project was small in scale and aimed at providing a positive preschool experience for 3- and 4-year-old children.
B) The project concentrated on children who were only slightly at risk for developmental problems, such as those in moderate levels of poverty.
C) The project focused only on the participating child rather than on the entire family.
D) The project demonstrated that it is possible to design interventions that have lasting effects on the intellectual development of poor children.

Question 80

Research has shown that the Better Beginnings, Better Futures program reduced the need for which of the following among participants?

A) financial support
B) special education
C) emotional counselling
D) substance abuse interventions