Deck 13: Section 2: Peer Relationship

Question 1

Research on the effect of having friendships on victimized children's adjustment indicated that:

A) victimized children rarely have friends.
B) whether or not victimized children's friendships are reciprocal is irrelevant to the importance of the friendship for adjustment.
C) friends can serve as buffers against unpleasant experiences.
D) victimized children who have friends who are well liked by their peers feel even more socially isolated than victimized children whose friends are less well liked.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

At what age are children capable of showing preference for some children over others?

A) infancy
B) toddlerhood
C) early childhood
D) late childhood

Answer 2

B

Question 3

When asked about her best friend, Rasamee says, "My best friend is Annie. We do everything together. We both love to play four square, and we always play it together at recess. Annie lives near me, and she has so many fun toys that I love to play with." This description of Rasamee's friendship is MOST characteristic of children of what age?

A) 2 years old
B) 4 years old
C) 7 years old
D) 10 years old

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which attribute is NOT a common characteristic of children's friendships?

A) same-sex members
B) intimate
C) involving conflict
D) All of these are common characteristics of children's friendships.

Question 5

All of these occur more frequently with young children's friends than with their non-friends EXCEPT:

A) ignoring the other's distress.
B) conflict.
C) positive interactions.
D) pretend play.

Question 6

Which statements about the support provided to school-age children by friends is true?

A) Friends' ability to provide children with support in unfamiliar situations begins at approximately age 9.
B) Having friendships, regardless of the quality, is a significant buffer against loneliness.
C) Chronic friendlessness is associated with depression.
D) All of these are true statements.

Question 7

By definition, pretend play involves:

A) imaginary companions.
B) taking the role of another person or character.
C) symbolic actions.
D) cooperating with another child.

Question 8

Compared to adolescents' conceptions, school-age children's friendship conceptions are:

A) more concrete.
B) focused more on intimacy.
C) defined more in terms of loyalty.
D) more egalitarian.

Question 9

Observations by Freud and Dann of the group of six German-Jewish children who were orphaned during Hitler's regime and then were sent to live together in a shelter in Britain demonstrated that:

A) separations from consistent caregivers have no lasting effects for relationships with adults when supportive peer relationships exist.
B) relationships with peers can help young children develop some of the social and emotional capacities usually developed in the context of parent‒child relationships.
C) separations from consistent caregivers cause children to become delinquent and psychotic.
D) peer relationships can more than compensate for a lack of caregiver‒child attachment, since peers can share greater intimacy and trust.

Question 10

Selman proposed that changes in children's thinking about friendships are a result of changes in:

A) their ability to take others' perspectives into account.
B) how they are able to express their ideas.
C) what they need from their friends.
D) hormones and neurochemistry.

Question 11

Intimate disclosure to parents is lowest and to peers is highest during what developmental period?

A) Grade 6
B) Grade 10
C) University
D) Single adulthood

Question 12

When Suomi and Harlow placed socially isolated monkeys with normal younger monkeys, the isolated monkeys:

A) developed abnormal behaviours, such as compulsive rocking.
B) were aggressive toward the younger monkeys.
C) became playful and behaved normally.
D) began to explore their environment.

Question 13

Friendship is defined as a relationship that is:

A) characterized by reciprocities.
B) between same-sex members.
C) conflictual
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 14

Which statement about peers is true?

A) Peers have relatively equal power in their interactions.
B) Peers are, by definition, close in age.
C) Peers tend to jointly construct their own ideas and rules for how things should work.
D) All are true statements about peers.

Question 15

When having a negative experience, children's stress reactions:

A) are higher when a best friend observes the event.
B) are more stable when a best friend is present for the experience.
C) do not differ according to the presence of a best friend, but do differ according to the presence of unfamiliar peers.
D) display none of these patterns.

Question 16

What percentage of Canadian children in Grade 6 spend time after school with peers four or more days a week?

A) 25% to 30%
B) 35% to 50%
C) 50% to 65%
D) 70% to 85%

Question 17

Friendships can buffer children against the negative effects of all of these EXCEPT:

A) being victimized by peers.
B) entering a new school.
C) being socially isolated.
D) having poor-quality relationships.

Question 18

Compared to non-friends, preschool-age friends have _____ levels of conflict, and their conflict is resolved _____ equitably.

A) lower; more
B) lower; less
C) greater; more
D) greater; less

Question 19

At approximately what age do children tend to define their friends, to a greater extent, in terms of taking care of one's needs, reducing loneliness, and sharing feelings?

A) 5 years old
B) 7 years old
C) 9 years old
D) 11 years old

Question 20

Which statement about the friendships of children under the age of 2 is true?

A) They appear to be able to select, prefer, and have more positive interactions with some children over others.
B) They show some preference for playing with some children but show no other differential behaviour toward these preferred playmates.
C) They show more positive affect toward some children but do not appear to be more likely to seek them out as playmates.
D) They are incapable of having a preferred playmate.

Question 21

Which element is a key factor in preschoolers' choices of friends?

A) proximity
B) popularity
C) race of child
D) similarity of interests

Question 22

Which statement BEST reflects research on the long-term benefits of friendships?

A) Children with friends in elementary school are better adjusted on a variety of measures in middle childhood and adulthood.
B) The benefits of having many unreciprocated friendships can outweigh the benefits of having a single reciprocated best friend.
C) Having reciprocated best friendships causes children to exhibit fewer problems in middle childhood.
D) Having reciprocated best friendships causes children to exhibit fewer problems in adulthood.

Question 23

Which statement about the relationship between children's alcohol and drug use and having friends with these behaviours has been supported by research?

A) Adolescents select friends who are similar to themselves in terms of drinking and drug use.
B) Peer socialization influences drug and alcohol use.
C) Adolescents' use of alcohol and drugs and their friends' use of alcohol and drugs mutually reinforce each other.
D) All of these statements have been supported by research.

Question 24

Which statement about co-rumination in friendships is true?

A) There are gender differences in the content, but not in the amount, of co-rumination in boys' and girls' friendships.
B) Girls who are anxious or depressed are more susceptible to the negative effects of co-rumination.
C) Co-rumination leads to increased conflict and decreased feelings of intimacy in friendships.
D) All of these statements are true.

Question 25

When asked who their best friend is, Dana and Wendy both name each other. Dana and Wendy are considered to be:

A) exclusive best friends.
B) popular.
C) well accepted.
D) reciprocated best friends.

Question 26

The correlational nature of the research on the influence of friendships on children's aggressive and disruptive behaviour makes it difficult to know whether results reflect:

A) individual selection or socialization.
B) active participation or individual selection.
C) socialization or peer influence.
D) peer influence or self-management.

Question 27

Which statement about children's friendships is true?

A) Openness between friends enhances creativity.
B) Friendships do not help children who are being victimized by other peers.
C) Higher levels of gossip in friendships are associated with poor developmental outcomes.
D) All of these statements are true.

Question 28

Cultural differences in values and expectations about the skills that are necessary for children appear to be associated with all of these factors EXCEPT:

A) parents' concern for children's well-being.
B) parental gatekeeping of peer interactions.
C) parents' beliefs about the importance of peer relations.
D) children's behaviour when they are in social interactions with peers.

Question 29

The study in which teams of 10-year-old children were asked to write a story about rain forests demonstrated that:

A) boys were better able to cooperate with their peers in this context than were girls.
B) boys were less able to cooperate with their peers in this context than were girls.
C) stories written by teams of friends were of higher quality than were stories written by teams of non-friends.
D) stories written by teams of friends were of lower quality than were stories written by teams of non-friends.

Question 30

Having close friends who exhibit which problem is associated with an increased risk of that problem for adolescents?

A) depression
B) substance abuse
C) disruptive and aggressive behaviour
D) All of these problems are associated with increased risk.

Question 31

In adolescence, it is MOST likely that two friends will have what in common?

A) ethnic background
B) gender
C) substance use patterns
D) academic skills

Question 32

All of these factors increase the likelihood that an adolescent will be negatively influenced by a friend's behaviour EXCEPT the:

A) friend having high status in the peer group.
B) adolescent having a high general susceptibility to peer influence.
C) adolescent being under the age of 16.
D) adolescent's parent being cold and detached.

Question 33

Compared to boys in late elementary school, their female peers report that their friendships:

A) are less likely to make them feel important and special.
B) are less likely to provide help and guidance.
C) have similar levels of conflict.
D) have similar quality of resolutions to conflict.

Question 34

Which friends are MOST likely to extensively discuss problems and their negative thoughts and feelings?

A) male pair with a poor-quality friendship
B) male pair with a high-quality friendship
C) female pair with a poor-quality friendship
D) female pair with a high-quality friendship

Question 35

Which factor helps protect victimized children?

A) having a number of friendships
B) having friends who are liked by peers
C) having friendships of high quality
D) All of these factors help protect victimized children.

Question 36

Which variable does NOT contribute to the social-cognitive and cognitive development that takes place to a greater extent in interactions between friends than in interactions between non-friends?

A) greater cooperation
B) greater conflict negotiation
C) higher levels of gossip
D) higher levels of rough play

Question 37

In regard to the relation between children's disruptive behaviours and having friends, the association between the two is:

A) not causal.
B) causal.
C) bidirectional.
D) unclear as to its precise nature.

Question 38

Which adolescent is MOST likely to be negatively influenced by his friends' behaviour?

A) Gary, who is extremely aggressive and who has aggressive friends
B) Frank, who is mild mannered, shows no signs of aggression, and has aggressive friends
C) Roger, whose parents are cold and detached, and whose friends use drugs
D) Harry, whose parents monitor his activities and are receptive to his viewpoint, and whose friends use drugs

Question 39

Henry is known for getting into fights at school. Jake goes to school with Henry but is not in his peer group. How is Jake MOST likely to view Henry?

A) as popular
B) as unpopular
C) as controversial
D) as rejected

Question 40

Children's preference for same-sex friends emerges in:

A) toddlerhood.
B) preschool.
C) elementary school.
D) middle school.

Question 41

If children attend a school with an equal mix of native French and native English speaking students, what will their peer group most likely be like?

A) They will only have peers from their own linguistic group.
B) They will have significantly more friends from their own linguistic group.
C) They will have an equal number of friends from both linguistic groups.
D) They will probably only develop relationships with members of the other linguistic groups in order to develop romantic relationships with them.

Question 42

Friendship groups that children form or voluntarily join are referred to as:

A) societies.
B) cliques.
C) crowds.
D) teams.

Question 43

Children's choices of friends exhibit which pattern?

A) "Absence makes the heart grow fonder."
B) "Opposites attract."
C) "Birds of a feather flock together."
D) "Easy come, easy go."

Question 44

Clear peer-group dominance hierarchies begin at what age?

A) toddlerhood
B) preschool age
C) middle childhood
D) late childhood

Question 45

Which statement is a difference between cliques and crowds?

A) Cliques involve more members than crowds.
B) Older adolescents are more likely to belong to cliques than to crowds.
C) Cliques are assigned by consensus of the peer group.
D) Members of a crowd may spend little time with other members.

Question 46

Loosely organized groups of adolescents that identify as a group and often engage in illegal activity are referred to as:

A) societies.
B) cliques.
C) crowds.
D) gangs.

Question 47

With increasing age, adolescents:

A) are less likely to belong to multiple cliques.
B) look more to individual relationships than to groups to fulfill their social needs.
C) are less likely to be part of a crowd.
D) tend to have less stable cliques.

Question 48

Middle-childhood cliques tend to include _____ children, with boys' groups being _____ girls' groups.

A) 3 to 10; smaller than
B) 3 to 10; larger than
C) 3 to 10; similar in size to
D) 8 to 12; larger than

Question 49

Which adolescent is MOST likely to be negatively influenced by the peer group?

A) Gerry, whose parents exhibit an authoritative style
B) Todd, whose culture has family sanctions against delinquent behaviour
C) Oscar, whose parents are responsive
D) Mica, who has a distant relationship with his mother

Question 50

In which grade do males and females differ the MOST in the frequency of texting?

A) Grade 6
B) Grade 7
C) Grade 8
D) Grade 9

Question 51

The clique to which adolescents belong is _____; the crowd to which adolescents belong is _____.

A) their choice; their choice
B) their choice; assigned to them by their peer group
C) assigned to them by their peer group; their choice
D) assigned to them by their peer group; assigned to them by their peer group

Question 52

In Canada, what is true of inter-ethnic friendships?

A) These friendships tend to be more stable than in-ethnic friendships.
B) These friendships tend to last longer than in-ethnic friendships.
C) These friendships tend to last for shorter periods than in-ethnic friendships.
D) These friendships have not been found to affect tolerance for diversity.

Question 53

Compared to their peers, the central figures in school-age children's cliques tend to be all of these EXCEPT:

A) studious.
B) leaders.
C) dominant.
D) cooperative.

Question 54

Children with cross-racial or cross-ethnic friendships tend to be:

A) of low peer-group status.
B) prone to disruptive behaviour.
C) socially competent.
D) no different from children with only same-race and same-ethnicity friends.

Question 55

Which trends tend NOT to be true of middle-childhood cliques?

A) Members are similar in their degree of academic motivation.
B) Membership is stable over the long term.
C) Members are of the same sex and race.
D) Members who are central to the clique are likely to be cooperative and studious.

Question 56

Status in preschool peer groups is MOST likely to involve:

A) intelligence.
B) family socioeconomic status.
C) dominance during confrontations.
D) athleticism.

Question 57

For May, an Asian Canadian child in Canada, which variable is likely to be the LEAST important factor in her selection of friends?

A) similarity in age
B) being of the same sex
C) being of the same race
D) similarity in interests

Question 58

Which factor does NOT increase the likelihood that an adolescent will engage in delinquent behaviour?

A) hanging out with peers who have been in trouble
B) having an extreme orientation toward peers
C) being low in self-regulation
D) co-ruminating with peers about negative events

Question 59

Which hypothesis regarding adolescents' peer relationships and online social communication has received the LEAST support from research?

A) Online communication impairs the quality of existing friendships.
B) Online communication is beneficial for lonely and depressed youths.
C) In terms of the impact of online communication on peer relationships, the "rich get richer."
D) Online communication enhances the closeness of peer relationships.

Question 60

In Canada, what percentage of children in grades 6 through 11 admit to cyberbullying in the past three months?

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 40%

Question 61

In Canada, a 12- to 14-year-old who is in a romantic relationship is MORE likely to do which of the following?

A) bully others
B) use illicit substances
C) excel in school
D) drop out of school

Question 62

Which statement about adolescents' involvement with romantic partners is true?

A) Older adolescents are more likely than younger adolescents to choose romantic partners on the basis of characteristics that bring status.
B) Adolescents' first romantic partners tend to be members of their mixed-sex cliques.
C) The quality of adolescents' romantic relationships appears to be unassociated with the quality of their relationships with parents.
D) Having a romantic relationship, even one of high quality, is associated with decreased feelings of self-competence.

Question 63

Children who are perceived by their peers as popular tend to:

A) be the same kids who are sociometrically popular.
B) be sociometrically rejected.
C) increase their use of relational aggression across early adolescence.
D) be less aggressive than those who are sociometrically popular.

Question 64

Compared to average children, those categorized as neglected tend to be:

A) more aggressive.
B) more disruptive.
C) less sociable.
D) more anxious about social interactions.

Question 65

Which label describes a type of rejected child?

A) assertive-rejected
B) withdrawn-rejected
C) unattractive-rejected
D) anxious-rejected

Question 66

Which statement about social withdrawal and peer acceptance in childhood is true?

A) Socially withdrawn children are nearly always rejected by their peers.
B) Socially withdrawn children are nearly always neglected by their peers.
C) Only socially withdrawn children who display negative actions and emotions are likely to be rejected by their peers.
D) Only socially withdrawn children who display negative actions and emotions are likely to be neglected by their peers.

Question 67

The relation between peer rejection and aggression is:

A) unsupported by experimental studies.
B) bidirectional.
C) primarily in one direction; aggressive children tend to be rejected by their peers.
D) primarily in one direction; children who are rejected by their peers are more likely to become aggressive.

Question 68

Children who are NOT nominated by their peers either as being liked or as being disliked are categorized as:

A) rejected.
B) average.
C) controversial.
D) neglected.

Question 69

Relational aggression includes all of these behaviours EXCEPT:

A) withholding friendship.
B) spreading rumors.
C) physical harm.
D) exclusion of others.

Question 70

Adolescents who are sociometrically popular differ from sociometrically average children in all of these ways EXCEPT:

A) level of assertive aggressiveness.
B) attractiveness.
C) sociability.
D) emotional regulation.

Question 71

Sociometrically popular children are more likely than average children to exhibit _____ aggression, but are less likely than average children to exhibit _____ aggression. Children who are perceived as popular increasingly use _____ aggression across adolescence.

A) assertive; angry; relational and physical
B) angry; assertive; relational
C) assertive; angry; relational
D) angry; assertive; relational and physical

Question 72

Rejected children are more likely than better-liked children to:

A) have a goal to get along with other children.
B) attribute hostile intent to others.
C) suggest varied strategies for resolving difficult social situations.
D) refrain from threatening popular children when asked to solve a conflict with a peer.

Question 73

The Reijntjes and colleagues study in which adolescents played an online game and were either excluded or included by the other players demonstrated that:

A) exclusion by unfamiliar peers had little impact on adolescents' feelings about themselves.
B) online communication with friends reduced the impact of being excluded more than communication with unfamiliar peers.
C) adolescents who engaged in text messaging with an unfamiliar peer recovered from exclusion to a greater extent than did those who did not engage in text messaging.
D) adolescents who have poor self-esteem and poor peer relationships benefit from online communication to a lesser extent than do adolescents who have higher self-esteem and better peer relationships.

Question 74

Compared to sociometrically average children, sociometrically popular children tend to be all of these EXCEPT:

A) better at regulating emotion.
B) more socially skilled.
C) more cooperative.
D) less likely to exhibit assertive aggression.

Question 75

Children who are classified as controversial receive _____ like-most nominations from classmates and _____ like-least nominations from classmates.

A) few; few
B) few; average
C) average; average
D) high; high

Question 76

The children in Gavin's class are asked to name the children they like the most and the children they like the least. Many of Gavin's classmates list him as one of the children they like the least, and few list him as one of the children they like the most. Gavin would be classified as:

A) neglected.
B) rejected.
C) controversial.
D) popular.

Question 77

Sociometric status refers to how:

A) wealthy a child's family is.
B) well accepted a child is by the peer group.
C) many friends a child has.
D) many reciprocal best friends a child has.

Question 78

To assess sociometric status, children are asked to list:

A) their best friends.
B) the popular and unpopular kids.
C) the peers they like the best and the peers they like the least.
D) the peers they like the least.

Question 79

The association between peer rejection and _____ behaviour tends to increase from childhood to adolescence.

A) aggressive
B) considerate
C) withdrawn
D) humorous

Question 80

In terms of the association between acceptance by the peer group and important developmental outcomes such as dropping out of school, peer acceptance is:

A) not associated with important developmental outcomes.
B) associated with these outcomes because well-accepted children are more likely to have friends, and friendships influence developmental outcomes.
C) associated with these outcomes because well-accepted children are more likely to have romantic partners, and this factor influences developmental outcomes.
D) associated with these outcomes, over and above the effect of friendships and other relationships.