Deck 12: Section 2: The Family

Question 1

Children of which type of parents tend to be the most well-adjusted in terms of competence, antisocial behaviour, and self-confidence?

A) permissive
B) authoritative
C) rejecting-neglecting
D) authoritarian

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What attribution are authoritarian mothers more likely to make than authoritative mothers?

A) They are more likely to believe that positive behaviours are produced by external events and negative behaviours are produced by the child.
B) They are more likely to believe that negative behaviours are produced by external events and positive behaviours are produced by the child.
C) They are more likely to believe that all of a child's behaviours are produced by external events.
D) They are more likely to believe that all of a child's behaviours are produced by the child.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which statement regarding parent‒child relationships in adolescence is NOT true?

A) Parents are a primary source of support for the majority of adolescents.
B) Conflict between parents and adolescents continues to escalate from early adolescence through late adolescence.
C) Adolescents tend to come to believe that parents should have less authority over them.
D) Higher levels of conflict are more common for early-developing children.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which scenario is an example of a parent's indirect socialization of generosity?

A) Tanya's mother signs her child up for volunteer work at the local hospital after school.
B) Frank's dad explains to his child how important it is to give to people who have less than them.
C) Hannah's mom often makes food for a neighborhood mother whose husband is ill.
D) Michael's dad tells his children that they need to share their toys when their friends play at their home.

Question 5

Authoritarian parents are those who:

A) are abusive.
B) are highly demanding and unresponsive.
C) have little interest in disciplining their children.
D) are attentive and consistent in their discipline.

Question 6

Parents who are high in warmth and high in control are considered to exhibit which parenting style?

A) permissive
B) authoritative
C) rejecting-neglecting
D) authoritarian

Question 7

In her conception of parenting styles, Baumrind included all of these EXCEPT:

A) psychological control.
B) setting limits.
C) responsiveness to children's emotional needs.
D) discipline.

Question 8

In defining a parent's parenting style, an important dimension is the degree of:

A) socioeconomic health.
B) control.
C) indirect socialization.
D) respect.

Question 9

Authoritative parents are those who:

A) are abusive.
B) are highly demanding and unresponsive.
C) have little interest in disciplining their children.
D) are attentive and consistent in their discipline.

Question 10

Family dynamics refers to:

A) how individual family members relate to the child.
B) cultural variability in family structure.
C) the changing nature of parent‒child relationships as children develop.
D) how the family operates as a whole.

Question 11

Four-year-old Derek is playing with his trucks and does not want to come to the dinner table. In response, his mother storms over to where he is playing, grabs his trucks away from him, and yells, "I told you to come eat dinner! Come to the table right now or I will throw those trucks in the garbage." Derek's mother is rarely affectionate with him, even in situations in which he is complying with her wishes. Derek's mother would likely be classified as:

A) permissive.
B) authoritative.
C) rejecting-neglecting.
D) authoritarian.

Question 12

The one-child-per-family policy in China served as a _____ for examining the effects of being an only child on children's development.

A) laboratory experiment
B) structured observation
C) naturalistic experiment
D) naturalistic observation

Question 13

What conclusion have researchers interested in family dynamics come to in regard to development?

A) It only applies to families with young children.
B) It only applies to families with adolescents.
C) It changes as children grow older.
D) The child is at its center.

Question 14

Eight-year-old Trina does not want to do her homework and would rather watch TV. Her parents think that Trina can make her own decisions about her schoolwork, and thus they do not get involved. They are affectionate with Trina in other situations, but they do little to try to regulate their daughter's behaviour. Trina's parents would likely be classified as:

A) permissive.
B) authoritative.
C) rejecting-neglecting.
D) authoritarian.

Question 15

What role does the sociocultural context play in family dynamics?

A) Although the sociocultural context can influence the individual members of the family, it rarely has an impact on interactions within the family.
B) The sociocultural context can influence individual family members and the interactions within the family.
C) Family dynamics is particularly interested in the ways that the interactions within the family influence the sociocultural context, rather than vice versa.
D) The role of the sociocultural context has not been addressed by researchers interested in family dynamics.

Question 16

All of these are considered ways that parents socialize their children EXCEPT:

A) direct instruction.
B) indirect socialization.
C) heredity.
D) social management.

Question 17

Which type of mother would be MOST likely to respond negatively to her child?

A) permissive
B) authoritative
C) rejecting-neglecting
D) authoritarian

Question 18

Which means of parental socialization is prominent particularly when children are young?

A) direct instruction
B) indirect socialization
C) survival of offspring
D) social management

Question 19

The process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviours that are necessary for their role in their culture is referred to as:

A) evolution.
B) socialization.
C) bioecology.
D) family dynamics.

Question 20

Which scenario is an example of a parent serving as social manager in the socialization of generosity?

A) Tanya's mother signs her child up for volunteer work at the local hospital after school.
B) Frank's dad explains to his child how important it is to give to people who have less than them.
C) Hannah's mom often makes food for a neighborhood mother whose husband is ill.
D) Michael's dad tells his children that they need to share their toys when their friends play at their home.

Question 21

Which statement about how parents behave toward attractive and unattractive infants is true?

A) Parents of attractive infants are more affectionate toward and pay more attention to their infants than do parents of unattractive infants.
B) Parents of attractive infants are less affectionate toward and pay less attention to their infants than do parents of unattractive infants.
C) Parents of attractive infants and parents of unattractive infants behave in a similar manner toward their infants, and this remains the same as children get older.
D) Parents of attractive infants and parents of unattractive infants behave in a similar manner toward their infants, but this changes as children get older.

Question 22

The influence that children have on their parents' parenting behaviours because of their appearance is _____. The influence that children have on their parents' parenting behaviours because of their own behaviour is _____.

A) passive; passive
B) passive; active
C) active; passive
D) active; active

Question 23

Parental use of psychological control tends to be reported most in which type of family?

A) relatively poor
B) relative wealthy
C) nontraditional
D) older parents

Question 24

Research has suggested which assertion in regard to the effect of parenting style for Chinese and Chinese-American children?

A) Parents who demand unquestioning obedience to parents are likely to have rebellious children.
B) Authoritative parenting appears to be associated with increased academic success.
C) Parental control, including the use of scolding and shame, appears to have few negative effects.
D) Research has suggested all of these assertions.

Question 25

The bidirectional nature of hostile parenting behaviours and hostile adolescent behaviours results in:

A) an escalation of these behaviours.
B) a reduction of influence on each other.
C) relationship stability.
D) none of these.

Question 26

Children of which type of parents tend to be low in social and academic competence, unhappy and unfriendly, and low in self-confidence, but do not tend to be particularly low in self-control or to be particularly high in impulsivity?

A) permissive
B) authoritative
C) rejecting-neglecting
D) authoritarian

Question 27

For Chinese-American and Chinese children, which parenting practice(s) is(are) related to negative outcomes?

A) scolding, shame, and guilt
B) physical punishment
C) both physical punishment and scolding, shame, and guilt
D) neither physical punishment nor scolding, shame, and guilt

Question 28

SES refers to:

A) sociometric status.
B) socioeconomic status.
C) stable economic status.
D) stable educational status.

Question 29

Compared to low-SES parents, higher-SES parents:

A) are more punitive.
B) are more likely to be authoritarian.
C) elicit more talk from their children.
D) encourage conformity to a greater degree.

Question 30

In Western cultures, higher-SES parents tend to be _____ authoritative than lower-SES parents, and this difference is _____ in non-Western cultures.

A) more; similar
B) more; opposite from the finding
C) less; opposite from the finding
D) less; similar

Question 31

Which statement about children's characteristics and behaviour and the parenting process is true?

A) Parenting behaviours are rarely influenced by children's characteristics or behaviour, as parents tend to have a core style that changes in only minor ways.
B) Although children's early temperamental characteristics influence the parenting style that parents adopt, children have little influence on parenting behaviours after infancy.
C) Parents may be influenced by children's extreme behaviours, but their parenting practices are rarely influenced by any other characteristics of their children.
D) Children's characteristics and behaviour can have a substantial influence on the parenting process.

Question 32

In a cross-cultural study of parenting style, high levels of warmth and high levels of control were found to occur together in all of these families EXCEPT in _____ families.

A) European-American
B) African-American
C) Italian
D) Jordanian

Question 33

Which statement about cultural differences in the effect of parenting style on child outcome is true?

A) Consistent effects of the four parenting styles have been found in all cultures that have been examined.
B) The particular effects of permissive and rejecting-neglecting parents have been found to differ cross-culturally.
C) The meaning of discipline and control can differ cross-culturally, and this difference in meaning can change the effects of the authoritarian style.
D) Parenting styles have only been examined in Canada, and thus we have no information about cultural differences in the impact of parenting style.

Question 34

Parents who are low in support and low in control are considered to exhibit which parenting style?

A) permissive
B) authoritative
C) rejecting-neglecting
D) authoritarian

Question 35

Psychologists have suggested that ethnic differences in parenting styles in North America may be a result of differences in:

A) the motives common in different environments.
B) parental skills.
C) child behaviour.
D) all of these factors.

Question 36

Children of which type of parents tend to have disturbed attachment relationships as infants and a wide range of problems in adolescence, including promiscuous sexual behaviour, substance abuse, and depression?

A) permissive
B) authoritative
C) rejecting-neglecting
D) authoritarian

Question 37

Cross-cultural studies of parenting styles have demonstrated that all of these factors differ across cultures and subcultures EXCEPT the:

A) prevalence of different parenting styles.
B) meaning of particular parenting styles to children.
C) outcomes associated with different parenting styles.
D) dimensions that define parenting styles.

Question 38

Imagine that researchers interested in the possible bidirectional influence of children's aggression and parental use of punitive discipline examined these two variables when a group of children was at each of three ages: 4 years old, 8 years old, and 12 years old. Which finding would be the BEST support for the bidirectional influence of these variables?

A) Greater punitive discipline at age 4 was associated with greater punitive discipline at age 8, which was associated with greater aggression at age 12.
B) Greater aggression at age 4 was associated with greater punitive discipline at age 8, which was associated with greater aggression at age 12.
C) Greater aggression at age 4 was associated with greater aggression at age 8, which was associated with greater punitive discipline at age 12.
D) Less punitive discipline at age 4 was associated with greater aggression at age 8, which was associated with greater aggression at age 12.

Question 39

Which characteristic is NOT an example of an active influence children have on the parenting process?

A) temperament
B) perceptions of their parents' behaviour toward them
C) negative behaviour that is reinforced by parents
D) appearance

Question 40

Which action is an example of psychological control?

A) threatening to take away privileges
B) requiring children to comply with demands without question
C) discounting children's feelings
D) engaging in reasoning

Question 41

The divorce rate was between _____ in 2013.

A) 10% and 20%
B) 25% and 35%
C) 35% and 42%
D) 55% and 65%

Question 42

The average age of a woman at the time of her marriage was _____ in the 1960s and _____ in 2009.

A) 20; 25
B) 25; 31
C) 22; 29
D) 20; 22

Question 43

All of these traits are more common among families experiencing long-term economic stress than among other families EXCEPT:

A) social support.
B) marital conflict.
C) inconsistent parenting.
D) hostile parenting.

Question 44

In 2011 _____ times as many children lived in one-parent households than in the 1960s.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 45

Research has demonstrated that which parental practice is associated with less hostility in sibling relationships?

A) being warm and accepting
B) treating the siblings differently
C) leaning on children in times of marital conflict
D) all of these practices

Question 46

Which statement about sibling relationships is true?

A) Siblings with parents who get along well tend to get along better with each other than do siblings with parents who fight with one another.
B) Siblings in divorced families tend to get along better than those in nondivorced families, as they tend to count on each other for support.
C) Perceived differential treatment by parents is typically not problematic in sibling relationships when it is the younger child who receives the better treatment.
D) Although children may be annoyed when parents favor their siblings, differential treatment is unlikely to affect sibling relationships.

Question 47

Which factor increases the level of support between siblings?

A) marital conflict
B) differential treatment by parents
C) parental warmth
D) All of these factors increase the level of support.

Question 48

Over the course of a given year in Canada, it is estimated that there are approximately _____ homeless children.

A) 50 000
B) 275 000
C) 100 000
D) 150 000

Question 49

The average age of a woman having her first children increased by approximately how much between 1974 and 2009?

A) 2.5 years
B) 3.5 years
C) 4.5 years
D) 5.5 years

Question 50

In regard to low-income parents and the effect of social support on parenting practices, social support appears to:

A) be more beneficial for those who live in the poorest, most dangerous neighborhoods than it is for other low-income parents.
B) be less beneficial for those who live in the poorest, most dangerous neighborhoods than it is for other low-income parents.
C) have an equally large benefit regardless of the type of neighborhood in which the parents live.
D) have nearly no benefit regardless of the type of neighborhood in which the parents live.

Question 51

Which statement about the effect of parents' differential treatment of siblings on the siblings' relationships with each other is true?

A) Children rarely detect true differences in parental treatment, and thus it has little effect on their relationships with their siblings.
B) Differential treatment is more likely to be a problem in early and middle childhood than in early adolescence, when adolescents can view it as justified.
C) Differential treatment is more likely to be a problem in early adolescence than in early and middle childhood, because adolescents' relationships are more emotionally charged than are the relationships of younger children.
D) Children can detect differential treatment and it is equally problematic for children of all ages.

Question 52

Between 1974 and 2009 the percentage of mothers of children under 16 who worked outside of the house increased by how much?

A) 34%
B) 40%
C) 48%
D) 60%

Question 53

In families living in Western industrialized cultures, mothers spend _____ of their available time playing than do fathers, and/but the type of play tends to be _____ to/from that of fathers.

A) more; similar
B) less; similar
C) more; different
D) less; different

Question 54

Higher-SES parents are more likely than lower-SES parents to view themselves as:

A) providers.
B) teachers.
C) disciplinarians.
D) all of these.

Question 55

Which type of sibling pair is LEAST likely to be characterized by rivalry and conflict?

A) biological siblings in remarried families
B) half-siblings
C) biological siblings in intact, nondivorced families
D) stepsiblings

Question 56

All of these factors decrease the negative effect of homelessness on children's adjustment EXCEPT:

A) a close relationship with their parents.
B) parental involvement in their education.
C) temperamental regulation.
D) running away as an adolescent.

Question 57

Differential treatment of siblings by parents is less detrimental to children when:

A) children believe it is justified.
B) the culture emphasizes interdependence among family members.
C) the children are older.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 58

One current hypothesis about why there are socioeconomic differences in parenting practices is that:

A) genetic differences between lower-SES families and higher-SES families enable lower-SES families to cope with difficulties more easily.
B) the increased stress that lower-SES parents experience causes them to have less time and energy for complex child-rearing issues than do higher-SES parents.
C) higher-SES parents are more concerned about protecting their children from harm than are lower-SES parents.
D) the jobs common to higher-SES families require a greater degree of conformity than the jobs common to lower-SES families.

Question 59

In Canada in 2012, approximately what percentage of children under 18 years of age lived in poverty?

A) 8%
B) 11%
C) 22%
D) 27%

Question 60

Compared to other children, homeless children are:

A) more likely to have serious behaviour problems, but are not more likely to be withdrawn.
B) more likely to be withdrawn, but are not more likely to have serious behaviour problems.
C) more likely to have serious behaviour problems and are more likely to be withdrawn.
D) neither more likely to have serious behaviour problems nor more likely to be withdrawn.

Question 61

The greater frequency of problem behaviours in children of divorced parents may be due to:

A) an inherited predisposition to poor self-regulation.
B) conflict surrounding the divorce.
C) transitioning to a new home or school.
D) any of these factors.

Question 62

Which factor does NOT increase an adolescent's risk of becoming pregnant?

A) living with both biological parents
B) having an older adolescent sibling who is sexually active
C) having a mother who is cold and uninvolved
D) having friends who are sexually active

Question 63

Mateo has limited contact with his non-custodial father, who lives across the country from him. His father is supportive and authoritative when Mateo does have contact with him. Mateo's peer, Ayden, has frequent contact with his own non-custodial father, who is permissive and disruptive. How are Mateo and Ayden likely to fare in terms of their adjustment and school achievement?

A) Mateo and Ayden will likely be similarly well adjusted, because contact with non-custodial fathers is beneficial for adjustment.
B) Ayden will likely be better adjusted than Mateo, because the frequency of contact with non-custodial fathers is more important than the quality of the contact.
C) Mateo will likely be better adjusted than Ayden, because the quality of contact with non-custodial fathers is more important than the frequency of the contact.
D) Mateo and Ayden will likely be similarly poorly adjusted, because both high quality and high quantity of contact with non-custodial fathers are necessary.

Question 64

Which statement about adolescent parents is true?

A) The vast majority of adolescent fathers never see their young children.
B) Adolescents whose mothers are authoritative are at an increased risk for pregnancy.
C) Adolescent mothers tend to provide low levels of verbal stimulation to their children.
D) Adolescents who were born to teenage mothers nearly always experience academic failure and problem behaviour.

Question 65

Which statement about older fathers, in comparison to younger fathers, is NOT true?

A) They are more likely to be affectionate with their infants.
B) They are more likely to provide a moderate amount of child care.
C) They are more likely to be cognitively stimulating with their infants.
D) They are more likely to have traditional beliefs about the paternal role in parenting.

Question 66

Compared to children whose parents do not divorce, children of divorce are:

A) more likely to experience depression.
B) more likely to complete high school.
C) less likely to have behavioural problems.
D) more socially competent.

Question 67

In 1974 _____ out of every 1000 teen girls became a mother; in 2009, _____ out of every 1000 teens became a mother.

A) 30; 20
B) 40; 50
C) 30; 12
D) 20; 5

Question 68

The MOST accurate statement about the effects of divorce on children is that divorce has effects on:

A) many child outcomes, both in the short and long terms.
B) many child outcomes in the short term, but few in the long term.
C) a few child outcomes in the short term, and many in the long term.
D) a few child outcomes in the short term, but none in the long term.

Question 69

Which variable does NOT influence children's adjustment following divorce?

A) parental conflict
B) stress of custodial mother
C) frequency of contact with noncustodial father
D) quality of contact with noncustodial father

Question 70

Which statement about parental conflict following divorce is true?

A) Fathers tend to be less involved with their children when there is parental conflict.
B) If adolescents feel that they can act as intermediaries between their parents, they tend to feel empowered, and thus are at decreased risk of engaging in problem behaviours.
C) Conflict tends to decrease soon after the divorce is finalized.
D) When children witness violence between their parents, they are less likely to use violence with their own partners when they are older.

Question 71

Compared to younger parents, older parents tend to have all of these characteristics EXCEPT:

A) less stress.
B) more children.
C) greater financial resources.
D) more positivity in their parenting.

Question 72

Which of these statements is NOT true of divorced custodial mothers?

A) They generally have increased financial responsibility.
B) They often experience isolation from social support.
C) They often experience anger or depression.
D) They generally receive full child-support payments.

Question 73

Which mother is MOST likely to show sensitive behaviour toward her new infant?

A) Eileen, who is 17 years old
B) Ursula, who is 22 years old and has few financial resources
C) Hailee, who is 34 years old and has no other children
D) Andrea, who is 34 years old and has two older children

Question 74

Which factor is associated with a decreased likelihood of children experiencing negative consequences from their parents' divorce?

A) authoritarian parenting
B) frequent contact with noncustodial father
C) being a young child at the time of divorce
D) low parental conflict

Question 75

Remarriage appears to be the MOST difficult for children in what age group?

A) younger children
B) older children
C) younger adolescents
D) college-age youth

Question 76

Children whose parents use which parenting style following a divorce are MOST likely to adjust well to the divorce?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) rejecting-neglecting

Question 77

In which group are youth's adjustment and problem behaviours MOST negatively affected by their parents' divorce?

A) younger children
B) older children
C) adolescents
D) college-age youth

Question 78

Which result is NOT a consequence of divorce on children?

A) increased delinquency
B) decreased rate of divorce in adulthood
C) decreased income in adulthood
D) decreased social competence

Question 79

According to your text, which family arrangement has DECLINED in Canada since 2001?

A) married families with children
B) married families without children
C) lone-parent families with children
D) common-law families without children

Question 80

Which statement about the impact of divorce on children's functioning is true?

A) The majority of children whose parents divorce suffer long-term problems as a consequence.
B) Although divorce has negative consequences for some children, most children do not suffer long-term problems as a consequence.
C) Although there are some short-term consequences, there are almost no long-term consequences of divorce.
D) There are no short-term or long-term consequences of divorce.