Deck 6: Memory

Question 1

Trying to remember someone's name whom you met long ago is an example of what type of process?

A)Storage
B)Retrieval
C)Encoding
D)Decoding

Answer 1

Retrieval

Question 2

Which model of memory proposes that the deeper a person processes information,the better it will be remembered?

A)levels-of-processing model
B)parallel distributed processing model
C)information-processing model
D)three stage

Answer 2

levels-of-processing model

Question 3

The processes of encoding,storage,and retrieval are seen as part of the __________model of memory.

A)information processing
B)top-down storage
C)classical conditioning
D)Tolman's cognitive

Answer 3

information processing

Question 4

According to Craik and Lockhart,we are most likely to remember information that we process at a __________level.

A)deeper
B)medium
C)shallower
D)any of these,depending on the information

Question 5

__________is retention of memory for some period of time.

A)Encoding
B)Storage
C)Retrieval Incorrect: Retrieval is getting the information out of storage.
D)Evaluation

Question 6

When people hear a sound,their ears turn the vibrations in the air into neural messages from the auditory nerve,which makes it possible for the brain to interpret the sound.This process is called __________.

A)encoding
B)storage
C)retrieval
D)evaluation

Question 7

Believers in the information-processing model of memory are likely to agree that __________.

A)the brain has nothing in common with a computer
B)studying computers can give you useful insights into human information processing
C)auditory information is retained in the sensory register for up to 2 seconds
D)information flows from one memory system to the next

Question 8

When someone looks at an image,the retina turns the light rays from it into neural messages that go up to the optic nerve so the brain can interpret them.This process is called __________.

A)encoding
B)storage
C)retrieval
D)evaluation

Question 9

Craik and Lockhart's model of memory states that how long a memory will be remembered depends on __________.

A)the type of memory it is stored in
B)the place in the brain where the memory is stored
C)the amount of extinction that the memory has suffered
D)the depth of processing associated with learning the materials

Question 10

Janie is taking an exam in her history class.On the exam there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War (whatever that was!).Janie remembers four of them.She knows there is a fifth,but time is u

A)encoding
B)storage
C)retrieval
D)evaluation

Question 11

In the __________model,memory is seen as a simultaneous process,with the creation and storage of memories taking place across a series of networks "stretched" across the brain.

A)levels-of-processing
B)parallel distributed processing
C)transfer-appropriate processing
D)information-processing Incorrect: Information-processing models don't involve a network.

Question 12

Which of the following examples represents deep processing as described by Craik and Lockhart?

A)repeating a word aloud ten times
B)attending to the sound of a word
C)thinking about the meaning of a word
D)looking at the shapes of the letters in a word

Question 13

The levels-of-processing concept of Craik and Lockhart would suggest that which of the following questions would lead to better memory of the word frog?

A)"Does it rhyme with blog?"
B)"Is it in capital letters?"
C)"Is it written in cursive?"
D)"Would it be found in a pond?"

Question 14

__________is defined as an active system that receives information from the senses,organizes and alters information as it stores it away,and then retrieves the information from storage.

A)Classical conditioning
B)Operant conditioning
C)Learning
D)Memory

Question 15

Which of the following statements is true about retrieval?

A)It is a process that allows an extinguished CR to recover.
B)It is a process of getting stored memories back out into consciousness.
C)It is a process of getting information from the sensory receptors to the brain.
D)It is the reason that conditioned taste aversions last so long.

Question 16

The first step in the memory process is __________information in a form that the memory system can use.

A)encoding
B)storing
C)retrieving
D)evaluating

Question 17

Shaquin finished his term paper and handed it in.As he walked out of the classroom,he realized that there were a few more things he should have included in the paper.Shaquin's problem is the __________component of memory.

A)encoding
B)storage
C)retrieval
D)retention

Question 18

In the levels-of-processing model of memory,information that gets processed at a __________level (such as accessing the meaning of a word or phrase)is more likely to be retained longer and form a stronger memory than information that is processed at a __________level (such as the visual characteristics of a word).

A)deeper;shallower
B)shallower;deeper
C)higher;lower
D)lower;higher

Question 19

Which of the following examples represents the shallowest processing as described by Craik and Lockhart?

A)recalling an object's function
B)attending to the sound of a word
C)thinking about the meaning of a word
D)recalling that an object was rectangular

Question 20

Memory is defined as an active system that consists of three processes.They are __________.

A)receiving information from the senses,organizing and storing the information,and retrieving the information from storage
B)the unconditioned stimulus,the conditioned stimulus,and the conditioned response
C)bottom-up processing,selective attention,and top-down processing
D)acquisition,extinction,and spontaneous recovery

Question 21

The key to the partial report method of Sperling's study of sensory memory was to __________.

A)have the participants report the entire matrix of letters they saw as fast as they could
B)have the participants report the entire matrix of letters but mask the letters after presentation with a very bright light
C)cue the participants,using a tone,as to which line of the matrix they were to report
D)test the use of chunking

Question 22

The fleeting images we see as we look out the car window occur in ________.

A)sensory memory
B)short-term memory
C)semantic memory
D)working memory

Question 23

A time machine provides you the opportunity to interview Sigmund Freud.During the interview,Freud admits that he never wanted to attend medical school.When you ask him how he made it through,he says,"I had eidetic imagery." What does he mean by that?

A)He relied on the ability to associate odd images with material he needed to remember.
B)He had a photographic memory,which helped him remember the material he had to learn.
C)He was able to imagine how cells in a patient's body were acting when he prescribed drugs and,thus,he could adjust dosages.
D)In order to remember the long list of diseases he would encounter,he created drawings that helped him remember.

Question 24

Which of the following distinguished sensory memory (SM)from short-term memory (STM)?

A)STM holds only a small amount of separate pieces of information
B)STM holds a large amount of separate pieces of information
C)SM holds a large amount of separate pieces of information
D)STM holds a small amount of uniform information

Question 25

Why did research participants in Sperling's experiment recall so few letters stored in sensory memory?

A)They stopped paying attention after a few stimuli.
B)Proactive interference reduced the effectiveness of recall.
C)The stress of participating in this research became excessive.
D)The remaining stimuli quickly faded from sensory memory.

Question 26

Using the partial report method,Sperling found the capacity of iconic memory to be around __________.

A)four or five items
B)nine or ten items
C)all the letters present
D)one to two items

Question 27

In the parallel distributed processing model of memory,__________.

A)information is simultaneously stored in a network that stretches across the brain
B)information is stored simultaneously in unconnected regions of the brain
C)information is associated in sets of classically conditioned neurons across the neocortex
D)None of these are

Question 28

Which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery?

A)a table
B)a modem
C)a rainbow
D)a photograph

Question 29

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________.

A)implicit is to explicit
B)auditory is to visual
C)visual is to auditory
D)quick is to slow

Question 30

Suzy looks up from her lunch,realizing that Jacques has just said something to her.What was it? Oh,yes,he has just asked her if she wants to go to the movies.Suzy's ability to retrieve what Jacques said is due to her ____________.

A)iconic sensory memory
B)echoic sensory memory
C)short-term memory
D)tactile sensory memory

Question 31

A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you followed by a tone.You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard.What aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess?

A)primary memory
B)sensory memory
C)long-term memory
D)short-term memory

Question 32

One problem with relying on eidetic imagery to study for tests is that _________.

A)you remember too much material and the professor will think you are cheating
B)eidetic images fade in .25 second as Sperling has shown
C)you may be able to recall the material but you don't necessarily understand it
D)it only helps you remember things from other cultures

Question 33

You are out for a drive with the family and are lucky enough to get a window seat.The rapidly passing scenery you see out the window is first stored in __________.

A)echoic memory
B)iconic memory
C)long-term memory
D)short-term memory

Question 34

The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are __________.

A)sensory memory,short-term memory,and long-term memory
B)CS,UCS,UR,and CR
C)encoding,storage,and retrieval
D)shallow,medium,and deep processing

Question 35

Which model of memory is most similar in conceptualization to the way computers function?

A)Craik and Lockhart's model
B)extinction
C)information-processing model
D)parallel distributed processing model

Question 36

Long ago,during the early days of television,when a television set was turned off it took a while for the last image that was on the screen to fade away.This phenomenon is most like __________.

A)iconic memory
B)echoic memory
C)short-term memory
D)long-term memory

Question 37

Information is simultaneously stored across a network that stretches across the brain in the __________.

A)Craik and Lockhart model of memory
B)multistore model of memory
C)information-processing theory of memory
D)parallel distributed processing model of memory

Question 38

Which memory system provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular moment?

A)primary memory
B)sensory memory
C)long-term memory
D)short-term memory

Question 39

In the partial report method of Sperling's study of sensory memory,the participants were to report __________.

A)one of three lines of letters as indicated by the sound of a tone immediately presented after the letters had disappeared
B)only one or two of the letters in the cued line
C)the first letter of each line only
D)the middle letter of each line

Question 40

What is one of the real-world uses of iconic storage?

A)It is where photographic memories are kept.
B)It is the process that covers up the disruption that would occur from saccades.
C)It increases depth of processing.
D)none of these

Question 41

Suppose you're pitching in a baseball game facing a good hitter.You remember that you struck him out with a fastball the last time he was u

A)central executive
B)fight-or-flight response
C)modality-specific memory
D)long-term potentiation

Question 42

Someone a short distance away,to whom you have been paying no attention,quietly speaks your name,and suddenly you attend to that person.This is an example of __________.

A)Broadbent's process of selective memory
B)the phi phenomenon
C)the cocktail party effect
D)cue-controlled inhibition

Question 43

Which theorist is associated with the idea that information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory through the processes of selective attention?

A)Thorndike
B)Atkinson
C)Sperling
D)Broadbent

Question 44

Micah is trying to remember the specific route he took to the library the night before.What part of working memory is he accessing?

A)the articulatory loop
B)the visual sketchpad
C)the internal executive
D)the control sequence

Question 45

What "magic number" did Miller find to be the capacity of short-term memory?

A)11
B)9
C)7
D)5

Question 46

Maria finds that it is easier to remember her student ID number if she thinks of it in segments,such as the first three digits,then the next two,and then the final four.Each of these short segments of the number are called ________.

A)codes
B)cues
C)chunks
D)stores

Question 47

Chunking is a means of ______.

A)immediately forgetting irrelevant details
B)combining information into meaningful units
C)arranging details into a hierarchy from most to least important
D)storing long-term memories

Question 48

The duration of iconic memory is _______ than echoic memory,but iconic's capacity is probably ________.

A)shorter;larger
B)longer;larger
C)longer;about the same
D)shorter;about the same

Question 49

If one wants to increase the capacity of short-term memory,more items can be held through the process of __________.

A)chunking
B)decoding
C)rote rehearsal
D)data compression

Question 50

The only time selective attention is not working at its peak is __________.

A)during deep sleep,and it is still functioning even then
B)during REM sleep,as dreams block attention
C)when your short-term memory contains more than nine items
D)when you are storing items in eidetic imaginal memory

Question 51

In the 1950s,George Miller estimated the number of items that could be stored in short-term memory to be the magic number __________.

A)5,plus or minus 4
B)7,plus or minus 2
C)9,plus or minus 3
D)11,plus or minus 1

Question 52

Loni is asked to memorize the letters I K T E A L N in no particular order.She memorizes them by reorganizing them into the words INK and LATE.This tactic is called ______.

A)cueing
B)shadowing
C)rote rehearsal
D)chunking

Question 53

Which memory system is the one that is a working,active system that processes the information within it?

A)long-term memory
B)short-term memory
C)secondary memory
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 54

According to Baddeley,which memory system is best conceived of as three interrelated systems: central executive,visual sketchpad,and auditory recorder?

A)sensory memory
B)working memory
C)long-term memory
D)procedural memory

Question 55

Information gets from sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of __________.

A)elaborative rehearsal
B)maintenance rehearsal
C)automatic encoding
D)selective attention

Question 56

Bethany is trying to focus on a conversation across the room during a party she is attending.This is because she thinks she heard her name above the din of the conversation.Her ability to hear her name is due to the mechanism of __________.

A)Broadbent's forgetting theory
B)the homecoming queen party phenomenon
C)selective attention
D)intimacy

Question 57

Sitting in a very noisy restaurant,you are able to screen out all the other conversations around you so you can listen to the friend with whom you are conversing.This is an example of __________.

A)Broadbent's forgetting theory
B)the homecoming queen party phenomenon
C)selective attention
D)intimacy

Question 58

Which type of memory allows us to have meaningful conversations?

A)iconic memory
B)echoic memory
C)distributed memory
D)procedural memory

Question 59

Bits of information are combined into meaningful units so that more information can be held in short-term memory through the process of ______.

A)chunking
B)categorizing
C)rote rehearsal
D)cueing

Question 60

Laboratory studies using the recall of letters and numbers indicate that short-term memory is probably coded __________.

A)verbally
B)visually
C)semantically
D)physically

Question 61

Memories for general facts and personal information are called _________.

A)episodic memory
B)procedural memories
C)declarative memories
D)factual memory

Question 62

Which memory system has an unlimited capacity and can keep information for hours or decades?

A)short-term memory
B)long-term memory
C)sensory memory
D)implicit memory

Question 63

Maintenance rehearsal is defined as ________________.

A)processing the physical features of the stimulus to be remembered
B)analyzing new material in order to make it memorable
C)associating new material to be learned with information maintained in long-term memory
D)repeating some bit of information over and over in one's head in order to maintain it in short-term memory

Question 64

Suppose Tamika looks up a number in the telephone book.After getting a busy signal,a minute or so later she tries to call again - but has already forgotten the number! This example illustrates the limited duration of________ memory.

A)sensory
B)short-term
C)echoic
D)implicit

Question 65

When memories are stored in long-term memory,which of the following forms of information is used?

A)sounds
B)visual images
C)meanings of words and concepts
D)all of the above

Question 66

_______ rehearsal results in a more lasting memory and promotes the transfer of information to long-term memory compared to _______ rehearsal.

A)Permanent;condensed
B)Condensed;permanent
C)Elaborative;maintenance
D)Maintenance;elaborative

Question 67

Patients with anterograde amnesia were taught to solve the Tower of Hanoi problem.It was later found that they _______________.

A)remembered solving the problem and could do so again
B)didn't remember the problem and couldn't solve it
C)remembered solving the problem but couldn't do it again
D)didn't remember solving the problem but could do it again

Question 68

What are the two major types of rehearsal (for moving information from short-term to long-term memory)?

A)condensed and expanded
B)elaborative and permanent
C)maintenance and permanent
D)elaborative and maintenance

Question 69

Repeating items over and over in order to aid memory is known as ______ rehearsal.

A)repetitive
B)imagery
C)elaborative
D)maintenance

Question 70

Declarative memories are to ________ memories as procedural memories are to __________ memories.

A)implicit;explicit
B)explicit;implicit
C)general knowledge;personal facts
D)personal facts;general knowledge

Question 71

Which type of long-term memory is most difficult to bring into conscious awareness?

A)episodic memory
B)procedural memories
C)declarative memories
D)semantic memory

Question 72

You are learning a list of items for a test by relating the items to each other and to information that you already have stored in memory.Which type of rehearsal are you using?

A)condensed
B)permanent
C)maintenance
D)elaborative

Question 73

The portion of memory that is more or less permanent is called ______.

A)primary memory
B)working memory
C)eidetic memory
D)long-term memory

Question 74

It is thought that long-term memory never can get filled u

A)7,plus or minus 2
B)about 10,000 items
C)limited by the size of a person's brain
D)unlimited

Question 75

You try to remember a phone number by repeating it over and over to yourself.What type of rehearsal are you using?

A)condensed
B)permanent
C)elaborative
D)maintenance

Question 76

A police officer is shot in a gun battle with bank robbers.Although emergency brain surgery saves his life,it leaves him unable to store new information.The officer's family is applying to the state for compensation for his injuries.When asked to provide a diagnosis of the difficulties he suffers,what will they write?

A)proactive amnesia
B)anterograde amnesia
C)retrograde amnesia
D)retroactive amnesia

Question 77

If one wanted to use the best method to get storage in long-term memory,one would use ______________.

A)maintenance rehearsal
B)rote rehearsal
C)elaborative rehearsal
D)sleep learning

Question 78

The best analogy for the way long-term memory is conceptualized would be _________.

A)a revolving door
B)a filing cabinet
C)a desktop
D)a television

Question 79

Jamal is trying to buy something over the phone.He asks his partner to read him his credit card number.However,when he tries to repeat it to the sales clerk on the other end of the line,he can't remember all the numbers.Jamal is coming up against __________.

A)the decay of numerical memory
B)the extinction of auditory traces
C)George Miller's magic number 7,plus or minus 2
D)the limits of procedural memory

Question 80

Which type of long-term memory is most resistant to loss with Alzheimer's disease?

A)procedural
B)semantic
C)episodic
D)none of these