Deck 4: Consciousness

Question 1

What aspect of circadian rhythms might explain why we tend to feel so tired at night?

A)Body temperature bottoms out on Monday mornings.
B)The three biorhythm patterns converge at low points on Mondays.
C)Heart rates typically increase at night.
D)There is an organ in the brain sensitive to light changes,which then affects our sleepiness.

Answer 1

There is an organ in the brain sensitive to light changes,which then affects our sleepiness.

Question 2

Our awareness of various mental processes,such as making decisions,daydreaming,reflecting,and concentrating,is called ________.

A)consciousness
B)creativity
C)intelligence
D)self-awareness

Answer 2

consciousness

Question 3

What used to be called "the gentle tyrant"?

A)drugs
B)dreams
C)sleep
D)meditation

Answer 3

sleep

Question 4

What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings,sensations,and thoughts?

A)thinking
B)cognition
C)conscience
D)consciousness

Question 5

Melatonin is a ________.

A)hormone
B)sleeping pill
C)depressant
D)stimulant

Question 6

________,a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms,is secreted by the pineal gland.

A)Serotonin
B)Testosterone
C)Estrogen
D)Melatonin

Question 7

A biological cycle,or rhythm,that is approximately 24 hours long is called a(n)________ cycle.

A)infradian
B)circadian
C)diurnal
D)ultradian

Question 8

What do we call a state of consciousness that can result from the use of alcohol,drugs,or hypnosis?

A)daydreaming
B)meditative absorption
C)stream of consciousness
D)altered state of consciousness

Question 9

Circadian rhythms are controlled by the ________.

A)pineal gland
B)suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
C)thalamus
D)hippocampus

Question 10

SCN stands for ________.

A)stop control now
B)suprachiasmatic nucleus
C)serotonin-controlled nucleus
D)sleep control nucleus

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT an altered state of consciousness?

A)concentration
B)meditation
C)daydreaming
D)intoxication

Question 12

The state we are in when we are awake and reasonably alert is called ________.

A)altered state of consciousness
B)waking consciousness
C)self-awareness
D)intelligence

Question 13

A circadian cycle is about ________ hours long.

A)1)5
B)12
C)6
D)24

Question 14

The sleep-wake cycle is ultimately controlled by the part of the brain called the ________.

A)optical nerve
B)frontal lobe
C)hypothalamus
D)median forebrain bundle

Question 15

Our sleep-wake cycle follows a(n)________rhythm.

A)infradian
B)diurnal
C)circadian
D)ultradian

Question 16

Mental activities that differ noticeably from normal waking consciousness are known as ________.

A)hyperconsciousness
B)unconscious states
C)relaxed wakefulness
D)altered states of consciousness

Question 17

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)located?

A)thalamus
B)cerebellum
C)basal ganglia
D)hypothalamus

Question 18

The hypothalamus controls the ________.

A)hypnotic suggestibility ratio
B)sleep-wake cycle
C)frequency of nightmares
D)growth hormones that occur during sleep

Question 19

Consciousness is the ________.

A)state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes
B)awareness of ourselves and the environment
C)memory of personally experienced events
D)intentional recollection of an item of information

Question 20

Daydreaming,meditation,intoxication,sleep,and hypnosis are all types of ________.

A)self-awareness
B)self-absorption
C)waking consciousness
D)altered states of consciousness

Question 21

According to this theory,sleep is a product of evolution.

A)restorative theory
B)adaptive theory
C)psychoanalytic theory
D)dream theory

Question 22

Sid is taking part in research on the effects of sleep deprivation;he has been without sleep for 75 hours.Right now researchers have asked him to sit in front of a computer screen and hit a button each time he sees the letter S on the screen.A few days ago,Sid was a whiz at this task;however,he is doing very poorly today.How are sleep researchers likely to explain Sid's poor performance?

A)Due to the sleep deprivation,Sid does not understand the task.
B)Microsleeps are occurring due to the sleep deprivation and he is asleep for brief periods of time.
C)He is determined to ruin the research because of the suffering he is enduring at the hands of the researchers.
D)He is probably dreaming that he is somewhere else and has no interest in responding to the "here and now."

Question 23

All of the following result from sleep deprivation EXCEPT ________.

A)droopy eyelids
B)irritability
C)hyperalertness
D)inattentiveness

Question 24

Periods of REM sleep alternate with periods of non-REM sleep in a cycle that recurs about every ________ minutes or so.

A)30
B)90
C)150
D)210

Question 25

Upon just waking up,you report a vivid visual event.What term do psychologists use for such phenomena?

A)hypnotic illusion
B)positive hallucination
C)hypnogogic images or hallucinations
D)hypnopompic image

Question 26

If the EEG record reveals evidence of sleep spindles,you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is in which stage of sleep?

A)REM
B)N1 (R&K Stage 1)
C)N2 (R&K Stage 2)
D)N3 (R&K Stages 3 and 4)

Question 27

You see an advertisement for a method of learning a foreign language that seems simple-just put on a tape and fall aslee

A)Did the individuals actually dream about the foreign language?
B)What did the EEG indicate about the participants' level of sleep?
C)Did the researchers use only long sleepers who would spend more time with the tapes?
D)Were study breaks included in the tape to provide greater comprehension of the material?

Question 28

REM sleep refers to ________.

A)dreamless sleep
B)sleep induced by sleeping pills
C)sleep periods in which sleepwalking is likely
D)sleep periods in which a person's eyes move rapidly

Question 29

Which of the following can be an emotional symptom of sleep deprivation?

A)hyperactivity
B)cheerfulness
C)depression
D)nausea

Question 30

According to this theory,sleep is necessary for the growth and repair of the body.

A)restorative theory
B)adaptive theory
C)psychoanalytic theory
D)dream theory

Question 31

If the EEG record reveals evidence of very small and very fast waves in a person that otherwise appears to be asleep,and other data indicates the person's eyes are moving back and forth but the rest of the body is still,you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is in ________.

A)REM
B)N1 (R&K Stage 1).
C)N2 (R&K Stage 2)
D)N3 (R&K Stages 3 and 4)

Question 32

Sleep spindles appear during ________ slee

A)REM
B)N1 (R&K Stage 1)
C)N2 (R&K Stage 2)
D)N3 (R&K Stages 3 and 4)

Question 33

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship of the total amount of sleep that an individual receives as a function of age?

A)We require more sleep as we age.
B)As we age,we tend to get less sleep.
C)We require much sleep during infancy and early childhood,less sleep in adolescence and early adulthood,and then more sleep in middle and older age.
D)The amount of sleep we require solely depends on individual difference variables.

Question 34

You are watching sleep researchers monitor the sleep of a normal adult.The participant is hooked up to an EEG.What brain waves would you observe as the person becomes drowsy and then enters the first stage of sleep?

A)alpha eventually replaced by delta
B)delta eventually replaced by theta
C)beta eventually replaced by alpha
D)delta eventually replaced by beta

Question 35

Which statement is correct concerning how much sleep people need?

A)Most older people need at least 10 hours.
B)Men need more sleep than women.
C)Most young adults need between 7 and 9 hours of sleep.
D)Women need more sleep than men.

Question 36

If you are awakened from sleep and you feel as though you had not even been asleep,then you were most likely in which stage of sleep?

A)N1 (R&K Stage 1)
B)N2 (R&K Stage 2)
C)N3 (R&K Stages 3 and 4)
D)slow wave sleep

Question 37

Which device would a sleep researcher use to monitor a sleeping person's brain waves?

A)electromyograph (EMG)
B)electrocardiograph (EKG)
C)electro-oculograph (EOG)
D)electroencephalograph (EEG)

Question 38

The restorative theory views sleep as ________.

A)having evolutionary advantages
B)helping the body repair the wear and tear of the day's events
C)a means to cope with stress
D)important only to the extent that we don't enter a state of sleep deprivation

Question 39

Melatonin is to ________ as an aspirin is to ________.

A)nausea;a nightmare
B)nightmare;blood clots
C)insomnia;a headache
D)sleep apnea;a blood thinner

Question 40

What term do sleep researchers use to designate the first three stages of sleep?

A)REM sleep
B)non-REM (NREM or N)sleep
C)REMN sleep
D)paradoxical sleep

Question 41

Which of the following individuals is most likely to sleepwalk?

A)a 10-year-old child
B)a 24-year-old adult
C)a 44-year-old adult
D)a 74-year-old adult

Question 42

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Night terrors are a rare disorder.
B)Nightmares,but not night terrors,suggest some psychological problems.
C)Night terrors,but not nightmares,suggest some psychological problems.
D)Both nightmares and night terrors suggest psychological problems.

Question 43

Which of the following is CORRECT concerning REM deprivation?

A)REM deprivation results in long-term mental illness.
B)REM deprivation only occurs among the elderly.
C)REM deprivation leads to increased amounts of REM sleep on subsequent nights of sleep.
D)REM deprivation can lead to visual impairments.

Question 44

Each of the following is true of sleepwalking EXCEPT ________.

A)more boys than girls sleepwalk
B)sleepwalking is more common among children than adults
C)waking a sleepwalker is difficult
D)waking a sleepwalker is always dangerous

Question 45

The stage of sleep in which delta waves begin to appear is ________ slee

A)N1 (R&K Stage 1)
B)N2 (R&K Stage 2)
C)N3 (R&K Stages 3 and 4)
D)REM

Question 46

Short,rhythmic bursts of brainwave activity that appear during N2 (R&K Stage 2)sleep are called ________.

A)delta waves
B)sleep spindles
C)paradoxical sleep waves
D)beta waves

Question 47

Judith is startled when her 6-year-old daughter,Laura,sleepwalks into the family room.It is most likely that Laura is experiencing the ________ stage of the sleep cycle.

A)REM
B)first
C)second
D)third

Question 48

Which of the following stages of sleep is marked by the production of very slow delta waves?

A)REM
B)N1 (R&K Stage 1)
C)N2 (R&K Stage 2)
D)N3 (R&K Stages 3 and 4)

Question 49

REM behavior disorder results from ________.

A)too much sleep
B)not enough sleep
C)failure of the brain mechanisms to block brain signals to the muscles
D)deterioration of the medial hypothalamus

Question 50

This early researcher did a study that seemed to suggest that people deprived of REM sleep would become paranoid,seemingly mentally ill,from lack of this one stage of slee

A)Freud
B)Dement
C)Jung
D)James

Question 51

John will likely experience REM rebound tonight if he:

A)takes a sleeping pill before bed tonight.
B)drinks too much caffeine prior to sleeping.
C)did not sleep much last night.
D)slept more than 8 hours last night.

Question 52

Your brain waves are being monitored in a sleep laboratory.If you are in deep sleep less than an hour after falling asleep,what brain waves will be detected?

A)beta
B)alpha
C)theta
D)delta

Question 53

Each of the following is a sleep disorder EXCEPT ________.

A)narcolepsy
B)REM rebound
C)insomnia
D)night terrors

Question 54

REM behavior disorder most commonly occurs ________.

A)in men over 60
B)in women under 60
C)in children
D)among the poor

Question 55

Approximately ________ percent of the population experiences at least some incidents of sleepwalking.

A)20
B)40
C)60
D)80

Question 56

What would you expect to see on the EEG record of a person who is engaged in an episode of sleepwalking?

A)paradoxical sleep waves
B)very large sleep spindles
C)evidence of deep sleep (N3)
D)a record that is virtually the same as a daydreaming person

Question 57

Sleep in N3 (R&K Stages 3 and 4)is marked by ________ waves.

A)alpha
B)beta
C)theta
D)delta

Question 58

Which of the following statements is correct?

A)Sleepwalking has never been used successfully as a murder defense.
B)There have been cases in which sleepwalking was a successful murder defense.
C)Sleepwalking in prisons is a common occurrence.
D)A famous attorney reported that he tried a murder case while he was sleepwalking.

Question 59

The deepest stage of sleep is ________ slee

A)N1 (R&K Stage 1)
B)N2 (R&K Stage 2)
C)N3 (R&K Stages 3 and 4)
D)REM

Question 60

People in N3 (R&K Stages 3 and 4)sleep ________.

A)dream all the time
B)are hard to wake up
C)are easy to wake up
D)hallucinate

Question 61

Your friend has experienced excessive daytime sleepiness.He is laughing with you and suddenly falls to the ground.Your friend is probably suffering from ________.

A)narcolepsy
B)parasomnia
C)REM rebound
D)sleep apnea

Question 62

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night is ________.

A)somnambulism
B)cataplexy
C)narcolepsy
D)insomnia

Question 63

Sleep research supports three helpful hints to avoid insomnia.Which of the following statements is one of them?

A)Stay in bed if you cannot fall asleep so that you don't "wake up" your brain.
B)Avoid meditation or relaxation techniques,as they interfere with your circadian rhythm.
C)Try to nap as much as possible.
D)It is better to go to bed at about the same time every night.

Question 64

________ is a disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep,causing the person to choke,gasp,and momentarily awaken.

A)Sleep apnea
B)Insomnia
C)Narcolepsy
D)Non-REM sleep

Question 65

You are telling a joke to your friend who is laughing uproariously and then suddenly collapses to the floor.You are not surprised to later learn that he has a sleep disorder known as ???________.

A)enuresis
B)narcolepsy
C)sleep terror
D)daytime insomnia

Question 66

The difference between insomnia and apnea is that ________.

A)apnea affects primarily the elderly,whereas insomnia is characteristic of children
B)insomnia is treatable but apnea is not
C)insomnia is characterized by sleeplessness,whereas apnea is characterized by breathing difficulties
D)apnea is a precursor to narcolepsy,whereas insomnia is not

Question 67

You find it hard to sleep due to your roommate's sleeping behavior.She snores quite a bit and at times it sounds as though she has great difficulty breathing.Your roommate may have ________.

A)sleep apnea
B)night terrors
C)nightmares
D)narcolepsy

Question 68

Which of the following statements might help you determine if an individual has narcolepsy?

A)"I have difficulty getting to sleep."
B)"I don't have an adverse reaction to sleeping pills."
C)"I sometimes suddenly fall asleep in the middle of a conversation."
D)"When I get up in the morning,I have the feeling that I had really bad nightmares."

Question 69

Sleep research supports three "helpful hints" to avoid insomnia.Which of the following statements is NOT a helpful hint?

A)Don't try too hard to get to sleep.
B)Don't take sleeping pills or drink alcohol to help you fall asleep.
C)Try to nap as much as possible.
D)It is better to go to bed at about the same time every night.

Question 70

If your physician says you need a treatment called a CPAP device,you are suffering from ________.

A)insomnia
B)narcolepsy
C)sleep apnea
D)sleep terrors

Question 71

To treat your sleep problem,you are told that you should not nap,you should set your alarm clock to wake up at the same time each day,and you should get out of bed if you cannot slee

A)enuresis
B)narcolepsy
C)insomnia
D)REM sleep behavior disorder

Question 72

Mary is having insomnia.Which piece of advice would you give to help her deal with it?

A)Take sleeping pills.
B)Go to bed every night at different times to "shock your sleep system."
C)Study in bed and then go immediately to sleep.
D)Don't do anything but sleep in your bed.

Question 73

Which of these individuals has the highest risk of sleep apnea?

A)John,62 years old,who is overweight
B)Angela,21 years old,who is depressed
C)Alicia,42 years old,who is suffering from anorexia
D)Juan,8 years old,who is experiencing episodes of enuresis

Question 74

If you have been waking up too early for several weeks,and you are not feeling rested upon waking,you may be suffering from ________.

A)insomnia
B)parasomnia
C)hypersomnia
D)reverse insomnia

Question 75

Sleep research supports three of the following helpful hints.Which statement is NOT accurate?

A)Don't try too hard to get to sleep.
B)Don't do anything in your bed but sleep.
C)Sleeping pills help cure insomnia.
D)It is better to go to bed at about the same time every night.

Question 76

CPAP stands for ________.

A)continuous positive airway pressure
B)cancer prevention application procedure
C)controlled pulmonary air pump
D)correctable pointed airflow problem

Question 77

A sleep disorder that may require the use of a machine to force air gently into the nasal passages is called ________.

A)sleep apnea
B)insomnia
C)narcolepsy
D)cataplexy

Question 78

A student nurse looks at a patient's chart and does not understand the meaning of serious sleep apnea,so she asks the head nurse for assistance.How might the head nurse describe this condition?

A)The patient is mentally ill and tends to try to suffocate himself at times.
B)The patient cannot sleep unless he uses several pillows to deaden sounds that might awaken him.
C)The patient appears to awaken throughout the night and start walking,but he will not respond to commands.
D)The patient has a potentially life-threatening condition in which air does not flow into or out of his nose or mouth for periods of time while he is asleep.

Question 79

Jim is 56 years old and slightly overweight.His wife reports that he snores loudly.What sleep disorder seems to fit Jim's symptoms?

A)narcolepsy
B)sleep apnea
C)sleep terror
D)REM sleep behavior

Question 80

Surgery to which organ in the body may relieve symptoms of apnea?

A)septum
B)uvula
C)olfactory membrane
D)auditory canal