Deck 11: Theories of Personality

Question 1

Events that cause a stress reaction are referred to as ________.

A)hassles
B)catastrophies
C)eustresses
D)stressors

Answer 1

stressors

Question 2

Which of the following are considered mental symptoms of stress?

A)sleeping irregularity,frequent colds,anger
B)depression,fear,irritability
C)difficulty making decisions,loss of sense of humor,difficulty concentrating
D)chest pains,nausea,memory loss

Answer 2

difficulty making decisions,loss of sense of humor,difficulty concentrating

Question 3

Which of the following are considered emotional,as opposed to mental,symptoms of stress?

A)sleeping irregularity,frequent colds,nausea
B)depression,fear,anger
C)difficulty making decisions,loss of sense of humor,difficulty concentrating on tasks
D)eating too much,smoking or drinking more than usual,hitting people or throwing things

Answer 3

depression,fear,anger

Question 4

An assessment that measures the amount of stress in a person's life resulting from major life changes over one year is called the ________.

A)secondary appraisal
B)primary appraisal
C)Social Readjustment Rating Scale
D)College Undergraduate Stress Scale

Question 5

Hachi is working against a deadline.She must have a term paper written by 8 a.m.tomorrow.The deadline is an example of a ________.

A)stress
B)stressor
C)stress response
D)stress reaction

Question 6

Burning your toast,having trouble opening an e-mail attachment,breaking a glass,and running late for an appointment are all examples of ________.

A)uplifts
B)hassles
C)downturns
D)distress

Question 7

The ________ measures the amount of stress in a college student's life resulting from major life changes.

A)University Students Stress Assessment (USSA)
B)College Students New Experiences Assessment Scale (CSNEAS)
C)Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
D)College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS)

Question 8

________ is the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being.

A)Acute stress
B)Eustress
C)Distress
D)Catastrophic stress

Question 9

According to Lazarus,hassles ________.

A)do not arise from major life changes
B)arise from major life changes
C)nullify the stress that arises from major life changes
D)are unrelated to stress

Question 10

Professor Willoughby assigns his class a term paper that is to make up 30% of their final grade.The students are given clear guidelines about what is expected in this assignment,and are given two months to complete the assignment.Because students know that this paper is important,but not the only thing upon which their grades will be based,this assignment would be likely to cause ________.

A)frustration
B)distress
C)aggression
D)eustress

Question 11

________ occurs when people experience unpleasant stressors.

A)Acute stress
B)Eustress
C)Distress
D)Catastrophic stress

Question 12

When thinking about GREs,applying to graduate school,and studying for mid-terms,Nichole starts to have sweaty palms and a racing heart.It is MOST probable that Nichole is responding to ________.

A)T cells
B)the pressure
C)stressors
D)lymphocytes

Question 13

Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)to measure stress due to ________.

A)natural disasters
B)major life changes
C)social difficulties
D)negative life events

Question 14

Which of the following is the term used to describe unpredictable,large-scale events that create a great deal of stress and feelings of threat?

A)major life changes
B)catastrophes
C)hassles
D)eustress

Question 15

The term hassles refers to________.

A)minor health problems that cause a person to miss at least one day of work
B)personal limitations that make it impossible for someone to pursue a desired goal
C)the necessity to interact with persons we dislike in order to obtain our goals
D)minor annoyances of everyday life

Question 16

Researchers have found an association between daily hassles and ________.

A)colds and headaches
B)cancer and heart disease
C)hypertension and obesity
D)heart disease and schizophrenia

Question 17

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)measures stress related to ________.

A)both positive and negative life events
B)only negative life events
C)only positive life events
D)internal stressors

Question 18

________ is the term used to describe the physical,emotional,cognitive,and behavioral responses to events that are threatening or challenging.

A)Stress
B)Burnout
C)Dysphoria
D)Distress

Question 19

Which major life event on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale has the highest number of life change units?

A)divorce
B)marriage
C)death of a spouse
D)damage to the home

Question 20

According to Holmes and Rahe,a person who scores over 300 on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale is more likely than people with lower scores to have what kind of experience in the near future?

A)more frequent changes of job
B)a divorce
C)commission of a crime
D)a higher chance of becoming ill or having an accident

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT an example of an external frustration?

A)uncontrollability
B)losses
C)rejections
D)delays

Question 22

Which of the following statements is NOT true about hassles at different developmental stages?

A)Elderly people are more strongly affected by hassles such as going shopping,doctor's appointments,and bad weather than are children and younger adults.
B)Younger adults are more strongly affected by hassles such as going shopping,doctor's appointments,and bad weather than are elderly people.
C)For children ages 3 to 5,the biggest hassle is getting teased.
D)Youth 11 to 15 years old report feeling pressure to use drugs.

Question 23

________ occurs when a person is blocked or prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need.

A)Uncontrollability
B)Conflict
C)Pressure
D)Frustration

Question 24

Desiring to purchase a book and finding that it is out of stock is an example of a(n)________.

A)external frustration
B)internal conflict
C)external conflict
D)internal frustration

Question 25

Joey put a quarter in the gumball machine only to find that the machine was not working.He continued to turn the dial on the machine in the hope that he would retrieve a gumball.Joey's behavior is called ________.

A)persistence
B)increasing efforts
C)varying efforts
D)aggression

Question 26

Actions meant to harm or destroy are referred to as ________.

A)persistence
B)displacement
C)varying efforts
D)aggression

Question 27

According to a recent study,what is the biggest hassle reported by children between the ages of 11 and 15?

A)feeling pressure to use drugs
B)not having the clothing styles they want
C)fear of new school situations
D)fear of getting into trouble at school or home

Question 28

All of the following are sources of stress EXCEPT________.

A)pressure
B)frustration
C)uncontrollability
D)aggression

Question 29

Jacob's father has always wanted him to be a lawyer.He has encouraged him to get good grades,graduate college earlier than his peers,and work as hard as he can.Jacob does not care about going to law school,but he does so to please his father.Jacob is responding to ________.

A)anxiety
B)pressure
C)overload
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 30

Research by Teresa Amabile shows that time pressure has ________ impact on one's ability to be creative.

A)no
B)a positive
C)a negative
D)some

Question 31

Min-Jee is currently very concerned about a recent increase in fighting among her family members.When talking with her therapist,she notes that this has been her biggest concern lately.According to the research into the severity of different hassles,which of the following statements is probably true about Min-Jee's age?

A)Min-Jee is 4 years old
B)Min-Jee is an adult
C)Min-Jee is an adolescent
D)Min-Jee is elderly

Question 32

Frustration that occurs when a goal or need cannot be attained due to personal characteristics is called ________.

A)external frustration
B)internal conflict
C)a hassle
D)personal frustration

Question 33

Jacinta finds applying for graduate school to be frustrating.She believes that the entire process is random.As such,this example highlights the role of ________ in coping.

A)uncontrollability
B)self-monitoring
C)action
D)optimism

Question 34

Researchers found that the ________ of daily hassles was a better predictor of headaches than were scores on a life events scale.

A)duration
B)type
C)negative quality
D)perceived severity

Question 35

Fabiana is beginning to realize that so-called "surprise quizzes" in her math class really aren't too much of a surprise at all,since they tend to occur every week.Accordingly,she accepts that fact and regularly reviews the course material.This example best illustrates that ________.

A)there can be a mismatch between perceived control and the preferred level of control
B)coping is a whimsical process
C)perceiving a lack of control typically produces stress
D)events beyond our control can still be predictable

Question 36

Gloria is a tax accountant who is very busy from January to April 15,which is the tax return filing deadline.She feels that she must work very long hours during this time to meet the April 15 deadline for all of her clients.Gloria is experiencing ________.

A)anxiety
B)pressure
C)frustration
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 37

Bettina is 6 feet tall and desires to become a ballerina.Unfortunately,she is having difficulty being accepted into a ballet troupe because of her height.Bettina is experiencing ________.

A)external frustration
B)internal conflict
C)external conflict
D)internal frustration

Question 38

The first response that people typically make to frustration is ________.

A)persistence
B)increasing efforts
C)varying efforts
D)aggression

Question 39

The ________ control one has,the ________ the degree of stress.

A)more;greater
B)less;greater
C)less;lower
D)Control has nothing to do with stress.

Question 40

An urgent demand or expectation for our behavior that comes from an outside source is called ________.

A)anxiety
B)pressure
C)overload
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement regarding Berkowitz's frustration-aggression hypothesis?

A)Frustration creates an internal readiness to aggress.
B)Aggression will not follow frustration unless certain external cues are present.
C)Frustration does not always lead to aggression.
D)Frustration always leads to aggression.

Question 42

________ are habitual targets of displaced aggression.

A)Scapegoats
B)Internal conflicts
C)Relationships
D)Bullies

Question 43

Ken wants to go to law school because he believes being a lawyer will bring him prestige and a good income.However,he is not sure he should attend because he is very concerned about the hard work law school will involve and the money it will cost.Ken is faced with a(n)________ conflict.

A)approach-approach
B)avoidance-avoidance
C)approach-avoidance
D)double approach-avoidance

Question 44

A conflict in which a person must choose between two undesirable routes to a goal or goals is called ________.

A)approach-avoidance
B)avoidance-avoidance
C)approach-approach
D)multiple approach-avoidance

Question 45

The most extreme form of escape or withdrawal from frustration is ________.

A)suicide
B)anhedonia
C)leaving the country
D)divorce

Question 46

Which part of the nervous system reacts when the human body is subjected to stress?

A)parasympathetic
B)somatic
C)sympathetic
D)central

Question 47

Since Melinda is attempting to make a difficult choice as whether to file for divorce,she is probably experiencing ________.

A)learned helplessness
B)conflict
C)burnout
D)little perceived control

Question 48

Lizzie is a freshman in college who needs to declare her major.She is interested in history,psychology,medicine,and law.As she thinks about each of these potential majors,she considers both the positive and negative aspects of each,which cause her to go back and forth in her decision.Lizzie is experiencing a(n)________ conflict.

A)double approach-avoidance
B)avoidance-avoidance
C)approach-approach
D)multiple approach-avoidance

Question 49

Jordan is very frustrated because another patron at the bar is talking to the woman with whom Jordan was just dancing.According to Berkowitz's reformulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis,which of the following factors makes Jordan unlikely to lash out in a physically aggressive manner?

A)Jordan already has a criminal charge for assault.
B)The other man is much larger and clearly stronger than Jordan.
C)The woman makes it clear that she is not interested in Jordan.
D)Jordan is alone and has no friends to back him up.

Question 50

After weeks of being taunted by her so-called "friends" at school and asking them to stop taunting her,Alyssa begins to actively avoid them whenever possible.Her reaction to this frustration is best described as ________.

A)confrontation
B)compromise
C)withdrawal
D)rationalization

Question 51

Which of the following is the type of conflict that occurs when a person must choose between two goals that have both positive and negative aspects?

A)approach-avoidance
B)avoidance-avoidance
C)approach-approach
D)double approach-avoidance

Question 52

Joey put a quarter in the gumball machine,only to find that the machine was not working.He continued to turn the dial on the machine in hope that he would retrieve a gumball.Unfortunately,after several minutes of forcefully turning the dial,he still did not retrieve a gumball.As a result,he kicked the machine several times.Kicking the machine is an example of ________.

A)persistence
B)increasing efforts
C)varying efforts
D)aggression

Question 53

Which of the following is the most stressful of all conflicts,causing many people to go back and forth between one decision and the other,or be unable to decide for or against the event?

A)approach-avoidance
B)avoidance-avoidance
C)approach-approach
D)incompatible demands

Question 54

Qimat must decide between two equally good choices for his weekend activity.He can either go fishing with his dad or go to an amusement park with his friends.This is an example of a(n)________ conflict.

A)positive-positive
B)approach-avoidance
C)avoidance-avoidance
D)approach-approach

Question 55

Which of the following is an example of an avoidance-avoidance conflict?

A)A person who enjoys the ocean has to choose between retiring in the Bahamas or in Tahiti.
B)A student has to decide whether to turn in an unfinished paper and receive a failing grade or hand it in late and lose many points.
C)A person has to choose between wanting to eat some cake but not wanting the calories.
D)A person who loves chocolate must choose between eating chocolate cake or chocolate ice cream.

Question 56

For someone who likes both movies and concerts,choosing between going to one or the other represents an ________ conflict.

A)approach-avoidance
B)avoidance-avoidance
C)approach-approach
D)incompatible demands

Question 57

Bluma hates making decisions,especially about things she does not like.Her mom wants her to either mow the lawn or clean her room this weekend.This is an example of ________ conflict.

A)avoidance-avoidance
B)good-evil
C)negative-negative
D)approach-approach

Question 58

Which of the following is the type of conflict that occurs when a person must choose or not choose one goal or event that has both positive and negative aspects?

A)approach-avoidance
B)avoidance-avoidance
C)approach-approach
D)multiple approach-avoidance

Question 59

In a(n)________ conflict,a person must choose between two desirable goals.

A)approach-avoidance
B)avoidance-avoidance
C)approach-approach
D)double approach-avoidance

Question 60

When faced with an approach-avoidance conflict,some people tend to go back and forth with their choice because they cannot decide for or against the goal or event.This mind-changing behavior is called ________.

A)vacillating
B)alternating
C)dichotomizing
D)avoiding

Question 61

In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome has the body reached the limits of its ability to adapt to stress,which may result in the development of stress-related diseases?

A)alarm
B)collapse
C)exhaustion
D)resistance

Question 62

Which of the following statements best encapsulates the relationship between stress and physical illness according to psychoneuroimmunologists?

A)Stress compromises the body's immune system,leaving a person vulnerable to illness.
B)Stress increases the production of natural killer cells,which causes cell death and leads to illness.
C)Stress causes high blood pressure,heart disease,and cancer.
D)Stress has no direct relationship to physical illness,though physicians tell us that these things are related so that we will be more willing to take unnecessary medications.

Question 63

Researchers conducted a study to determine the effects of stress on the immune system by measuring immune system chemicals.To accomplish this goal,they compared college students who were undergoing a stressful series of exams to a group of similar students relaxing during a time of no classes and no exams.The results of this study indicate that ________.

A)the exam group tested higher for immune system chemicals
B)the exam group tested lower for immune system chemicals
C)the relaxed group tested lower for immune system chemicals
D)the relaxed group showed no change over the course of the study

Question 64

Adelaida hears a rattling sound as she hikes through the desert.Her muscles tense and her blood pressure rises.According to Hans Selye,she is in the ________.

A)chronic stress phase
B)alarm phase
C)exhaustion phase
D)resistance phase

Question 65

Which researcher is credited with proposing the general adaptation syndrome?

A)Selye
B)Berkowitz
C)Holmes and Rahe
D)Lazarus

Question 66

Research on the effects of stress on the immune system suggests which of the following?

A)The immune system is not affected by stress.
B)Only certain types of stressors affect the immune system.
C)Suppression of immune system functioning by stress always ends immediately after the stressful period ends.
D)Suppression of immune system functioning by stress can apparently continue even after the stress itself is over.

Question 67

The field of ________ studies the effects of psychological factors such as stress,emotions,thinking,and behavior on the immune system.

A)social psychology
B)organic medicine
C)psychoneuroimmunology
D)interactive psychology

Question 68

The system of cells,organs,and chemicals of the body that responds to attacks from diseases and injuries is called the ________.

A)immune system
B)endocrine system
C)sympathetic nervous system
D)respiratory system

Question 69

For the past six months,Dahlia's job has been extremely stressful,but she doesn't feel that she can quit because she needs the money for tuition.Dahlia has been having chronic headaches and is behind in all of her classes.According to Hans Selye,Dahlia is in the ________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

A)alarm
B)collapse
C)exhaustion
D)resistance

Question 70

During the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome,________.

A)the central and somatic systems are activated
B)synaptic activity and the somatic nervous system activate to send messages from the CNS to muscles
C)the sympathetic nervous system is activated and adrenal glands release hormones
D)neurotransmitter levels and the central nervous system are activated

Question 71

A person in the ________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome may feel better,even though he or she continues to secrete hormones to help the body fight a stressor.

A)alarm
B)resistance
C)exhaustion
D)termination

Question 72

Which parts of the nervous system are associated with the general adaptation syndrome?

A)somatic and parasympathetic
B)autonomic and sympathetic
C)sympathetic and parasympathetic
D)central and somatic

Question 73

During the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome,all of the following EXCEPT ________ are reactions that can be seen.

A)headaches
B)nausea
C)fever
D)hemorrhaging

Question 74

The ________ nervous system returns the body to normal,day-to-day functioning after a stressful period.

A)parasympathetic
B)somatic
C)sympathetic
D)central

Question 75

According to Hans Selye,resistance to stress is lowest at the ________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

A)alarm
B)resistance
C)exhaustion
D)collapse

Question 76

According to Selye,some people may develop illnesses such as high blood pressure or a weakened immune system during the ________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

A)alarm
B)collapse
C)exhaustion
D)resistance

Question 77

What is the correct sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome?

A)resistance,alarm,exhaustion
B)exhaustion,resistance,alarm
C)alarm,exhaustion,resistance
D)alarm,resistance,exhaustion

Question 78

When the teacher was handing out this test,you noticed that your respiration rate and heartbeat increased,your palms got sweaty,and your hand shook a little.Your pretest behaviors were triggered by the ________.Upon completion of the exam,your body returned to its normal state by way of the ________.

A)parasympathetic nervous system;sympathetic nervous system
B)sympathetic nervous system;parasympathetic nervous system
C)somatic nervous system;autonomic nervous system
D)autonomic nervous system;somatic nervous system

Question 79

Saadat is walking to the front of the classroom in preparation for his class presentation.He notices his heart starts to beat fast,his palms are sweaty,and he has a general sense of increase in energy.According to the general adaptation syndrome,which phase of the stress response is he in?

A)alarm phase
B)adaptation phase
C)reactive phase
D)muscle preparation phase

Question 80

People living under stressful conditions tend to get sick more often than they would otherwise.How do researchers in psychoneuroimmunology explain this phenomenon?

A)The stress response reduces immune system functioning,thus making us more vulnerable to diseases.
B)The stress response in the long run leads to a lowering of the heart rate,which makes the heart inefficient.
C)The stress response makes muscles stronger,which places a greater burden on the heart and respiratory systems.
D)The body tends to adapt to the constant call for the stress response and,thus,future responses are not as strong as before.