Deck 12: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

Research has found support for Asch's findings in countries including Hong Kong,Japan,and Zimbabwe.In fact,in these locations the conformity effect was even higher than Asch reported.What might explain this increase in conformity?

A)These three countries are all located in warmer climates,which Asch found leads to more conformity.
B)These three countries have generally collectivist cultures.
C)These three countries have generally individualistic cultures.
D)These three countries did not have access to Asch's work,so their findings were not influenced by the original study.

Answer 1

These three countries have generally collectivist cultures.

Question 2

Social psychology differs from psychology in its focus on ______.

A)people's susceptibility to clever advertising
B)the influences of the social world in which we exist
C)abnormal behavior
D)conformity

Answer 2

the influences of the social world in which we exist

Question 3

In Solomon Asch's study,which factor increased the rate of conformity?

A)The task difficulty was increased.
B)The confederates were all adults.
C)The number of confederates increased.
D)The participants were given two chances at responding.

Answer 3

The number of confederates increased.

Question 4

Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available.During a class discussion,he hears the first of several speakers express very negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor.When it is his turn to speak,he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers.Vince's behavior is an example of _______________________.

A)compliance
B)persuasion
C)conformity
D)obedience

Question 5

Social psychology is the scientific study of how a person's behavior,thoughts,and feelings are influenced by _______.

A)cognition
B)mental processes
C)the real,imagined,or implied presence of others
D)psychology

Question 6

After a group of gang members learned that their friend had died in a seemingly random accident,several of the friends started blaming a rival gang for the death.Even though there was no evidence whatsoever that the death had been intentional,the more the gang members talked,the more passionate they became in their belief that an act of revenge was necessary.What concept from social psychology may contribute to an act of violent revenge in this case?

A)social influence
B)prosocial behavior
C)altruism
D)groupthink

Question 7

Recent research using the Asch paradigm has found less conformity in the United States than the original study found in the 1950s.The reason for this decrease in conformity may be that _____.

A)the nature of the people in the 1950s seemed to be more conforming
B)people today are more obedient
C)people in the 1950s had less money
D)people today watch more television

Question 8

In what way is compliance different from conformity?

A)Compliance is a response to a direct request,whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure.
B)Conformity and compliance are very similar;the distinction depends on whether one is a male or female.
C)Conformity involves direct group pressure for change,whereas compliance involves orders or commands.
D)Compliance involves eliciting reaction on the part of group members,whereas conformity involves subliminal persuasion.

Question 9

Experiments showing the effects of group pressure on conformity were conducted by ______.

A)Asch
B)Milgram
C)Luchens
D)Singer

Question 10

A group of four friends,two men and two women,are out for an evening on the town."I'd like to go to the bookstore and get coffee," one of the women says."Nah,lets go over to that club and have drinks while we listen to the band," one of the men replies.What does Solomon Asch's research suggest will be the likely outcome?

A)The group will probably go to the club,as Asch found that women tend to conform more than men when a public response is required.
B)The group will end up going in two separate ways-the women to the bookstore and the men to the club -as Asch found that women prefer quieter environments and men prefer louder environments.
C)The group will probably go to the bookstore,as Asch found that men are more willing to comply to the demands of women than the demands of other men.
D)The group will probably do both tasks,as Asch found that in a group with both men and women,compromise tends to be the likely outcome.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a form of social influence?

A)conformity
B)compliance
C)obedience
D)altruism

Question 12

Close,friendly groups usually work well together,but they may face a problem involving an extreme form of conformity called ________.

A)fundamental attribution error
B)groupthink
C)generational identity
D)self-serving bias

Question 13

Which aspect of culture tends to decrease rates of conformity?

A)sex-role stereotypes
B)low socioeconomic status
C)lower levels of collectivism
D)high levels of societal dependence

Question 14

Asch found that the likelihood of conformity increased with group size until ______ confederates were present.

A)three
B)four
C)five
D)six

Question 15

The main task of the Solomon Asch studies was ____________________.

A)selecting paint colors
B)judging line sizes
C)rating new fashions
D)taste-testing new candies

Question 16

Which factor significantly decreased the likelihood of conformity in Solomon Asch's studies?

A)The task difficulty was increased.
B)The confederates were all adults.
C)One confederate gave a correct response.
D)The participants were given two chances at responding.

Question 17

"Look! Up in the sky! It's a bird.It's a plane.It's Superman!" If you looked up,would you be conforming?

A)Yes.You would be looking up because you were told to do so.
B)No.Conformity requires that you base your behavior on what other people are doing,not being told to do so.
C)Yes.Conformity means doing what you are told or else.
D)No.Looking up only means you are curious.

Question 18

When members of a group give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation,they are engaging in what social psychologists call ________.

A)groupthink
B)mass thought
C)consumerism
D)solidarity think

Question 19

It is 1951,and you are required to participate in a perception experiment.You join seven others seated in a room.You are shown a 10-inch test line and must choose the line that matches it in length from a choice of three lines.The experimenter,Solomon Asch,is studying ________.

A)bystander apathy
B)social loafing
C)groupthink
D)conformity

Question 20

Asch's studies showed that overall conformity to group pressure occurred about ______ of the time.

A)one-fifth
B)one-third
C)one-half
D)three-fourths

Question 21

Behavior that is initiated or changed in response to a request,as opposed to a command or direct order,is an example of _______.

A)obedience
B)compliance
C)conformity
D)persuasion

Question 22

Marco accepts a request to play the piano at his church's Sunday services,even though he is still learning how to play the piano.He plays a well-learned,simple piece.Happily,he performs very well in front of his congregation.Marco's behavior illustrates ________.

A)social facilitation
B)social compensation
C)social loafing
D)the bystander effect

Question 23

After agreeing to Nat's request to share her lecture notes from one class,Maria now agrees to Nat's request to share her notes from three classes.This example illustrates the ________technique.

A)lowball
B)foot-in-the-mouth
C)door-in-the-face
D)foot-in-the-door

Question 24

An example of ________ is the decision by NASA to launch the space shuttle Challenger despite widespread concerns about parts of the shuttle being unacceptable.

A)group polarization
B)groupthink
C)social loafing
D)social facilitation

Question 25

On the 72^nd hole of the U.S.Open golf tournament,Phil Mickelson misses a one-foot putt that would have won the championshi

A)social impairment
B)social loafing
C)social facilitation
D)diffusion of ability

Question 26

______ is a change of behavior in response to an explicit request.

A)Conformity
B)Obedience
C)Compliance
D)Deindividuation

Question 27

Many people hang up on telemarketers,but others will listen politely to their pitches even if they are not interested in the product.Telemarketers know that anyone who agrees to listen to a pitch is more likely to buy the product,thanks to the ________ phenomenon.

A)risky shift
B)polarization
C)foot-in-the-door
D)door-in-the-face

Question 28

During the NBA Finals,LeBron James misses a foul shot that would have given his team the lead with 10 seconds left in the game.Even though LeBron usually makes those shots during practice,he missed it at a crucial time.Why do you think this might have happened?

A)social loafing
B)diffusion of responsibility
C)social facilitation
D)social impairment

Question 29

An individual who exerts less effort when working on a group task if individual contributions will not be evaluated is engaging in what is called _____.

A)social loafing
B)social idleness
C)social facilitation
D)the goof-off phenomenon

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT an example of "groupthink"?

A)the Challenger disaster
B)the Titanic
C)the Boston Red Sox
D)Bay of Pigs

Question 31

In order to reduce groupthink,which of the following strategies would NOT be employed?

A)making sure that group leaders remain impartial
B)finding holes in all arguments that go against the group's desires
C)seeking opinions of people outside of the group
D)voting for a choice by secret ballot rather than with a show of hands

Question 32

What is the term for an improvement in performance caused by the perception that others are watching?

A)social loafing
B)social idleness
C)social facilitation
D)social productivity

Question 33

A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all group members get the same grade.What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about?

A)conformity
B)social loafing
C)social influence
D)social facilitation

Question 34

Kwan really doesn't feel like riding the stationary bicycle today,but he doesn't want the people around him to think he is a slacker.If he decides to continue exercising,what concept might explain his actions?

A)social loafing
B)social idleness
C)social facilitation
D)social productivity

Question 35

People who exert less effort on a task when working in a group than they do when working individually are engaging in ___________.

A)groupthink
B)social loafing
C)social conformity
D)malingering

Question 36

The prime minister notices that her closest advisors never seem to disagree with her or with each other on a lot of important issues,such as arms control.She worries that she is not getting the pros and cons of different issues because her advisors are engaging in ______.

A)latent obedience
B)intrinsic reinforcement
C)latent learning
D)groupthink

Question 37

How can a coach get his football team to perform better if he suspects they are exhibiting social loafing?

A)introduce new challenges
B)get the captain to apply pressure
C)grade their individual performances
D)ignore the behavior

Question 38

John has practiced his difficult trumpet solo over and over before his performance.He has played it perfectly in his practice room.However,when he performs in public,he makes mistakes due to his anxiety.John is a victim of ______.

A)performance-in-public syndrome
B)social impairment
C)social facilitation
D)social loafing

Question 39

All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT ____________.

A)the belief that the group can do no wrong
B)the belief that the group is invulnerable
C)the belief that those who oppose the group have no worthwhile opinions
D)openness to differing opinions

Question 40

In both social facilitation and social impairment,the key factor is ___________.

A)time
B)the number of people
C)arousal
D)task difficulty

Question 41

Which of the strategies for gaining compliance discussed by your textbook is LEAST likely to influence an individual from a collectivist culture,such as Japan?

A)that's-not-all technique
B)lowball technique
C)norm of reciprocity
D)foot-in-the-door technique

Question 42

The tendency of people to comply with a second,larger request after complying with a small request is called the ______ technique.

A)lowball
B)door-in-the-face
C)foot-in-the-door
D)response cue

Question 43

What term is used to describe compliance with an initial small request followed by compliance with a larger request?

A)risky shift
B)foot-in-the-door effect
C)door-in-the-face effect
D)polarization phenomenon

Question 44

Hannah asks Jin to babysit her daughter for five hours each on both Saturday and then Sunday.Once Jin declines,Hannah asks Jin to babysit for four hours on Saturday only and Jin agrees to do it.This example demonstrates the ________ technique.

A)foot-in-the-door
B)foot-in-the-mouth
C)door-in-the-face
D)lowball

Question 45

"Mommy,mommy,mommy," your young son asks frantically."Can we please buy a new PlayStation^®3 console with all of the games and the wireless controllers so that we don't have to sit near the television?" "No," you reply,"we can't afford to buy all of that!" Seemingly unperturbed by your rejection,your son comes back with "Then can we just buy one new game for our PlayStation^®2?" "Okay,I guess so," you answer,not realizing that your precocious son has taken a social psychology class and has just used the _____________ technique to get what he wanted.

A)door-in-the-face
B)foot-in-the-door
C)that's-not-all
D)lowball

Question 46

Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience.How are these 100 people likely to respond?

A)The majority would administer 450 volts as instructed.
B)The majority would immediately realize the use of deception and leave.
C)Most of the women would refuse to obey,whereas almost all of the men would obey.
D)Most of the participants would work together to force the experimenter to end the experiment.

Question 47

The study of obedience took on a renewed importance in the wake of ________.

A)the September 11,2001 attacks
B)President Clinton's impeachment
C)President Kennedy's assassination
D)the atrocities committed by soldiers in Nazi Germany

Question 48

A person asks you if you would volunteer to counsel delinquent youths at a detention center for two years.When you refuse,she asks you if you could supervise the youths during a trip to the zoo.She is using the ______ technique.

A)lowball
B)door-in-the-face
C)foot-in-the-door
D)bait-and-switch

Question 49

Which statement best describes an important finding of Milgram's classic research?

A)Individuals easily conform to group norms.
B)The presence of other people makes aggression more likely.
C)People will easily obey an authority figure and do harm to others.
D)Agreeing to a small request makes it more likely you will agree to a big request.

Question 50

"Jeremy,can you possibly give me a ride to the airport this Sunday?" your friend Ben asks.Not thinking that this is a big deal,you agree to do this favor for Ben."Oh,that's great! Thanks so much.And by the way,I forgot that the plane leaves at 8:30 a.m. ,so I'll have to be at the airport by 6:30 a.m.Pick me up at 6:00.See you then," Ben adds.You are still likely to do the favor for Ben because you have just been a victim of the _____________ technique.

A)foot-in-the-door
B)norm of reciprocity
C)door-in-the-face
D)obedience

Question 51

A social psychologist has been invited to give a community lecture on the importance of Milgram's research.He asks a social psychology class for suggested titles.Which of the following titles might they suggest as the most appropriate?

A)"Obedience and Aggression Are Inborn"
B)"Do Not Underestimate the Power of Perceived Authority"
C)"Training in Ethics Can Overcome the Pull of Obedience"
D)"Make a Small Request First and the World Can Be Yours"

Question 52

Which of the following individuals is the most likely candidate to join a cult?

A)Dan,who just got a job,has a great marriage,but is unhappy with his religion
B)Jane,who is a straight A student and has a great relationship with her parents,but just broke up with her boyfriend
C)Glenn,who lives with his strict parents,never fights back when people call him names,and builds Star Trek symbols out of wood
D)Brenda,who is disappointed with the president,lives with her sister,and has a great job

Question 53

Analysis of the participants in Milgram's obedience study has indicated that which personality trait was highly related to the willingness to be obedient?

A)hostility
B)submissiveness
C)aggressiveness
D)No one single personality trait has been found to be associated with high levels of obedience.

Question 54

A dealer persuades a customer to buy a new car by reducing the price to well below that of his competitors.Once the customer has agreed to buy the car,the terms of the sale are shifted by lowering the value of the trade-in and requiring the purchase of expensive extra equipment.Now the car costs well above the current market rate.This is an example of the ______ technique.

A)lowball
B)foot-in-the-door
C)primacy
D)bait-and-switch

Question 55

What is a difference between obedience and conformity?

A)In obedience,there is a difference in status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request.
B)Conformity requires strict adherence to the rules,whereas obedience does not.
C)Obedience is an indirect request,whereas conformity is a direct request.
D)In conformity,there is a perceived difference in status between the one who conforms and the group.

Question 56

The tendency of people to comply with a second,lesser request after refusing a larger one is called the ______ technique.

A)lowball
B)door-in-the-face
C)foot-in-the-door
D)bait-and-switch

Question 57

Car salespersons are notorious for using the ________ technique,which involves changing terms after an agreement has been made.

A)foot-in-the-door
B)foot-in-the-mouth
C)door-in-the-face
D)lowball

Question 58

Which of the following terms is associated with social cognition?

A)thinking about others
B)action
C)obedience
D)objective

Question 59

Some have suggested that the results of Milgram's obedience study may have been due to the __________ effect.

A)reciprocity
B)indebtedness
C)foot-in-the-door
D)returning-a-favor

Question 60

Which statement correctly characterizes one aspect of Stanley Milgram's study of obedience?

A)Subjects were shown an ominous-looking shock machine that was marked 0 to 450 volts.
B)Participants in the study were randomly assigned to be teachers or learners.
C)Participants were shocked when they made errors in reciting word pairs.
D)A learner and the teacher sat side by side across from the shock machine.

Question 61

What is the relationship between expertise and persuasion?

A)Expertise has no effect on persuasion.
B)Nonexperts tend to be the most persuasive.
C)Greater expertise leads to greater persuasion.
D)Communicators with moderate expertise are the most persuasive.

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major components of attitudes?

A)thoughts
B)feelings
C)goals
D)behaviors

Question 63

"I hate Walt Disney World.Whenever I take the kids there,with all the crowds and the heat,I realize how much I hate that place." Which method of attitude formation is involved in this example?

A)direct contact
B)direct instruction
C)vicarious conditioning
D)observational learning

Question 64

What process describes the use of social influence to cause other people to change their attitudes and behavior?

A)enticement
B)persuasion
C)conversion
D)affectance

Question 65

If Professor Jameson is most interested in studying what you believe about an object or topic,then she is focusing on the ________ component of attitudes.

A)behavioral
B)affective
C)cognitive
D)informational

Question 66

Roberta is trying to decide whether to vote for a political candidate.Based on what she has read about him,she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position,but she agrees with his political positions.Also,she trusts him and likes his decisive personality.In fact,she likes him so much that she sent a small donation to his campaign.Her opinion that the candidate is not qualified represents the ______ component of her attitude toward him.

A)cognitive
B)feeling
C)intuition
D)behavioral

Question 67

Which of the following statements about persuasion is correct?

A)Fast speakers are less persuasive than slow speakers.
B)Arousal of strong emotions,such as fear,is not persuasive if the message includes specific advice about how to produce a positive outcome.
C)People with high self-esteem are more susceptible to persuasion.
D)People who are perceived as trustworthy are more persuasive.

Question 68

You want to visit Argentina,but your attitude about Argentina is changing as you read the news about the kidnappings that have occurred there.Which component of attitude is being affected?

A)affective
B)cognitive
C)behavioral
D)situational

Question 69

An attitude has ______ major components.

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four

Question 70

Jaquan's parents have been talking to him about the negative aspects of drugs ever since he was a youngster.Now that he is a teenager,he knows that some of his friends smoke marijuana.At a party one night,a friend offers Jaquan a joint.Jaquan declines the offer,stating that he hates drugs.Even though he has never tried drugs to form his own opinion of them,which method of attitude formation has kept him from making a mistake?

A)direct contact
B)direct instruction
C)interaction with others
D)vicarious conditioning

Question 71

Attitudes are __________________.

A)innate
B)generally positive
C)learned
D)unchangeable

Question 72

Which communicator would likely be the most persuasive?

A)an attractive person who is an expert
B)a moderately attractive person who is an expert
C)an attractive person who has moderate expertise
D)a moderately attractive person who has moderate expertise

Question 73

Kerry's positive attitude toward China,even though she has never been there,seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China with her all the time.Which method of attitude formation is involved in this example?

A)direct contact
B)direct instruction
C)interaction with others
D)classical conditioning

Question 74

A response,either positive or negative,toward a certain person,idea,object,or situation is called _____________.

A)bystander apathy
B)an attitude
C)groupthink
D)conformity

Question 75

Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude?

A)Bea feels recycling is a great concept.
B)Bob is upset when he hears a corporation plans to build a polluting plant near his home.
C)Bill struggles to understand the arguments both sides present in a debate over a new manufacturing plant.
D)Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause.

Question 76

Attitude formation is the result of a number of influences.What they have in common is that they are all forms of ________________.

A)learning
B)intuition
C)reinforcement
D)conformity

Question 77

Roberta is trying to decide whether to vote for a political candidate.Based on what she has read about him,she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position,but she agrees with his political positions.Also,she trusts him and likes his decisive personality.In fact,she likes him so much that she sent a small donation to his campaign.Her trust of the candidate represents the ______ component of her attitude toward him.

A)affective
B)cognitive
C)behavioral
D)situational

Question 78

Roberta is trying to decide whether or not to vote for a political candidate.Based on what she has read about him,she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position,but she agrees with his political positions.Also,she trusts him and likes his decisive personality.In fact,she likes him so much that she sent a small donation to his campaign.Her sending a donation to the campaign represents the ______ component of her attitude toward him.

A)affective
B)cognitive
C)behavioral
D)situational

Question 79

Your attitudes are most likely to influence specific behaviors when the attitudes are __________.

A)only moderately important
B)very specific
C)not relevant to the behavior
D)difficult to access from memory

Question 80

What do we call judgments about people,situations,objects,or thoughts?

A)cognitions
B)stereotypes
C)attitudes
D)attributions