Deck 8: Development Across the Life Span

Question 1

The science of heredity is called _______.

A)human development
B)genetics
C)physiology
D)gerontology

Answer 1

genetics

Question 2

Dr.Smith believes people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life experiences.Dr.Goldberg believes people are more or less aggressive from birth because of genetic factors.Which of the following terms best describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement?

A)nature versus nurture
B)cognition versus emotion
C)classical versus operant conditioning
D)cross-sectional studies versus longitudinal studies

Answer 2

nature versus nurture

Question 3

Professor Rashad is interested in studying cognitive development.He collects and compares data from a group of 6-year-olds and a group of 10-year-olds.Five years later,he compares these two groups to each other again as well as to their own performance in the study five years ago.What type of research design is Professor Grant using?

A)cross-sequential design
B)longitudinal design
C)behavior genetics design
D)cross-sectional design

Answer 3

cross-sequential design

Question 4

What relatively new field investigates the influence of genes and heredity on a person's actions?

A)psychobiology
B)neuropsychology
C)behavioral genetics
D)psychoanalysis

Question 5

Which of the following is a main disadvantage of the cross-sectional design?

A)Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another.
B)It is relatively expensive.
C)It takes a longer amount of time than a longitudinal study.
D)Participants may drop out due to moving,loss of interest,or death.

Question 6

A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people throughout their lives.This psychologist is most likely working in the field of _______.

A)abnormal psychology
B)gerontology
C)human development
D)maturational studies

Question 7

Each of the 10 children born to Ernest and Elvira Orangeburg has been born with red hair.Each child is also very intelligent and athletic.The Orangeburgs are expecting an 11^th child,who is also likely to be born with the same traits according to _______,as evidenced in the _______.

A)nurture;nature versus nurture controversy
B)nature;nature versus nurture controversy
C)environmental factors;conception theory
D)teratogens;conception theory

Question 8

The type of research design that compares various participants at several points in time to examine age-related differences and changes is called a _______.

A)cross-sequential design
B)longitudinal design
C)behavior genetics design
D)cross-sectional design

Question 9

The local health department of a small town has hired a research firm to study the development of cancer in residents in the town due to a suspected cancer-causing agent and environmental pollution.The researcher will compare data on participants every ten years (e.g. ,at ages 10,20,30,etc. )to see if there are increasing rates of cancer in the town.This type of research study is called a _______.

A)cross-sequential design
B)longitudinal design
C)behavior genetics design
D)cross-sectional design

Question 10

Unlike other types of research,a cross-sequential design allows researchers to _______.

A)combine longitudinal and cross-sectional research strategies
B)look for gender differences
C)reduce experimenter bias
D)only include cross-sectional strategies within the design

Question 11

Genetics is defined as _______.

A)the branch of biology that deals with functions such as metabolism,respiration,and reproduction,rather than with structures
B)the science of heredity
C)the study of behavior and mental processes
D)the study of the changes that occur in people as they age,from conception until death

Question 12

In a _______design,one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages.

A)cohort
B)longitudinal
C)behavior genetics
D)cross-sectional

Question 13

The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death is called ________.

A)abnormal psychology
B)gerontology
C)human development
D)maturational studies

Question 14

Professor Grant is interested in studying the development of a sense of humor.She collects data from groups of 6-year-olds,16-year-olds,26-year-olds,and 46-year-olds.What type of research design is Professor Grant using?

A)cohort design
B)longitudinal design
C)behavior genetics design
D)cross-sectional design

Question 15

According to research conducted by Ridley (1999),how could individuals like Adolf Hitler or Boston Marathon bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev commit such acts according to the "nature versus nurture" debate?

A)These individuals were born (nature)to commit such horrendous acts.It was in their genetic makeup.
B)Their behaviors are the result of the interaction of nature and nurture.
C)These individuals' behaviors were attributed to "nurture" and the influences of their parents.
D)These individuals learned to commit these behaviors after staying in long periods of isolation,according to Ridley.

Question 16

Professor Sanchez is interested in studying development of motor skills.She collects data from 200 one-year-olds and follows and assesses them for a period of five years.What type of research design is Professor Sanchez using?

A)cohort design
B)longitudinal design
C)behavior genetics design
D)cross-sectional design

Question 17

Juan and Carlos are identical twins.Juan was raised by his father and mother,and Carlos was accidentally placed with another family after a "mix up" at the hospital.At the age of 15,both boys "ran into each other" at a football game and noticed how they appeared to be "mirror images of each other." After proving they were twins by genetic testing,the families discussed some of the differences between the boys.Juan is very athletic and intelligent and excels in basketball but does not take school seriously and has F's in all subjects.Carlos is also athletic and intelligent,and excels in baseball and makes straight A's as a result of his strict home life and study routine.Although they are identical twins,what do you think accounts for the differences in their academic performance based on the research?

A)nurture
B)nature
C)school district superintendent
D)teacher appraisals of performance

Question 18

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the longitudinal design?

A)Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another.
B)It is relatively inexpensive.
C)It takes a shorter amount of time than a cross-sectional design.
D)Participants may drop out due to moving,loss of interest,or death.

Question 19

A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is,by definition,using the _______ method.

A)cohort design
B)longitudinal design
C)behavior genetics design
D)cross-sectional design

Question 20

_______ refers to heredity and _______ refers to environmental influences.

A)Nature;nurture
B)Cognition;emotion
C)Nurture;behavioral genetics
D)Cross-sectional;longitudinal

Question 21

A special molecule,_______,contains the genetic material of the organism.

A)DNA
B)a gene
C)a chromosome
D)an amine

Question 22

Silvia has blond hair,even though her mother and father each have brown hair.What do we know about Silvia's parents?

A)At least one of her parents has a recessive gene for blond hair.
B)Each of her parents must have one recessive gene for blond hair color.
C)Each of her parents must have one dominant gene for blond hair.
D)Neither of her parents has a gene for blond hair.

Question 23

At fertilization,the chromosomes from the father's sperm unite with the chromosomes from the mother's egg,creating a new cell called a(n)_______.

A)embryo
B)zygote
C)genome
D)blastocyst

Question 24

What is the cause of Down syndrome?

A)an extra chromosome on the 21^st pair
B)an extra X chromosome on the 23^rd pair
C)neurotransmitter excesses
D)neurotransmitter deficiencies

Question 25

A trait controlled by a dominant gene _______.

A)will be expressed even when the corresponding gene in the other half of the pair is different
B)will be expressed only if it is paired with two recessive genes
C)will not be expressed if it is paired with another dominant gene
D)will not be expressed when the corresponding gene in the other half of the pair is different

Question 26

A gene that actively controls the expression of a trait is called a _______ gene.

A)recessive
B)mutated
C)recombinant
D)dominant

Question 27

Ovum is a term used to describe _______.

A)the female sex cell or egg
B)the male sex cell
C)the developing organism from conception to the end of the second week after fertilization
D)the developing organism from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization

Question 28

Steve was born a male with an extra X chromosome on the 23^rd pair.As result,he has reduced masculine characteristics,enlarged breasts,and is obese and excessively tall.Which disorder is likely to be diagnosed?

A)PKU
B)Down
C)Klinefelter's
D)Turner's

Question 29

In _______ syndrome,the 21^st pair of chromosomes contains an extra chromosome resulting in symptoms such as wide-set almond-shaped eyes and mental retardation.

A)PKU
B)Down
C)Klinefelter's
D)Turner's

Question 30

Diseases carried by recessive genes are inherited when _______.

A)a child inherits two recessive genes,one from each parent
B)a child inherits two dominant genes,one from each parent
C)a child inherits a dominant gene from one parent and a recessive gene from the other parent
D)the child doesn't inherit any genes from one parent

Question 31

A(n)_______ is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines.

A)compound
B)gene
C)chromosome
D)amine

Question 32

How many pairs of chromosomes are normally in each cell of the human body?

A)46
B)23
C)21
D)22

Question 33

Ryan has cystic fibrosis.This means that his mother is a carrier for the cystic fibrosis gene,while his father _______.

A)is also a carrier
B)is not a carrier
C)does not have a cystic fibrosis gene
D)has two cystic fibrosis genes

Question 34

Rod-shaped structures in the cell nucleus that contain genes are referred to as _______.

A)DNA
B)sex-linked traits
C)chromosomes
D)amines

Question 35

Which of the following is a special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism?

A)DNA
B)gene
C)chromosome
D)amine

Question 36

Sheila was born a female with only one X chromosome on the 23^rd pair.As a result,she is very short,infertile,and sexually underdeveloped.With which disorder is she likely to be diagnosed?

A)PKU
B)Down
C)Klinefelter's
D)Turner's

Question 37

Humans have a total of _______ chromosomes in normal developmental cases.

A)46
B)23
C)21
D)22

Question 38

A gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with another less active gene is called _______.

A)recessive
B)mutated
C)recombinant
D)dominant

Question 39

Which of the following is defined as a gene that controls the appearance of a certain trait?

A)recessive
B)mutated
C)recombinant
D)dominant

Question 40

In _______ syndrome,the 23^rd pair of chromosomes is missing an X,resulting in short,infertile females.

A)PKU
B)Down
C)Klinefelter's
D)Turner's

Question 41

Marisa is at a point in her pregnancy when the zygote is moving down to her uterus,and the placenta and umbilical cord are beginning to form.Which period of prenatal development is Marisa currently experiencing?

A)fetal
B)embryonic
C)placental
D)germinal

Question 42

Abby and Brittany Hensel _______.

A)share one body from the waist down
B)share one upper body
C)share a heart
D)share a stomach

Question 43

The germinal period _______.

A)occurs during the first two weeks after fertilization
B)occurs from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization
C)occurs from approximately 8 weeks after fertilization to birth
D)occurs from 7 to 10 weeks after fertilization

Question 44

_______ develop when two eggs each get fertilized by two different sperm,resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time.

A)Monozygotic twins
B)Fraternal twins
C)Dizygotic twins
D)Wombmates

Question 45

Which of the following describes the embryonic period?

A)the period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining
B)the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop
C)the period during which the umbilical cord develops
D)the period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional

Question 46

Times when certain internal and external influences have a major impact on development are called _______.

A)fetal periods
B)critical periods
C)germinal periods
D)latency periods

Question 47

Which of the following terms is used to describe any substance,such as a drug,chemical,or virus that can bring about a birth defect?

A)teratogen
B)critical period
C)carcinogen
D)biohazard

Question 48

The union of the ovum and sperm is called _______.

A)fertilization
B)the fetal period
C)a zygote
D)an embryo

Question 49

Which of the following describes the way in which monozygotic twins occur?

A)The mother's body releases multiple eggs,two or more of which are fertilized.
B)The mother's body releases one egg,conceives,and then releases another egg in a later ovulation cycle.
C)The egg is fertilized by a single sperm and then splits completely into two separate zygotes.
D)The mother uses fertility drugs.

Question 50

Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which the major organs and structures of her baby are first developing.Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing?

A)fetal
B)embryonic
C)placental
D)germinal

Question 51

The specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away waste products from the developing baby is called the _______.

A)placenta
B)uterus
C)umbilical cord
D)embryo

Question 52

Greta's child has facial deformities,a smaller than normal head,heart defects,mental retardation,learning difficulties,and delayed growth.If these defects can be traced to a teratogen used by Greta when she was pregnant,which was she most likely abusing?

A)nicotine
B)cocaine
C)marijuana
D)alcohol

Question 53

Ashley and Mary-Kate are twins who are genetically identical.What type of twins are they?

A)monozygotic twins
B)fraternal twins
C)dizygotic twins
D)wombmates

Question 54

Monozygotic twins _______.

A)are genetically identical
B)are genetically different
C)will be of different sexes
D)are more likely to occur when a woman is taking fertility drugs

Question 55

Brittany and Abby Hensel are _______.

A)nonidentical twins
B)dizygotic twins
C)fraternal twins
D)conjoined twins

Question 56

Mary and Juan are twins who developed from two separate fertilized ova that were fertilized by two different sperm.What type of twins are they?

A)monozygotic twins
B)maternal twins
C)dizygotic twins
D)wombmates

Question 57

Conjoined twins are _______.

A)monozygotic twins
B)fraternal twins
C)dizygotic twins
D)nonidentical twins

Question 58

Fraternal twins are _______ similar genetically than are other brothers and sisters.

A)much more
B)no more
C)slightly more
D)much less

Question 59

Emily and her husband are thrilled as they peer into Emily's uterus by means of an ultrasound.The physician reports that the pregnancy appears normal,and that their baby's fingers,toes,heart,and circulatory system are developing as expected.The couple learns that the baby is only an inch long.Given this information,the current stage of prenatal development is the _______.

A)embryonic period
B)germinal period
C)zygotic period
D)fetal stage

Question 60

In the process of fertilization,the _______ and _______ unite,resulting in a single cell.

A)sperm;ovum
B)zygote;sperm
C)embryo;zygote
D)ovum;fetus

Question 61

The most likely time for a miscarriage is during the _______ months.

A)first three
B)last three
C)middle three
D)last six

Question 62

Vision is not very well developed at birth.As a result,which statement is NOT true about vision at birth?

A)Color and vision acuity takes approximately 6 months to develop more clearly from birth.
B)Newborns have a clear vision field of 12-14 inches at birth.
C)Newborns prefer to look at 3-dimensional objects versus 2-dimensional.
D)Newborns prefer to look at complex patterns and also the human face than other stimuli.

Question 63

Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of _______.

A)cognitive development
B)perceptual development
C)language development
D)motor development

Question 64

The prenatal period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional is called the _______ period.

A)germinal
B)embryonic
C)fetal
D)gestational

Question 65

Assimilation is to accommodation as _______.

A)necessary is to optional
B)help is to hinder
C)hinder is to help
D)using is to changing

Question 66

Which sense is the LEAST functional at birth?

A)touch
B)taste
C)smell
D)vision

Question 67

In Piaget's theory,the stage of development between birth and 2 years of age,in which the individual uses senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment,is called the _______ stage.

A)concrete operations
B)sensorimotor
C)preoperational
D)formal operations

Question 68

What are some of the common consequences to a child whose mother smoked cigarettes while pregnant?

A)increased birth weight and lethargy
B)lower birth weight and short stature
C)severe hearing loss and heart defects
D)severely deformed limbs and muscle spasms

Question 69

By what age do infants develop a preference for salty tastes?

A)within a few days after birth
B)by four months
C)at birth
D)within a year after birth

Question 70

Christa and Sal are anticipating the birth of their first baby.Before the baby arrives,they want to fix up the nursery with new wallpaper.They seek the advice of a developmental psychologist.What is she likely to tell them?

A)Newborns prefer to look at complex three-dimensional patterns rather than simple one-dimensional ones.
B)Newborns prefer to look at animals rather than people.
C)Newborns do not see well enough to make any difference.
D)Newborns prefer to look at simple one-dimensional patterns rather than complex ones.

Question 71

At birth,newborns seem most responsive to _______.

A)high pitches and low pitches
B)hip hop music
C)moderate voice pitches
D)rock and roll music

Question 72

The most likely cause for miscarriage during the first three months of pregnancy is _______.

A)a genetic defect
B)alcohol use
C)not taking prenatal vitamins
D)lack of exercise

Question 73

Which sense is the most functional at birth?

A)touch
B)taste
C)smell
D)vision

Question 74

Isabelle's baby was born blind,deaf,and with heart defects and brain damage.Most likely Isabelle was exposed to _______ during her pregnancy.

A)rubella
B)mercury
C)syphilis
D)radiation

Question 75

Javier was born 3 days ago.His parents have noticed that he has several reflexes that the doctors have been testing.Which of the following is NOT a reflex exhibited by a healthy newborn?

A)Moro reflex
B)rooting reflex
C)walking reflex
D)stepping reflex

Question 76

Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

A)preoperational;concrete operations;sensorimotor;formal operations
B)concrete operations;sensorimotor;preoperational;formal operations
C)sensorimotor;preoperational;concrete operations;formal operations
D)preoperational;sensorimotor;concrete operations;formal operations

Question 77

Which of the following describes the fetal period?

A)the period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining
B)the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop
C)the period during which the umbilical cord develops
D)the period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional

Question 78

Which of these physical skills typically develops LAST?

A)rolling over
B)standing alone
C)walking
D)sucking

Question 79

Infant reflexes are _______.

A)innate involuntary behavior patterns
B)voluntary behavior patterns
C)learned
D)not used as a means for survival

Question 80

At what point during infancy can babies tell the difference between their own mother's milk scent and another woman's milk scent?

A)within a few days after birth
B)within a few weeks after birth
C)within a few months after birth
D)within a year after birth