Deck 9: Attention As a Limited Capacity Resource

Question 1

Which of the following effects best describe the results of research concerning the effectiveness of general visual training programs for athletes? These programs:

A) Help athletes improve their performance of skills
B) Provide little benefit in terms of performance improvement
C) Work best for novice athletes
D) Work best for highly skilled athletes

Answer 1

B

Question 2

During the performance of a skill,if a person is distracted by someone saying his or her name,it is an example of the attention capacity allocation policy factor that Kahneman's model called ________.

Answer 2

enduring dispositions

Question 3

The ________ hypothesis proposes better motor skill performance when a person focuses attention on the effects of an action rather than on the movements.

Answer 3

action effect

Question 4

The theory that indicates we select certain cues in the environment during visual search is known as the:

A) Attentional spotlight theory
B) Feature integration theory
C) Flexible attention capacity theory
D) Multiple resources theory

Question 5

While driving a car on a freeway,experienced drivers typically look:

A) At the speedometer more than novices
B) Into the rear- and side-view mirrors more than novices
C) In a smaller scanning range than novices
D) In ways that are similar to novices

Question 6

Which of the following attention focusing instructions is likely to lead to the best long-jump performance:

A) Focus on jumping as far from the start line as possible
B) Focus on swinging the arms as high as possible during the jump
C) Focus on extending the knees as forcefully as possible at take-off
D) Focus on extending the whole body at take-off

Question 7

The factor in Kahneman's model of attention that influences the available capacity is ________.

Question 8

Limited-capacity theories that propose more than one central information-processing mechanism,each with its own limited capacity,are called ________ theories.

Question 9

Nideffer has shown that attention focusing should be considered in terms of:

A) Width of focus
B) Direction of focus
C) Width and direction of focus
D) Intensity of focus

Question 10

A theory of attention capacity that argues against a central capacity limit is the:

A) Dual-task theory
B) Fixed-capacity theory
C) Flexible-capacity theory
D) Multiple-resource theory

Question 11

The duration of the "quiet eye" period tends to be __________ in elite performers compared to sub-elite performers:

A) Shorter
B) Longer
C) More variable
D) Harder to determine

Question 12

The process involved when people direct attention to specific regulatory features in the environment and/or to action preparation activities is known as attention:

A) Capacity
B) Demands
C) Focus
D) Switching

Question 13

The research procedure most commonly used to investigate attention-limit issues for motor skill learning and performance is known as the:

A) Attentional focus procedure
B) Dual-task procedure
C) Event occlusion procedure
D) Temporal occlusion procedure

Question 14

Research has shown that the relationship between eye movement recordings and visual attention is that eye movement recordings:

A) are precise indicators of what a person is visually attending to
B) cannot tell us anything about what a person is visually attending to
C) overestimate what a person is visually attending to
D) underestimate what a person is visually attending to

Question 15

In Kahneman's model of attention,which allocation policy factor would explain why a golfer is distracted by a sudden noise in the middle of her backswing?

A) Effects of arousal
B) Enduring dispositions
C) Evaluation of demands
D) Momentary intentions

Question 16

The Kahneman model of attention is an example of which type of limited-capacity theory?

A) Dual-task theory
B) Fixed-capacity theory
C) Flexible-capacity theory
D) Multiple-resource theory

Question 17

The process of directing visual attention to locate relevant environmental context cues is known as visual:

A) Attention switching
B) Feedback
C) Information
D) Search

Question 18

In Kahneman's model of attention,the instruction to "Watch the ball all the way from the pitcher's hand until it meets the bat" is an example of which allocation policy factor?

A) Effects of arousal
B) Enduring dispositions
C) Evaluation of demands
D) Momentary intentions

Question 19

The advantage of fast and accurate visual search while performing a motor skill is that visual search enables the performer to:

A) Anticipate the action required
B) Ignore the timing of the initiation of the required action
C) Monitor his or her own limb movement
D) Perform another task at the same time

Question 20

The term used to describe performing a skill or component of a skill without attention capacity being required is:

A) Attentional focus
B) Automaticity
C) Limited attention capacity
D) Primary task performance

Question 21

The study of attention as it relates to the learning and performance of motor skills involves issues related to the simultaneous performance of multiple activities and the selection of relevant information in the performance environment.

Question 22

To walk through an environment cluttered with objects that need to be avoided,a person needs to visually ________ on the objects he or she wants to avoid.

Question 23

Eye movement recordings allow researchers to record information only for ________ vision.

Question 24

For most physical activities for which visual search is important,skilled performers extract reliable information ________ in time than novices.

Question 25

Kahneman's model of attention proposes that the mental resources needed to perform activities must come from one central pool that can vary in its capacity.

Question 26

Conversations with a passenger lead to more driving errors than cell phone conversations.

Question 27

Visual search differs when someone is asked to point to an object versus grasp the object.

Question 28

The interference that results from consciously monitoring proceduralized aspects of performance has been referred to as the deautomatization-of skills hypothesis.

Question 29

It is widely believed that the relationship between arousal and performance takes the form of an inverted U.

Question 30

According to research studies of putting in golf,skilled golfers typically are not consciously aware of their eye movements during putting.

Question 31

Highly skilled free throw shooters in basketball exhibit a final eye movement fixation just prior to releasing the ball that is known as the eye.

Question 32

The feature integration theory is a prominent theory to explain how we select certain cues in the performance environment and ignore others.

Question 33

Research evidence shows that the visual system can search the environment and automatically extract ________ features of the environment.

Question 34

Feature integration theory proposes that we direct an attentional ________ over wide or narrow areas of an environment that must be searched visually when performing a skill.

Question 35

Attention focused on one's own movements typically leads to better skill performance than attention focused on the intended outcome of the skill.

Question 36

The term used to indicate that a person performs a skill without requiring attention capacity is:

Question 37

Multiple resource theories of attention focus on the types of demands placed on various information processing and response outcome structures.

Question 38

The dual-task procedure is commonly used to evaluate whether a person's attention focus is external or internal.

Question 39

Kahneman views attention as cognitive effort.

Question 40

According to motor learning and control research,visual search only refers to active seeking for cues in the environment to respond to.

Question 41

There are very few differences between experts and novices in terms of how they search the environment for critical sources of information.

Question 42

General vision training programs facilitate the use of effective visual search strategies more successfully than activity-specific visual training programs.