Deck 9: Physical and Mental Health

Question 1

Since the Soviet Union's 1991 collapse, the health-care system in the Russian Federation is

A)privately operated.
B)based on a health maintenance organization (HMO) format.
C)still mostly under government control.
D)outsourced to a health consortium run by a group of eastern European nations.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Of the following illnesses, which probably carries the greatest stigma?

A)mental illness
B)paralysis
C)cancer
D)diabetes

Answer 2

A

Question 3

About what percentage of the adult population in the United States suffers from a mental illness at some point in their lives?

A)one-tenth
B)one-fifth
C)one-third
D)one-half

Answer 3

D

Question 4

For more than a century, Sweden has

A)been struggling with increasing costs of its privately controlled health care.
B)taken the socialist approach that health care is a basic right for all citizens.
C)required employers to pay most health care expenses.
D)provided minimal health care for lower-income people, while those with higher incomes purchase health care from private hospitals and doctors.

Question 5

Canada has what type of health care system?

A)There is a dual system with both government and private medical services.
B)There is a private care system.
C)The government operates like a large insurance company, paying physicians and hospitals from tax revenues.
D)The government requires people to obtain health care from employers.

Question 6

Read the following statements about HIV/AIDS. Which statement is correct?

A)Non-Hispanic African Americans are ten times more likely than non-Hispanic whites to become infected with HIV.
B)Hispanic Americans are less likely than non-Hispanic whites to become infected with HIV.
C)Both African Americans and Hispanics are less likely to become infected with HIV because of inborn immunities.
D)The number of new AIDS cases in the United States each year has been increasing.

Question 7

Health is defined by the World Health Organization as

A)a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.
B)physical and mental well-being without the need for drugs or other interventions.
C)a relative and socially constructed state of well-being.
D)the physical well-being that can be reasonably expected given a society's standard of living.

Question 8

In Great Britain,

A)there is a dual system with both government and private medical services.
B)the National Health Service provides reduced-cost care only to those whose low income levels qualify for it.
C)the middle classes are squeezed out of health care because they cannot afford private care but do not qualify for the National Health Service.
D)the health care system does a very poor job of providing medical care.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a reason for the rapid rise in U.S. health care costs?

A)the spread of private insurance so that people do not question the cost of care
B)increasing specialization among physicians
C)more use of high technology treatments
D)a declining average age for the U.S.population

Question 10

Social epidemiology is the study of

A)how contaminated foodstuffs, such as peanut butter that contains salmonella, are distributed throughout the country.
B)the social effects of rapid technological change, such as the Internet or automobile.
C)the spread of social phenomena, such as poverty, teen pregnancy, or crime, though a society's population.
D)how health and disease are distributed throughout a society's population.

Question 11

In what region of the world is the AIDS epidemic most serious?

A)Africa
B)Europe
C)Asia
D)North America

Question 12

In societies with which type of economy does the government control most economic activity, including providing medical services and operating hospitals and clinics?

A)mostly capitalist economies
B)mixed economies
C)global economies
D)socialist economies

Question 13

Which concept refers to a medical care system in which patients or their insurers pay directly for the services of physicians and hospitals?

A)direct-fee
B)single-payer
C)socialized medicine
D)preferred provider

Question 14

When it comes to the health of the overall population, in comparison with most other high-income nations, the United States ranks

A)lower.
B)about the same.
C)somewhat higher.
D)much higher.

Question 15

One good measure of a society's health is the percentage of babies who die in their first year of life for each thousand live births. What concept is used to track this pattern?

A)infant morbidity
B)the infant mortality rate
C)the infant death expectancy rate
D)the first-year life span success rate

Question 16

The United States accounts for about what percentage of global AIDS cases?

A)73 percent
B)30 percent
C)3 percent
D)1 percent

Question 17

Which of the following is an acute disease?

A)stroke
B)heart disease
C)measles
D)cancer

Question 18

The fear of lawsuits may prompt doctors to order additional tests and procedures just to protect themselves-a strategy called

A)defensive medicine.
B)counter litigation.
C)malpractice.
D)preventative medicine.

Question 19

An illness that has a long-term development is called

A)a terminal disease.
B)mortality.
C)an acute disease.
D)a chronic disease.

Question 20

What is the term for a medical care system in which the government owns and operates most medical facilities and employs most physicians?

A)health maintenance organization (HMO)
B)socialized medicine
C)private fee system
D)capitalist medicine

Question 21

Our culture's tendency to define women in terms of physical attractiveness

A)is a major factor in how many women now participate in athletics and take steroids.
B)is directly related to women living longer because they take better care of themselves.
C)is functional for women and for society in that women are likely to maintain their health in order to produce healthier offspring.
D)can lead to eating disorders, which in turn cause other serious health problems.

Question 22

Most mental disorders have

A)a clear biological cause.
B)a clear social cause.
C)many causes, both biological and social.
D)no cause at all.

Question 23

In the United States, African Americans are three times as likely to be poor as white people,

A)and die an average of four years earlier than whites.
B)but have similar levels of health due to the availability of Medicare, which pays health costs for poor people.
C)but live as long as whites, on average.
D)however, black women are just as likely as white women to get good prenatal care for their babies.

Question 24

Because medical advances now save the lives of people who, decades ago, would have died, the share of our population with a disability is

A)increasing.
B)about the same as it was.
C)falling slowly.
D)falling rapidly.

Question 25

The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that what percentage of the elderly have some disability?

A)6 percent
B)16 percent
C)36 percent
D)56 percent

Question 26

In 1990, which act of Congress outlawed discrimination against people with disabilities in employment and public accommodations, including hotels, theaters, restaurants, and stores?

A)the Civil Rights Act, Title XV
B)the Medicare Disabled Persons Amendment
C)the Americans with Disabilities Act
D)the Equal Access Act

Question 27

In which of the world's high-income countries do the most people have direct responsibility for most of their medical expenses?

A)Great Britain
B)the United States
C)Switzerland
D)Canada

Question 28

More people in the United States are ending up with a chronic and disabling condition, ranging from arthritis (inflammation of the joints) to Alzheimer's disease (loss of brain function) mainly because

A)these conditions affect the poor.
B)antibiotics are losing their effectiveness.
C)these conditions are contagious.
D)people are living longer.

Question 29

Medicare

A)serves people under the age of fifty.
B)does not cover the totally and permanently disabled.
C)is part of the Social Security system.
D)serves only poor people.

Question 30

Which of the following categories of people has an especially low life expectancy?

A)women
B)the Oglala Sioux Indians of South Dakota
C)residents of suburban communities
D)affluent white males

Question 31

Jeffrey is a paraplegic and uses a wheelchair. Jeffrey has a(n)

A)disease.
B)mental disorder.
C)disability.
D)activity determinant.

Question 32

What concept refers to private insurance organizations that provide medical care to subscribers for a fixed fee?

A)preferred providers
B)single-payers
C)health maintenance organizations (HMOs)
D)direct-payers

Question 33

Which term refers to a condition involving thinking, mood, or behavior that causes distress and reduces a person's ability to function in everyday life?

A)physical disorder
B)chronic disorder
C)acute disorder
D)mental disorder

Question 34

Anorexia nervosa

A)is a form of compulsive dieting leading people to eat too little to maintain a healthy body weight.
B)is a personality disorder involve acute anxiety attacks.
C)is an illness that affects mostly men over the age of fifty.
D)is a treatment used in cases of mental illness.

Question 35

Gender affects the health of men and women in which of the following ways?

A)Compared to white men, white women, and African American men, African American women have the lowest life expectancy.
B)U.S.culture's definition of masculinity places men at higher risk for accidents, violence, and suicide.
C)Physicians offer women more counseling about nutrition, exercise, and weight loss.
D)Women's health problems are generally treated more aggressively than men's problems.

Question 36

The leading cause of death among African American men aged fifteen to thirty-four is

A)malnutrition.
B)homicide.
C)drugs abuse.
D)AIDS.

Question 37

Because people may look at someone and see only a disability rather than that person's abilities, a disability can operate as a

A)self image.
B)master status.
C)medical condition.
D)temporary condition.

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT one of the medical cost-controlling techniques discussed in the text?

A)preadmission testing
B)performing procedures on an outpatient basis
C)denying care to people without insurance
D)regulating the length of hospitalization

Question 39

About what percentage of the U.S. population has no medical coverage?

A)15 percent
B)35 percent
C)55 percent
D)75 percent

Question 40

According to the text, the U.S. nursing shortage is resulting in

A)declining respect for nurses.
B)fewer people earning nursing degrees.
C)lower salaries and benefits for nurses.
D)increasing salaries for nurses.

Question 41

The notion of the "sick role," a pattern of behavior expected of people defined as ill, is reflected in which of these theoretical approaches?

A)structural functional
B)social conflict
C)symbolic interaction
D)feminist

Question 42

From a feminist point of view, evaluate the character and the operation of the U.S. health care system. From this point of view, what specific changes would improve this system?

Question 43

Which theoretical approach links patterns of health to inequality based on gender?

A)symbolic interaction
B)structural functional
C)social conflict
D)feminist

Question 44

In terms of health care, liberals

A)accept the idea of most doctors and hospitals operating for profit, but emphasize that government programs should be expanded so that everyone receives care.
B)oppose allowing physicians and health-care agencies to compete freely in a market system.
C)oppose "for profit" medicine while favoring a government-run system for all.
D)believe the government should not be responsible for people's "bad choices."

Question 45

In what category of disorders does the mind appear to affect the body?

A)psychological
B)sociopathic
C)personality
D)psychosomatic

Question 46

Treatment of the mentally ill underwent reform during the 1800s due in large part to the efforts of

A)Auguste B.Hollingshead.
B)Dorothea Dix.
C)Thomas Szasz.
D)Suzanne Steinmetz.

Question 47

Compare and contrast the patterns of health in low-income and in high-income countries.

Question 48

If you argue that high quality health care is a right that everyone should have, you are speaking from which political position?

A)radical left
B)liberal
C)conservative
D)all positions agree on this

Question 49

Which of the following is a medical approach to the treatment of mental illness?

A)psychotherapy
B)incarceration
C)deinstitutionalization
D)psychoactive drugs

Question 50

Psychiatrist Thomas Szasz charges that people apply the label of "insanity" to behavior that they find disturbing. According to Szasz, much behavior defined as "crazy" is

A)really only "different."
B)clearly illegal.
C)dangerous to others.
D)a physical disorder rather than mental illness.

Question 51

What important insights do we get from the structural-functional, symbolic-interaction, social-conflict, and feminist theoretical approaches to health and health care? How might these insights improve health care in the United States?

Question 52

How do conservatives, liberals, and the radical-left construct problems related to health care differently? Provide specific positions in your answer.

Question 53

In terms of health care, conservatives

A)oppose allowing physicians and health-care agencies to compete freely in a market system.
B)believe a free and just society should strive for equality in issues as basic as health care.
C)favor allowing physicians and health-care agencies to compete freely in a market system.
D)oppose "for profit" medicine while favoring a system of coverage for all.

Question 54

Deinstitutionalization refers to

A)the demolition of most old mental hospitals.
B)the release of people from mental hospitals into local communities.
C)the integration of mental hospitals on the basis of race, ethnicity, and gender.
D)the combining of mental hospitals and prisons in one facility.

Question 55

Compare and contrast the different types of health care systems in socialist and capitalist societies. Illustrate your argument with examples from various countries.