Deck 4: Reproduction and Human Development

Question 1

Boys and girls are most likely to be socialized into nurturant/caring behavior in which mode of livelihood?

A)trade and business
B)intensive agriculture
C)intensive industry
D)horticulture
E)none of the above

Answer 1

horticulture

Question 2

The most frequent motive for direct infanticide reported cross-culturally is that the infant is

A)a girl.
B)deformed or very ill.
C)another mouth to feed.
D)born outside of marriage.
E)a twin and mothers were unable to breastfeed two infants at one time.

Answer 2

deformed or very ill.

Question 3

Abortion

A)is universally disapproved of by society even though many people resort to it anyway.
B)is less approved of by Western religions such as Christianity and more disapproved of by Asian religions such as Buddhism.
C)is often a response to economic conditions.
D)has been found only in agricultural and industrial societies, not in preindustrial societies.
E)is never commonly practiced in industrialized states because of access to "modern" forms of contraception.

Answer 3

is often a response to economic conditions.

Question 4

Below-replacement-level fertility is characteristic of which mode of livelihood?

A)agriculture
B)pastoralism
C)horticulture
D)foraging
E)industrialism/informatics

Question 5

When a father-to-be experiences pain and exhaustion while the mother gives birth, anthropologists refer to the phenomenon as

A)birth envy.
B)couvade.
C)matrescence.
D)narcissism.
E)a pure gift.

Question 6

Cultural anthropologists link the modes of reproduction to

A)emics.
B)genetics.
C)diffusion.
D)the modes of livelihood.
E)religion.

Question 7

Of the following cultures, fathers play the greatest role in infant caretaking among

A)the Aka.
B)middle-class Euro-Americans.
C)the Yanomami.
D)middle and upper class people of Japan.
E)none of the above: in no society do fathers have substantial roles in infant care.

Question 8

Studies attempting to test for innate ("inborn") gender differences have found that

A)boy babies are more independent since they cry less when separated from their care-takers.
B)boy babies appear to be more aggressive than girl babies because they learn to walk sooner.
C)boy babies smile as frequently as girl babies.
D)the relatively smaller size of girl babies may predispose them to higher rates of crying than boy babies.
E)none of the above.

Question 9

Parents' desire to have children is affected by

A)infant and child mortality rates.
B)economic costs of raising children.
C)children's value as support during parents' old age.
D)children's labor value.
E)all of the above.

Question 10

Research shows that women's experience of discomfort and distress associated with menopause is

A)found only in the United States as a result of its "creation" by the medical establishment here.
B)cross-culturally universal.
C)universal in the species "primate."
D)less common in Japan than elsewhere.
E)most common and severe in foraging societies.

Question 11

One reason why foragers typically have low rates of population growth is because

A)foragers kill most female infants at birth.
B)many women are infertile due to HIV/AIDS.
C)breast-feeding occurs over frequent and long periods of time, thereby suppressing ovulation.
D)the men have a deep fear of sexual intercourse as weakening.
E)"inbreeding" leads to high rates of genetic problems in infants and high rates of child mortality.

Question 12

The phrase "the modernization of mortality" refers to

A)the medical and scientific "takeover" of involvement in reproduction and mortality and decline of involvement of religion.
B)the general decline in mortality rates among infants and children in contemporary societies.
C)different patterns of mortality among the rich and the poor.
D)the use of the "new reproductive technology" to abort unwanted fetuses.
E)the aging of the populations of industrialized countries.

Question 13

Contemporary Japan is an example of a country with

A)rising fertility among the middle class.
B)strong laws against abortion.
C)a one-child-per-couple policy.
D)a population pyramid shaped like a triangle with a broad base at the bottom.
E)population aging.

Question 14

Family planning occurs

A)at the state level.
B)at the global level.
C)at the local (family) level.
D)all of the above.
E)none of the above.

Question 15

A common feature of people who take on "third gender roles" among Native American cultures is

A)their exclusion from the wider society.
B)their general acceptance by society.
C)a higher than usual rate of mental illness.
D)their prominence in political leadership roles in their groups.
E)none of the above: third gender roles never were common among Native North American cultures.

Question 16

Among the Old Order Amish of the United States and Canada,

A)population growth is reaching replacement level.
B)those who enter business try to retain Amish family values by working at home and selling products from home.
C)education through college is the norm.
D)children are baptized at birth.
E)after rumspringa, about 50 percent of teenagers decide to be baptized.

Question 17

The reproductive patterns of the Hutterites and Mennonites of North America are characterized by

A)high suicide rates.
B)high rates of secret abortion.
C)well-developed systems of "indigenous" contraception methods to maintain low birth rates.
D)below-replacement-level population growth.
E)high fertility rates.

Question 18

Throughout human history, population growth

A)has increased geometrically since the time of the earliest humans.
B)was high until the emergence of agriculture.
C)reached its peak rate of increase in industrialized/informatics states.
D)was uncontrolled or "natural" until the advent of industrialism and "modern" forms of contraception.
E)increases with the emergence of agriculture and food surpluses.

Question 19

Pronatalism is most characteristic of which mode of livelihood?

A)foraging
B)industrialism/informatics
C)horticulture
D)agriculture
E)pastoralism

Question 20

The "lost semen complex" refers to a belief associated with

A)foragers.
B)Hinduism.
C)people who live at high altitude.
D)Judaism.
E)the Ju/'hoansi.

Question 21

According to the words of a Maasai male youth regarding his circumcision, the event made him feel

A)like a Maasai warrior.
B)happy because his marriage was arranged at the same time.
C)alienated from his culture because of the unnecessary pain.
D)nervous about the new responsibilities he was expected to take on.
E)angry that he was expected to endure this operation so late in life rather than as an infant.

Question 22

Among many Native American groups, homosexuality

A)was subject to negative reactions from Euro-American culture.
B)was institutionalized in a "third gender" role.
C)tends to be more accepted than among Euro-Americans.
D)all of the above.
E)none of the above.

Question 23

Breaking Out is a rite of passage in U.S. sororities.

Question 24

Infertility is high among couples in Western countries, especially middle- and upper-class couples.

Question 25

While puberty is a cross-culturally universal biological stage of life, adolescence is variously marked or unmarked.

Question 26

Solid evidence shows that gender patterns of aggressiveness and sociability are inborn.

Question 27

Brazil has low rates of illegal and unsafe abortions.

Question 28

In the Middle East, Islamic men accept in vitro fertilization in order to have a son.

Question 29

In terms of explaining why a person is heterosexual or homosexual, biological determinism emphasizes socialization practices and enculturation.

Question 30

In general, the value of having many children is highest among agriculturalists.

Question 31

Southeast Asia is known for its gender pluralism.

Question 32

Fuambai Ahmadu writes about FGC in terms of

A)its positive aspects on female status and sense of belonging.
B)how it should be banned worldwide due to its negative health consequences.
C)its similarities with male circumcision.
D)its positive effects on lowering fertility.
E)how it violates women's human rights.

Question 33

Among the poor of northeast Brazil, mother-infant bonding occurs only after the baby has demonstrated a strong chance of survival.

Question 34

Anthropologist Lara Tabac conducted research in New York City to learn about the sexual practices of

A)illegal immigrants.
B)heterosexual teenagers.
C)men who have sex with men.
D)all of the above.
E)none of the above: due to the Code of Ethics, anthropologists cannot study sexual practices of anyone.

Question 35

The Maasai homeland is in

A)West Africa.
B)East Africa.
C)South Africa
D)North Africa.
E)the Middle East.

Question 36

Research shows that the major factor behind India's high rate of population growth is the higher frequency of sexual intercourse compared to countries such as the United States.

Question 37

Among the Maya people of Mexico, a woman generally gives birth alone as a sign of her independence from others.

Question 38

The invention of the birth control pill marked the first time that women were able to control their fertility through direct means.

Question 39

Children who grow up in agricultural and industrial/informatics societies are more likely to have nurturant personalities than children who grow up in horticultural societies.

Question 40

Morocco is one of the largest producers and exporters of cannabis.

Question 41

In industrial/informatic societies, the management of reproduction tends to be mainly in the hands of __________.

Question 42

A country mentioned in the textbook in which the bride's virginity is highly valued is __________.

Question 43

Antisexuality is the term for a person's lack of sexual attraction or interest in sexual activity.

Question 44

Among Mozambique refugees living in Malawi, leaving behind deceased family members without providing a proper burial for them was a cause of _________.

Question 45

How do women's work roles among the Ju/'hoansi affect fertility?

Question 46

Describe the "lost semen complex" and how it relates to population dynamics in India.

Question 47

People maintain passive faces and outward expression of grief at funerals in __________.

Question 48

Traditional methods related to reproduction in Afghanistan mainly focus on ___________.

Question 49

What are the four factors that affect the "demand" for children cross-culturally?

Question 50

A major threat to the Aka people of the Democratic Republic of Congo is from __________.

Question 51

The highest fertility rates worldwide are found among Christian groups of Canada and the United States called the __________.

Question 52

An important ceremony for Hispanic girls occurs on their twelfth birthday.

Question 53

In modern Japan, the most acceptable death scenario is in a hospital because that relieves the potential burden on family.

Question 54

In the traditional male initiation rituals at VMI, freshman students are referred to as __________.

Question 55

"Nurturant-responsible" personalities are most likely to be formed in children living in societies in which the mode of livelihood is __________.

Question 56

The theory proposed to explain the decline in population growth rates following industrialization in Europe is referred to as the __________.

Question 57

An individual's patterned way of behaving and thinking is referred to as his or her __________.

Question 58

The cultural process by which a male becomes a father is referred to as __________.

Question 59

Old Order Amish people in North America refer to the mainstream population as the __________.

Question 60

Anthropologists use the term __________ to refer to people in many Indian tribal groups of the United States who are genitally male but dress in female clothing and perform female tasks.

Question 61

Provide two reasons why it is difficult for cultural anthropologists to gather accurate data on the frequency of sexual intercourse.

Question 62

Explain why children in horticultural societies are more likely than children in industrial/informatic societies to grow up learning to be nurturant-responsible.

Question 63

Discuss the reasons why agricultural societies are more pronatalist than either foraging or industrial/informatic societies.

Question 64

What is the difference between puberty and adolescence?

Question 65

What are some insights that cultural anthropologists have provided about the cultural shaping of sexual beliefs and practices and how such beliefs and practices affect reproduction?

Question 66

What are third gender roles and gender pluralism? Discuss two examples.

Question 67

What is a coming of age ceremony and describe an example of one.

Question 68

How does direct infanticide differ from indirect infanticide?

Question 69

What does a cultural relativism perspective emphasize in terms of female genital cutting?

Question 70

What are three major differences between either (a) the foraging mode of reproduction and the agricultural mode of reproduction or (b) the agricultural mode of reproduction and the industrial/informatic mode of reproduction? Describe how these differences affect population growth in each case.

Question 71

What are some of the major issues facing the Old Order Amish of the United States and Canada today?