Deck 3: Economic Systems

Question 1

Compared to temperate climate foragers, circumpolar foragers

A)rely more on plant food.
B)have less sophisticated technology.
C)spend less time and energy procuring food.
D)have a more sharply differentiated gender division of labor.
E)spend less time and energy on constructing shelters.

Answer 1

have a more sharply differentiated gender division of labor.

Question 2

Exchange relationships between settled Lese farmers and Efe foragers in the Ituri Forest are best characterized as

A)sustained unbalanced exchange.
B)generalized reciprocity.
C)exchanging pure gifts.
D)market trade.
E)pooled budgeting.

Answer 2

sustained unbalanced exchange.

Question 3

Among the Hare Indians, the most important animal is

A)dogs.
B)horses.
C)sheep.
D)dogs and horses.
E)none of the above: the Hare have no domesticated animals of importance to them.

Answer 3

dogs.

Question 4

The gender division of labor in the agricultural mode of livelihood

A)is most egalitarian of all modes of livelihood.
B)involves highly overlapping tasks for males and females in most societies.
C)means that men work more hours and women work fewer than in horticulture.
D)tends to allocate both production and processing of food to men.
E)is more segregated than in temperate foraging societies.

Question 5

Which of the following occurs at the industrialized/informatic mode of consumption and exchange?

A)increased expected reciprocity
B)increased social equality
C)increased leisure time
D)increased unbalanced exchange
E)increased reliance on eating meat

Question 6

Maintaining the fallow period is essential for the sustainability of which system?

A)horticulture
B)agriculture
C)pastoralism
D)foraging
E)industrialism/informatics

Question 7

Female farming systems are

A)mainly associated with wet rice cultivation.
B)numerically more predominant than male farming systems.
C)found mainly in Europe.
D)mainly associated with wheat cultivation.
E)farming systems in which women do most of the domestic work.

Question 8

Property relations in foraging societies are best termed

A)class-based.
B)based on the concept of use rights.
C)age-based.
D)gender-based.
E)all of the above.

Question 9

In foraging societies, the largest share of people's "budget" usually is devoted to

A)taxes, just like the rest of us.
B)contributions and gifts for the chief.
C)basic needs such as food and shelter.
D)parties, public ceremonies, festivals, etc.
E)none of the above: foragers live in a "free" society.

Question 10

The two most important factors on which the division of labor is based in horticultural societies are

A)age and race.
B)gender and race.
C)age and gender.
D)gender and class.
E)class and race.

Question 11

Minimalism most characterizes which mode of consumption and exchange?

A)industrialism/informatics
B)pastoralism
C)horticulture
D)agriculture
E)foraging

Question 12

A pure gift is

A)the predominant form of exchange among foragers.
B)something that is given only once.
C)something for which a "return" is not expected or calculated.
D)when reciprocity is immediate and completely balanced.
E)the most common form of exchange in all modes of livelihood.

Question 13

Tokyo's Tsukiji fish market

A)sells only to individual customers.
B)is declining in importance due to globalization.
C)is the largest fish market in the world.
D)allows only Japanese people to spend time in the market.
E)posts all fish prices on cardboard signs.

Question 14

Which mode of livelihood has characterized most of human existence?

A)cannibalism
B)pastoralism
C)foraging
D)agriculture
E)horticulture

Question 15

Children have the most tasks in which mode of livelihood?

A)pastoralism
B)industrialism/informatics
C)intensive agriculture
D)horticulture
E)none of the above: children's work roles are universally minimal.

Question 16

The Yanomami region is located

A)between Brazil and Venezuela.
B)between Peru and Brazil.
C)on the coast of Brazil.
D)in Chile.
E)in Ecuador.

Question 17

Pastoralism

A)is a mode of livelihood based on domesticated animal herds and the use of their products, such as meat and milk.
B)is the oldest way of making a living.
C)has more occupational specialization than agricultural societies.
D)gives women a dominant economic role in all pastoralist societies.
E)originated first in the New World.

Question 18

Compared to family farming, corporate farming is

A)more geared to production for sale.
B)less reliant on capital.
C)declining in importance as an economic system in the United States.
D)more energy-efficient.
E)none of the above: there are no differences between the two.

Question 19

Balanced exchange

A)is non-existent in industrial/informatic societies.
B)involves only inexpensive, everyday items.
C)is usually administered or regulated by a central leader or the by the government.
D)best describes what happens at a shopping mall.
E)is a system of transfers in which the goal is either immediate or eventual balance in value.

Question 20

If you were invited to attend a potlatch among the Kwakwaka'wakw Indians of the Pacific Northwest, you would probably

A)be expected to bring cash to give to the host.
B)come back empty handed.
C)eat a lot.
D)never see those same people again afterwards.
E)be sure to take a lot of rice to throw at the bride.

Question 21

In the US the state with the greatest economic inequality between American Indian reservations with and without casinos is

A)Michigan.
B)Wisconsin.
C)Nebraska.
D)Maine.
E)California.

Question 22

The social distribution of the disease kuru in Papua New Guinea reflects an entitlement pattern based on which microcultural factor?

A)ethnicity
B)class
C)age
D)gender
E)all of the above

Question 23

Foragers of temperate climates have a more clearly marked gender division of labor than foragers of the circumpolar region.

Question 24

Infinite needs most characterize which economic system?

A)industrialism/informatics
B)horticulture
C)agriculture
D)foraging
E)pastoralism

Question 25

The Brazilian government's 'pacification' strategy for foraging groups involved which action?

A) military attacks
B) establishment of a non-interference zone around tribal areas
C) forced resettlementin cities
D) introduction ofdesirable modern toolsand other items
E) treatmentof certain vitamin deficiencies

Question 26

A study of consumption patterns among low-income African-American schoolchildren in New Haven, Connecticut, revealed that

A)the children do not understand the negative effects of overspending when money is available.
B)their consumption patterns are similar to those of white middle-class children.
C)the boys are more likely to spend their money on family needs and gifts than girls are.
D)girls spend most of their money on clothes for themselves when they shop in a mall.
E)the children learn practical lessons about household finances at a young age.

Question 27

Cultural anthropologists have studied patterns of livelihood and consumption, but they have neglected the study of exchange.

Question 28

The concept of property relations that exists among traditional, undisturbed foragers is called the informal sector.

Question 29

The kula is an example of expected reciprocity.

Question 30

Minimalism is the mode of consumption most associated with settled agriculturalists.

Question 31

The basic needs fund is the largest budgetary category among foragers.

Question 32

In terms of per capita income, Connecticut is the wealthiest state in the United States.

Question 33

According to the textbook, economic systems include three components: production, consumption and sustainability.

Question 34

The precolonial Iroquois depended mainly on pastoralism for their livelihood.

Question 35

The mode of livelihood that is based on growing food on shifting plots of land is called agriculture.

Question 36

Potlatching is now being revitalized among the Kwakwaka'wakw.

Question 37

The primary category of exchange in market economies is sale for profit.

Question 38

In some parts of the world, family farming involves a complementary division of labor between men and women.

Question 39

Among most agricultural societies sharing within the group is the norm.

Question 40

Compared to pastoralism and horticulture, agriculture is a more labor-intensive and land-intensive strategy.

Question 41

An example of a horticultural group is the __________.

Question 42

The mode of livelihood that depends mainly on herding animals and using their products is called __________.

Question 43

Unwritten, culturally embedded rules that prevent an individual from becoming wealthier or more powerful than anyone else are referred to as __________.

Question 44

Cross-culturally, a key task in agriculture mainly done by men is __________.

Question 45

Efforts to re-establish direct links between food consumers, producers and marketers are called __________.

Question 46

Why is agriculture less sustainable than foraging?

Question 47

In Southeast Asia, a form of agriculture is practiced which is characterized by a predominant role of women; it is called __________.

Question 48

Name and briefly describe the five major modes of livelihood.

Question 49

An example of a pastoral group is the __________.

Question 50

In Papua New Guinea, gender inequalities and food consumption patterns have caused many of the Fore people, mostly women, to suffer from ___________.

Question 51

Consumption patterns in the contemporary globalized world linked to mass production and are labeled as __________.

Question 52

Market forces controlled by core countries are the primary factors affecting change in patterns of consumption and exchange in contemporary times.

Question 53

The income and other effects of gaming in California are so substantial for Indians and their neighbors that the gap is nearly closed between conditions on Indian reservations and those for most Americans.

Question 54

The area in which Katherine Milton studied the effects of Western contact was __________.

Question 55

One hypothesis to explain male dominance in plowing is __________.

Question 56

The adoption of Western foods among indigenous Amazon peoples is an aspect of globalization related to consumption patterns.

Question 57

What is the difference between an extensive strategy and an intensive strategy, and provide an example of livelihood in each.

Question 58

Before the invention of __________, modes of livelihood were all extensive rather than intensive.

Question 59

Alternative food movements seek to make convenience and take-away food more affordable.

Question 60

A microculture with important effects on consumption that is discussed in the textbook is _________.

Question 61

What factors put the sustainability of horticulture at risk?

Question 62

How do property relations differ in the various modes of livelihood? Provide illustrations.

Question 63

Discuss some of the major effects of the global spread of consumerism.

Question 64

What is meant by minimalism and describe an ethnographic example.

Question 65

What are three key features of industrial agriculture and their social effects?

Question 66

What are use rights and in what mode of livelihood area they most prominent?

Question 67

How does children's labor differ in different modes of livelihood and what factor best explains the variation??

Question 68

Discuss three examples of change in consumption and exchange in recent times.

Question 69

What are two characteristics of the gender division of labor in family farming?

Question 70

What is the historical context and contemporary situation of the Kwakwaka'wakw?

Question 71

Describe an example of contemporary change in a mode of livelihood