Deck 10: Emotional Development

Question 1

Which of these stimuli is LEAST likely to elicit a smile in a 2-month-old infant?

A) a smiling stranger
B) an interesting object
C) being able to control a particular event
D) a parent's tickle on the tummy

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which statement BEST represents developmentalists' view of emotions and feelings?

A) Emotions are a part of feelings.
B) Feelings constitute one of the components to emotion.
C) Emotions and feelings are synonyms; they have the same meaning.
D) Emotions and feelings are entirely separate; neither is part of the other.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Late in the 1st year of life, children are _____ to laugh at unexpected events and/but are _____ to take pleasure in making other people laugh.

A) likely; likely
B) likely; unlikely
C) unlikely; likely
D) unlikely; unlikely

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The ability of preschoolers to delay gratification has NOT been found to be associated with:

A) academic competence 10 years later.
B) ability to deal with frustration 10 years later.
C) decreased drug use in adulthood.
D) clear learning experiences.

Question 5

Which statement about negative emotions is TRUE?

A) Negative emotions are easily interpreted.
B) Negative emotions decline in response to situations between age 3 and 6 years.
C) Infants show a wide variety of highly discernible facial expressions.
D) Infants display only generalized distress.

Question 6

Which statement BEST represents developmentalists' view of emotions and cognitions?

A) Emotion is a part of cognition.
B) Emotion includes cognitive responses to thoughts or experiences.
C) Emotion usually occurs before cognition.
D) Emotion and cognition are entirely separate; they typically occur independently.

Question 7

Which scenario describes a social smile?

A) Newborn Timmy smiles during his sleep.
B) At 3 months, Indira smiles when her father talks to her.
C) Alexa smiles at 1 month when her mother strokes her cheek.
D) All of the scenarios describe a social smile.

Question 8

Which stimulus is LEAST likely to elicit a smile in a 7-month-old infant?

A) a smiling stranger
B) an interesting object
C) being able to control a particular event
D) a parent's tickle on the tummy

Question 9

Which emotion is thought to have an evolutionary basis, as it helps humans avoid potential poisons or disease-causing bacteria?

A) surprise
B) sadness
C) anger
D) disgust

Question 10

Theorists who take a functionalist approach to understanding emotional development propose that emotions:

A) have little impact on cognition.
B) are innate and thus are unaffected by socialization.
C) promote action toward a goal.
D) do not emerge until a child has a sense of self.

Question 11

Which statement about infant smiling is TRUE?

A) All infant smiling is reflexive.
B) Infants' smiling induces parents to have more positive social interactions with them.
C) Young infants rarely smile at strangers.
D) Infants are unlikely to smile at auditory stimuli.

Question 12

Which statement would MOST likely be made by a theorist who takes a functionalist approach to understanding emotional development?

A) The purpose of anger is to initiate movement to eliminate an obstacle to one's goal.
B) Developmental changes in the experience of joy/pleasure are due to accumulating social experiences.
C) Distinct emotions are innate and present from early in life.
D) There is a direct link between the inner emotional state of fear and the facial expression that accompanies it.

Question 13

Developmental psychologists do NOT define emotions as:

A) subjective feelings.
B) the desire to take action.
C) the physiological correlates of feelings.
D) smiles that are directed at people.

Question 14

Separation anxiety or distress due to separation from the parent who is the child's primary caregiver emerges around _____ months of age.

A) 4
B) 5
C) 7
D) 8

Question 15

Social smiles tend to emerge by the _____ month of life.

A) 1st
B) 2nd
C) 3rd
D) 6th

Question 16

Which statement is supported by Mischel's findings on delay of gratification?

A) Preschoolers' ability to delay gratification does not predict adjustment beyond preschool.
B) The ability to delay gratification is related to SAT scores and rational thinking in adolescence.
C) The ability to delay gratification is based primarily on parental socialization.
D) Delay of gratification cannot be reliably tested until approximately age 8 years.

Question 17

Discrete emotions theory holds that:

A) the basic emotions are innate and distinct from early in life.
B) emotional facial expressions must be learned.
C) a select few emotions are present at birth, and the others are a function of experience.
D) children must learn to fear strangers.

Question 18

The FIRST clear sign of happiness in infants is:

A) the expression of love toward the mother.
B) the social smile.
C) laughter.
D) smiling.

Question 19

Walter Mischel's procedure in which preschool children were asked to wait for a considerable amount of time in order to receive a greater number of treats was designed to assess which characteristic?

A) intelligence
B) attentiveness
C) delay of gratification
D) social competence

Question 20

The FIRST negative emotion that is apparent in infants is:

A) anger.
B) sadness.
C) fear.
D) distress.

Question 21

Which instruction would be BAD advice for parents who want to encourage their child to respond to his or her wrongdoings with a feeling of guilt rather than shame?

A) Communicate love and respect for the child.
B) Emphasize the badness of the behaviour, rather than of the child.
C) Teach the child to understand the consequences of his or her actions for others.
D) Criticize the child for his or her actions.

Question 22

_____ decrease(s) the likelihood that an infant will experience separation anxiety in a particular situation.

A) Being between the ages of 11 and 13 months
B) Crawling away from a parent (rather than the parent departing)
C) Living in a non-Western culture
D) All of these

Question 23

Some researchers believe that self-conscious emotions do not emerge until the 2nd year of life because these emotions depend on children's understanding that:

A) other people experience emotions as well.
B) important others can evaluate them.
C) they themselves are entities distinct from other people.
D) guilt is an appropriate reaction to bad behaviour.

Question 24

_____ is/are NOT a characteristic of guilt.

A) Feelings of remorse
B) Regret about one's behaviour
C) Empathy for the injured party
D) Feelings of exposure and degradation

Question 25

Which statement about the development of anger is TRUE?

A) Infants are incapable of experiencing anger.
B) During the 1st year of life, it is easy to differentiate between infants' anger and distress.
C) By their 1st birthday, children often express anger toward other people.
D) Anger develops later than the self-conscious emotions.

Question 26

Which child who has healthy family relationships is LEAST likely to display negative emotions?

A) 12-month-old Kiana
B) 20-month-old Trey
C) 26-month-old Riley
D) 36-month-old Amaris

Question 27

Self-conscious emotions are different from other emotions in that they:

A) relate to our consciousness of others' reactions to us.
B) are more easily discerned from facial expressions.
C) develop earlier.
D) are always focused on other people.

Question 28

The initial signs of fear develop at approximately _____ months of age.

A) 6 to 7
B) 2 to 3
C) 4 to 5
D) 8 to 9

Question 29

Twins Sheree and Caitlin, who are 3 years old, each just successfully completed a jigsaw puzzle. Sheree's puzzle was simple, and she completed it easily. Caitlin's puzzle was more difficult, and it took a lot of effort for her to complete it. Which twin is more likely to experience pride in her accomplishment?

A) Sheree is more likely than is Caitlin to experience pride.
B) Caitlin is more likely than is Sheree to experience pride.
C) Sheree and Caitlin are equally likely to experience pride.
D) Neither Sheree nor Caitlin is likely to experience pride because they are both too young.

Question 30

Feelings of _____ include a focus on oneself.

A) guilt
B) shame
C) both guilt and shame
D) neither guilt nor shame

Question 31

Which emotion is self-conscious?

A) anger
B) shame
C) fear
D) sadness

Question 32

Which of the following is not a self-conscious emotion?

A) guilt
B) fear
C) surprise
D) pride

Question 33

Which child is MOST likely to experience separation anxiety in the situation described?

A) 5-month-old Anton, who is placed in a car seat by his parent, who then disappears from his view
B) 13-month-old Jordan, who walks away from her parent into another room
C) 23-month-old Ellie, who is playing on the floor when her parent leaves the room
D) 15-month-old Sebastian, who is placed into his crib by his parent, who then leaves the room

Question 34

Roger, who is 10 months old, is sitting on the floor of his room happily playing with his toys. The phone rings, and his mother leaves the room to get it. Roger begins to cry. Roger is experiencing:

A) separation anxiety.
B) loneliness.
C) fear of strangers.
D) jealousy.

Question 35

Which statement about infants' fear of strangers is CORRECT?

A) Infants' fear of strangers occurs in early infancy and quickly disappears.
B) All infants experience fear of strangers to a similar degree across a variety of contexts.
C) Infants' fear of strangers occurs well after the start of separation anxiety.
D) Infants' fear of strangers emerges at around the age of 6 or 7 months.

Question 36

When infants realize they can control a particular event, they experience:

A) sadness.
B) surprise.
C) disgust.
D) happiness.

Question 37

Which child is LEAST likely to experience separation anxiety in the situation described?

A) 8-month-old Gianna, who is placed in a car seat by her parent, who then disappears from her view
B) 13-month-old Nolan, who walks away from his parent into another room
C) 10-month-old Evan, who is playing on the floor when his parent leaves the room
D) 15-month-old Cecile, who is placed into her crib by her parent, who then leaves the room

Question 38

Which parental practice in response to a child doing something wrong is likely to influence the child to feel shame over guilt?

A) telling the child that he or she did a mean thing, rather than that he or she is mean
B) publicly humiliating the child
C) helping the child to understand the consequences of his or her actions for others
D) communicating respect and love in disciplinary situations

Question 39

Zoe, who is 3 years old, has broken a dish and feels as if she wants to hide. She is primarily experiencing:

A) anger.
B) embarrassment.
C) guilt.
D) shame.

Question 40

Which statement about older infants' displays of sadness is NOT true?

A) Infants often display sadness in the same contexts in which they display anger.
B) Displays of sadness are less frequent than displays of anger.
C) Infants show anger but not sadness when they are unable to control their environment.
D) Infants are capable of experiencing sadness.

Question 41

This emotional experience is thought to have an evolutionary basis, as it helps humans avoid potential poisons or disease-causing bacteria.

A) happiness
B) fear
C) surprise
D) disgust

Question 42

A 4-month-old infant is habituated to pictures of people expressing surprise. The infant is then presented with a picture of a person expressing happiness. The infant is likely to:

A) display no renewed interest in the pictures, as infants this young are unable to differentiate between emotions.
B) dishabituate to the new picture but not comprehend the difference in meaning between the first set of pictures and the new picture.
C) dishabituate to the new picture and comprehend the emotional meaning of the facial expressions.
D) cry, as the happy face is likely to elicit fear in an infant this age.

Question 43

The anxieties and fears of 3-year-old Alexander are most likely to involve:

A) pleasing teachers.
B) being physically attacked.
C) being separated from his mother.
D) ghosts and monsters.

Question 44

Social referencing refers to:

A) the ability to understand others' emotions.
B) the use of a caregiver's cues to decide how to respond to an ambiguous situation.
C) smiles directed at people rather than at objects.
D) patterns of sociability and emotionality learned from significant others.

Question 45

Many cultural variations in children's experiences of self-conscious emotions appear to be associated with cultural differences in the:

A) importance placed on the individual versus the importance placed on the social group.
B) level of emotional maturity expected of children.
C) age at which children understand that they themselves are entities separate from others.
D) distinction among shame, guilt, and embarrassment.

Question 46

The causes of which type of emotion tend NOT to change as children develop?

A) anger
B) pride
C) happiness
D) self-conscious emotions

Question 47

In comparison with preschool children, children in elementary school are:

A) more understanding of how, when, and why emotions occur.
B) less likely to be worried about real-life issues.
C) more emotionally negative.
D) more likely to be angry at someone who harms them accidentally.

Question 48

Of types of stimuli that elicit particular emotional responses, frequency of particular emotions, and intensity of emotional responses, which change during childhood?

A) types of stimuli
B) types of stimuli and frequency of particular emotions
C) types of stimuli and intensity of emotional responses
D) types of stimuli, frequency of particular emotions, and intensity of emotional responses

Question 49

Elementary school children are less likely to be afraid of monsters than preschool children because older children have:

A) better night vision.
B) a better understanding of reality.
C) better language skills.
D) more coping skills.

Question 50

Bart, an 11-month-old, is playing on the floor of his room when his older brother steers a remote-control car (that Bart has never seen) toward him. Bart immediately looks up at his father, who is on the verge of yelling, "Stop, it's going to hit Bart." Bart then breaks into quickly flowing tears. Bart has engaged in:

A) emotional regulation.
B) self-socialization.
C) social referencing.
D) display rules.

Question 51

The emotion of which child would be the EASIEST for other children to understand?

A) Mia, who feels disappointment at getting a sweater for her birthday but who puts on a happy face anyway
B) J. T., who feels ashamed about lying to his parents about breaking his father's new pen
C) Kerry, who is saddened by a reminder of her pet's death
D) Jing, who is happy because he is going to the park with his friend

Question 52

This is a prominent system for coding emotions in infants that link particular facial expressions and facial muscle movements with specific emotions.

A) REM
B) AFFEX
C) AREM
D) SFEX

Question 53

Most infants begin to express surprise by _____ months of age.

A) 3
B) 6
C) 8
D) 10

Question 54

Which parental practice in response to a child doing something wrong is likely to influence the child to feel guilt over shame?

A) saying "You're a bad boy"
B) publicly humiliating the child
C) helping the child to understand the consequences of his or her actions for others
D) removing expressions of love in disciplinary situations

Question 55

_____ is an emotional reaction to a sudden, unexpected event.

A) Happiness
B) Fear
C) Surprise
D) Disgust

Question 56

This emotion involves a cognitive understanding that something is not as it usually is, rather than just a physical reaction to being startled.

A) happiness
B) fear
C) surprise
D) disgust

Question 57

Which scenario is an example of social referencing?

A) Jessica sucks her thumb when her brother takes away her favourite doll.
B) Jose smiles when he opens a gift from his grandmother, even though he does not like the new shirt she has given him.
C) Stacey hears her parents arguing and begins to cry.
D) Henry looks up at his mother after he falls and, on seeing her content expression, gets up without crying.

Question 58

Which statement about the association between emotional development and cognitive development is TRUE?

A) Emotions are independent of cognition, and therefore the two are unassociated.
B) Cognitive development influences children to become less emotional as they develop from infancy through adolescence.
C) Cognitive changes influence the types of stimuli that elicit particular emotional responses.
D) None of the statements is true.

Question 59

In comparison with American children, Japanese children are LESS likely to experience which emotion as a consequence of personal success?

A) shame
B) pride
C) guilt
D) embarrassment

Question 60

While expressions of surprise tend to be brief, they usually transform into which emotional expression?

A) happiness
B) fear
C) surprise
D) disgust

Question 61

Which emotion is identified EARLIEST by children?

A) disgust
B) shame
C) happiness
D) anger

Question 62

In regard to the ability of young children to identify emotions, young children are:

A) essentially unable to identify others' emotions.
B) best at identifying happiness, and they have difficulty differentiating among negative emotions until they are older.
C) best at identifying sadness, and they have difficulty differentiating among positive emotions until they are older.
D) able to differentiate among positive emotions and among negative emotions equally well.

Question 63

The understanding that a person can have mixed feelings about something, as when a person is happy to receive a gift but is angry that it is not what was expected, develops at approximately what age?

A) 5 years
B) 8 years
C) 10 years
D) 12 years

Question 64

Which behaviour is an example of the use of a display rule?

A) Maddie covers her eyes when she is feeling shy.
B) Damon tries not to look scared on the roller coaster.
C) Jasmine stops her temper tantrum because her mother threatens punishment.
D) Warren looks at his grandmother to see if she looks angry before he jumps off the couch.

Question 65

At 4 years old, Doug is told a story about Jimmy, a boy whose favourite toy has just been broken. When Doug is asked what Jimmy is feeling, Doug is likely to indicate:

A) happiness.
B) sadness.
C) shame.
D) that he is unable to predict Jimmy's emotion.

Question 66

Which child is MOST likely to mention emotions such as pride, shame, embarrassment, and jealousy in conversation?

A) 2-year-old Penny
B) 5-year-old Jake
C) 6-year-old Breanne
D) 8-year-old Stacey

Question 67

Infants 12 months old are _____ to comprehend the emotional tone of others' faces, and/but are _____ to comprehend the emotional tone of others' voices.

A) able; able
B) able; unable
C) unable; able
D) unable; unable

Question 68

To be able to engage in social referencing, infants need to be able to:

A) label emotions.
B) understand the causes of emotions.
C) comprehend the meaning of emotions.
D) view emotions.

Question 69

_____ is NOT considered to be part of emotional intelligence.

A) Persistence
B) Ability to delay gratification
C) Empathy
D) Verbal fluency

Question 70

The ability to discriminate and identify different emotions in others:

A) is associated with social competence.
B) is associated with lower levels of behavioural problems.
C) helps children responds appropriately to others' emotions.
D) is positively associated with increased self-esteem.

Question 71

When children were told a story about a child who felt one way but tried to hide her emotions and pretend to feel another way, approximately _____% of 3- and 4-year-olds and approximately _____% of 5-year-olds understood the difference between real and false emotions.

A) 20; 20
B) 20; 50
C) 50; 80
D) 80; 100

Question 72

Which goal is NOT a motive to use a display rule?

A) to prevent hurting someone's feelings
B) to protect oneself from looking bad
C) to get information about an ambiguous event
D) to make someone else feel good

Question 73

Which capability develops LATEST?

A) identifying the causes of others' negative emotions
B) labelling others' self-conscious emotions
C) fully understanding how others' memories of past emotional events can trigger the same emotions
D) understanding emotional ambivalence

Question 74

Which list is the chronological order (from earliest to latest) in which children are able to identify emotions in others?

A) anger/fear, happiness, sadness, self-conscious emotions
B) happiness, self-conscious emotions, sadness, anger/fear
C) happiness, sadness, anger/fear, self-conscious emotions
D) self-conscious emotions, anger/fear, happiness, sadness

Question 75

The set of abilities that researchers have proposed are key to competent social functioning is referred to as:

A) attachment.
B) emotional regulation.
C) emotional intelligence.
D) empathy.

Question 76

The aspect of emotional understanding that develops LATEST is understanding:

A) of emotional ambivalence.
B) that one can feel two negative emotions simultaneously.
C) the difference between real and false emotions.
D) the distinction between fear and anger.

Question 77

Which ability is typical of a 3-year-old child?

A) identifying the causes of others' negative emotions
B) labelling others' self-conscious emotions
C) identifying the causes of others' positive emotions
D) fully understanding how others' memories of past emotional events can trigger the same emotions

Question 78

Which emotion is identified LATEST by children?

A) disgust
B) shame
C) happiness
D) anger

Question 79

At 2 years old, Greg is told a story about Jimmy, a boy whose favourite toy has just been broken. When Greg is asked what Jimmy is feeling, Greg is likely to indicate:

A) happiness.
B) sadness.
C) shame.
D) that he is unable to predict Jimmy's emotion.

Question 80

A social group's informal norms about the demonstration of emotion and when and where they should be suppressed or masked are referred to as:

A) display rules.
B) social referencing.
C) demonstration motives.
D) emotion regulation.