Deck 14: The Emergence and Dispersal of Homo Sapiens

Question 1

Both the replacement and multiregional models of human origins agree that there was an initial dispersal of H. erectus from Africa into the rest of the Old World.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

In Europe, early Upper Paleolithic human postcranial skeletons in Europe appear to be tropically adapted.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The "upper cave" fossils from China support both of the models of the origins of the first H. sapiens.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

In Africa, fossils resembling modern Homo sapiens appear in the fossil record around __________ years ago.

A) 14,000
B) 700,000
C) 150,000
D) 500,000

Question 5

Multiregional models of the origins of modern humans predict that we should first see modern human fossils in Africa.

Question 6

Replacement models of human origins __________.

A) suggest humans had a localized origin
B) is often called the "Out of Africa" model
C) implies that modern human variation evolved recently
D) all of these

Question 7

The Cro-Magnon fossils were found in __________ and date to approximately __________ years ago.

A) Romania, 65,000
B) France, 27,000
C) Romania, 36,000
D) France, 150,000

Question 8

Which of the following characteristics distinguishes our species from archaic H. sapiens?

A) a more gracile skull
B) a rounded cranium
C) relatively small teeth and jaws
D) all of these

Question 9

Specimens of early modern humans never possess primitive features they may share with archaic H. sapiens.

Question 10

Aurignacian technology is directly associated with __________.

A) Middle Paleolithic Neandertals
B) late African H. erectus
C) Upper Paleolithic H. sapiens
D) none of these

Question 11

We can look at the changes in tool cultures associated with modern humans as a story of two continents: __________ and Africa.

A) Asia
B) Australia
C) Europe
D) the Americas

Question 12

The earliest human inhabitants of Australia probably arrived there via a land bridge during a glacial maxima.

Question 13

Which of the following is a prediction of the replacement models for the origins of modern humans?

A) a single evolving lineage of H. sapiens in each region of the Old World
B) regional H. erectus characteristics appearing in local H. sapiens populations
C) regional overlapping of H. erectus and H. sapiens.
D) regional archaeological links between H. erectus and H. sapiens populations

Question 14

Which of the following is a prediction of the multiregional models for the origins of modern humans?

A) a single evolving lineage of H. sapiens in each region of the Old World
B) regional H. erectus characteristics appearing in local H. sapiens populations
C) regional archaeological links between H. erectus and H. sapiens populations
D) all of these

Question 15

By 100,000 years ago in Africa __________.

A) H. erectus was the most common hominin
B) H. habilis could still be found is small pockets of ease Africa.
C) H. sapiens was a well-established species
D) Neandertal was making headway into the continent from the north.

Question 16

The earliest evidence for humans in Australia dates back to __________ years ago.

A) 20,000
B) 30,000
C) 90,000
D) 40,000

Question 17

__________ is the only region outside Africa to have yielded reliable evidence of modern humans earlier than 60,000 years ago.

A) Australia
B) Europe
C) Asia
D) The Near East

Question 18

__________ models attribute the origins of modern humans to gene flow and repeated population movements.

A) Replacement
B) Multiregional

Question 19

Many Middle and Late Pleistocene hominins possessed cranial capacities that are easily within the modern human range.

Question 20

Evidence suggests that modern humans were in Australia before they were in Europe.

Question 21

The Bering land bridge was most recently open from __________ years ago.

A) 25,000-11,000
B) 75,000-45,000
C) 45,000-11,000
D) 75,000-25,000

Question 22

Microliths are found after __________ years ago in most regions.

A) 25,000
B) 10,000
C) 2.5 million
D) 1 million

Question 23

Compared to those of the Middle Stone Age, Late Stone Age and Upper Paleolithic tools __________.

A) were crafted with less skill
B) were less standardized
C) changed more rapidly and more frequently
D) included less tools made from shell and bone

Question 24

Tools made from bone do not appear in the archaeological record before the Upper Paleolithic.

Question 25

Blades do not appear in the archaeological record before the Upper Paleolithic.

Question 26

Microliths do appear in the archaeological record before the Upper Paleolithic.

Question 27

Which of the following describes the tools of the earliest H. sapiens?

A) more complex and varied than those of H. erectus or Neandertals
B) smaller and more compact than typical Middle Stone Age tools
C) indistinguishable from those of earlier hominins
D) none of these

Question 28

Upper Paleolithic Europeans produced __________.

A) blades
B) cave art
C) ritual objects
D) all of these

Question 29

It is likely that H. sapiens reached the New World __________.

A) during the Middle Stone Age
B) by crossing the Atlantic on watercraft
C) via the coast of Siberia
D) directly from Africa an a South Atlantic land bridge

Question 30

Long flakes that can be used as blanks to create a variety of flaked tools are called __________.

A) microliths
B) blades
C) burins
D) atlatles

Question 31

The tools associated with the African Late Stone Age and European Upper Paleolithic are distinguished from Middle Stone Age technology by __________.

A) a greater level of skill
B) standardized production
C) the creation of a blade technology
D) all of these

Question 32

Which of the following is not typically associated with Upper Paleolithic/ Late Stone Age technology?

A) blades
B) microliths
C) Solutrean technology
D) Acheulean tools

Question 33

There is not a one-to-one correlation between the appearance of modern anatomy and Upper Paleolithic technology.

Question 34

Upper Paleolithic cave art is found almost exclusively in Europe.

Question 35

The Clovis culture appears all over __________ by __________ years ago.

A) Africa/ 13,000
B) North America/ 25,000
C) Africa/ 25,000
D) North America/ 13,000

Question 36

Microwear analysis of the teeth of Upper Paleolithic peoples indicate __________.

A) an extreme reliance on meat
B) cooking
C) a greater amount of vegetable matter
D) a diet of mostly nuts and tree bark

Question 37

Evidence shows that hominins predating the Upper Paleolithic were incapable of symbolic or artistic expression.

Question 38

Evidence suggests that Upper Paleolithic tools were only made from stone.

Question 39

Which of the following is not a way that Upper Paleolithic burials differed from Mousterian burials?

A) the use of burial pits
B) carefully arranged bodies
C) food and weapons used as burial goods
D) decorated garments for the dead

Question 40

Upper Paleolithic cultures were the first to exploit aquatic resources such as fish and shellfish.

Question 41

The earliest skeletal remains in the Americas __________.

A) exhibit features that differentiate them from recent Native American populations
B) date back over a million years
C) are of H. erectus
D) all of these

Question 42

In 2000, Max Ingman and his colleagues confirmed that three of the deepest branches of the phylogenetic tree were exclusively __________.

A) North American
B) African
C) Middle Eastern
D) Eurasian

Question 43

Citing specific examples, explain the early symbolic behavior of our species.

Question 44

Outline the spread of H. sapiens into regions previously uninhabited by hominins.

Question 45

Explain the difference between replacement and multiregional models of the origins of modern humans. Are these two models irreconcilable? Why or why not?

Question 46

Describe two methods being used to try to identify the MRCA.

Question 47

Explain the genetic evidence that supports the replacement model of modern human origins.

Question 48

It is problematic for researchers to identify the deepest node in a phylogenetic tree because __________.

A) it is possible to construct a number of different possible phylogenetic trees from one dataset
B) putting a date to the node involves setting the molecular clock
C) genetic data provides no insights into what the bodies carrying the genes looked like
D) all of the above

Question 49

Explain the fossil evidence that supports the multiregional model of modern human origins.

Question 50

Most researchers accept an estimate of __________ to __________ years ago for a date for the Y chromosome MRCA.

A) 320,000, 400,000
B) 220,000, 280,000
C) 170,000, 250,000
D) 100,000, 180,000

Question 51

The last region of the world to be colonized by humans was __________.

A) the Americas
B) Siberia
C) the Pacific Islands
D) Northern Europe

Question 52

Describe the fossil record of the earliest H. sapiens in three regions of the Old World.

Question 53

Explain how the fossils from Asia may support either replacement or multiregional models of the origins of modern humans.

Question 54

Describe the typical features of Upper Paleolithic/ Late Stone Age human culture.

Question 55

What is the MRCA? Explain the difficulties associated with identifying the 'deepest node' in our phylogenetic tree.

Question 56

Which of the following is not true of mitochondrial DNA?

A) it is transmitted paternally
B) it has a rapid rate of evolution
C) it does not undergo recombination
D) it is useful in constructing phylogenetic trees

Question 57

Studies of ancient Neandertal mtDNA samples agree that they fall outside the range of variation that has been observed in modern humans.