Deck 2: Section 1 : Dual Modes in Social Cognition

Question 1

Which of the following best characterizes "intent"?
a. A conscious or unconscious goal mentally represented sequentially
b. A desire to complete a particular behavioral outcome, to the exclusion of others
c. A rejection of default behavioral patterns to "make the hard choice"
d. A conscious thought and/or behavior undertaken when one has the ability to think or behave in a different way

Answer 1

A conscious thought and/or behavior undertaken when one has the ability to think or behave in a different way

Question 2

Cognitive load would be most likely to impair which of the following processes, according to the cognitive busyness model?
a. Automatic categorization of a behavior
b. Dispositional attributions of behavior
c. Attributional correction for situational factors
d. Motivation to accurately characterize the target

Answer 2

Attributional correction for situational factors

Question 3

Which of the following is necessary in order for subliminal priming to be successful?
a. Prime must be displayed precisely and reliably at exceedingly short intervals
b. Must be immediately masked by perceptually related but conceptually neural stimuli
c. None of the above
d. Both A and B

Answer 3

Both A and B

Question 4

Which of the following is the best example of postconscious automaticity?
a. An advertisement for soft drinks flashes the word "thirsty" for five milliseconds. Viewers don't report seeing any words, but still feel thirsty afterwards
b. A participant fills out a crossword puzzle including aggressive words like "violence" and "hostile" as well as neutral words like "table" and "carpeting." The participant subsequently behaves more aggressively to the experimenter
c. A room is painted in shades of pastel blues and greens. While filling out questionnaires in that room, participants report feeling more soothed and relaxed
d. While on the way to work, a driver is nearly struck by a speeding car, but is able to avoid being hit. Shortly afterwards, the driver behaves very aggressively to a different car that cuts him off in traffic

Question 5

Which of the following is not an advantage of automatic processing?
a. Allows people to decide how to fairly judge others
b. Allows people to make rapid decisions
c. Allows people to evaluate complex targets and situations
d. Allows people to efficiently process lots of information

Question 6

A political candidate, "X," delivers a long speech on why he is more qualified for office than his opponent. The speech lists 250 distinct reasons he deserves the position. Upon hearing the list, a voter decides that the list of reasons to elect "X" is so long that he simply must be the superior candidate. However, this voter did not pay attention to the actual content of the list. This type of reasoning is best described by which method of persuasion?
a. Central
b. Systematic
c. Analytic
d. Peripheral

Question 7

Which part of the brain is NOT implicated in the more reflex-like, automatic forms of social cognition?
a. Lateral temporal cortex
b. Amygdala
c. Hippocampus
d. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 8

A participant is given a smartphone that chimes randomly every 3-30 minutes and asks the participant to complete a brief survey about their current thoughts, feelings, and activities. This is an example of which of the following methods?
a. Experience sampling
b. Automated experimentation
c. Cognitive interrogation
d. Rumination sampling

Question 9

Which of the following areas of the brain would not be likely to respond to positive social rewards?
a. Orbitofrontal cortex
b. Lateral occipital gyrus
c. Ventral striatum
d. Ventral medial prefrontal cortex

Question 10

Although you are supposed to be focusing on a psychology assignment, you instead find yourself thinking back to the delicious dinner you ate at a restaurant the night before. This is an example of what kind of thought?
a. Operant thought
b. Respondent thought
c. Experiential thought
d. Unconditioned thought

Question 11

Of the following, which best describes an important feature of subliminal priming?
a. Stimuli must relate to affective concepts to activate associations
b. Stimuli must be shown long enough to register perceptually, but not so long as to elicit conscious recognition
c. Stimuli must be related to categories of the concepts participants are evaluating
d. Stimuli must be tailored to each individual participant's own reaction speeds

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of proceduralization?
a. Requiring a student to complete a set amount of paperwork before being admitted to a graduate program
b. Several students dividing up the work for a group project in order to maximize efficiency
c. A professor is universally considered "nice" after eliminating homework from the course requirements
d. After years of practice interviewing candidates for leadership positions, a hiring manager is able to very quickly categorize people as "leaders" or "not leaders"

Question 13

Which of the following best characterizes the dual-process perspective of person perception?
a. Perceivers separately process the positive and negative aspects of a target
b. Perceivers first automatically identify a target, then search for more information if the target is relevant to them
c. Perceivers first make value judgments about a target, then categorize the target based on whichever categories are relevant in that situation
d. Perceivers first process the target in relation to themselves, then evaluate the target's relationship to the situation

Question 14

Which of the following is the most effective way to prevent unwanted cognitions?
a. Self-monitoring for unwanted thoughts
b. Focusing pointedly on suppressing cognitions
c. Focusing on a completely unrelated cognition
d. Setting a clear goal and thereby increasing motivation to prevent the thoughts

Question 15

What is the purest form of an automatic process, defined as unintentional, uncontrollable, efficient, autonomous, and outside awareness?
a. Mindlessness
b. Daydreaming
c. Automaticity
d. None of the above

Question 16

Which of the following does not characterize the motive of understanding?
a. It is an exclusively conscious process
b. It is a need to have one's views align with the views of one's group
c. Its functions to make the world more predictable
d. It is the dominant motive behind almost all social cognition

Question 17

Which of the following brain areas is most likely to respond to an extremely positive OR extremely negative stimulus?
a. Posterior superior temporal sulcus
b. Medial prefrontal cortex
c. Hypothalamus
d. Amygdala

Question 18

Which of the following best describes a "goal" as defined in the chapter?
a. Mental representation of a desired outcome
b. Conscious target of positive behavior
c. Unconscious representation of personal achievement
d. Benchmark for evaluating progress towards a preferred outcome

Question 19

A participant is shown a picture of a smiling face that is flashed on the screen for a few milliseconds - too fast for the participant to recognize the image. Nonetheless, the participant then judges a neutral image more positively. This is an example of what?
a. Subliminal priming
b. Supraliminal reactivity
c. Affective forecasting
d. Conceptual pattern-matching

Question 20

What is meant by the idea of consciousness as an "executive" or "executor"?
a. Consciousness takes priority over other mental processes
b. Consciousness can terminate unwanted activation pathways
c. Consciousness can control which mental processes are being inhibited or activated
d. Consciousness is necessary for the execution of perceptual processes

Question 21

If participants were primed with the trait "frugality" by completing a word unscrambling task. This task would be an example of _______?
a. Preconscious automaticity
b. Postconscious automaticity
c. Subliminal priming
d. Both A and C

Question 22

Which of the following describes the difference between the dual-process model and the continuum models approaches?
a. The dual process model proposes distinct types of cognitive categorization in distinct branches of impression formation while the continuum model proposes stable types of information across evolving stages
b. The dual-process model posits specific rules for passing along each processing branch, while the continuum model proposes constant rules, specifically that ease of categorization depends on information and motivation
c. None of the above
d. All of the above

Question 23

The majority of daily thought can be described as?
a. Operant thought
b. Respondent thought
c. Instrumental and problem-solving
d. Both A and C

Question 24

According to Bargh 1997), situations can automatically cue certain motives, directly influencing behavior. This auto-motive concept harkens back to which metaphor first described in Chapter 1?
a. People as passive aggressors
b. People as cognitive misers
c. People as activated actors
d. None of the above

Question 25

The failure to suppress negative thoughts can lead to what type of repetitive, counterproductive thinking?
a. Rumination
b. Auto-motives
c. Mindlessness
d. None of the above

Question 26

People's intention to trust others and people's receipt of trusting behavior both correlate with what neuroactive hormone, particularly active in women?
a. Estrogen
b. Progesterone
c. Oxytoxin
d. None of the above

Question 27

Which of the following stimuli is most likely to be automatically encoded by most people?
a. A photo of a steaming hot pizza
b. A photo of a crying child
c. A photo of a beautiful sunset
d. A photo of an angry mob threatening)

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT an experience-sampling method?
a. Reaction time measurements
b. Think-aloud procedures
c. Random probes asking participants to report mind-wandering, stimulus-independent thought, and zoning out during primary task
d. Role-play participation

Question 29

Which of the following best defines meta-cognition?
a. An epiphenomenon irrelevant of ongoing mental processes
b. A concept necessary for understanding and intent
c. People's beliefs about their own thinking processes
d. Being aware of able to talk about) something or being aware of something in that it reflects behavior, if indescribable

Question 30

What psychologist argues that conscious will is an illusion created by people thinking about an action before performing it?
a. Bargh
b. Asch
c. James
d. Wegner

Question 31

If unmet, what central motive can lead to cardiovascular and immune problems comparable to those of cigarette smoking?
a. Understanding
b. Belonging
c. Need for control
d. Self-enhancement