Deck 11: Section 1 : Stereotyping: Cognition and Bias

Question 1

Which of the following best describes a tenet of "ambivalent sexism"?
a. Women who don't follow gender norms are evaluated very negatively
b. Women are seen as requiring men's care and protection
c. Women in traditional roles are seen as exceptionally moral and good
d. All of the above

Answer 1

All of the above

Question 2

Which of the following circumstances would best illustrate processes related to Social Identity Theory?
a. A member of a stigmatized group dissociates from the domain of the stigma
b. A member of a stigmatized group emphasizes aspects of the group's identity that are positive and distinct from the stigmatized areas
c. A member of a stigmatized group favors the positive qualities of the majority, non-stigmatized groups
d. None of the above

Answer 2

A member of a stigmatized group emphasizes aspects of the group ' s identity that are positive and distinct from the stigmatized areas

Question 3

Subjective uncertainty reduction theory proposes that people reduce anxiety by doing which of the following?
a. Distancing themselves from outgroup members
b. Adopting ingroup values and norms
c. Striving for individual autonomy and distinctiveness rather than assimilating to a group prototype
d. None of the above

Answer 3

Adopting ingroup values and norms

Question 4

Which of the following best describes what is meant by meta-stereotypes?
a. Stereotypes a perceiver holds about how a target believes the perceiver is likely to think and behave
b. Stereotypes about how groups of people - as opposed to individual members of the group - are likely to behave
c. Stereotypes about how individuals interact with each other
d. All of the above

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of a minimal group?
a. Race
b. City of birth
c. Undergraduate institution
d. Tendency to over-estimate the number of dots on a page

Question 6

According to the chapter, what is subtle bias stemmed from?
a. Early childhood experiences
b. Internal conflict
c. Economic threat
d. Value threat

Question 7

Which of the following best describes realistic group conflict theory?
a. Discrimination can be a way for groups to express conflicts with other groups
b. Competition over scarce resources is a primary cause of intergroup conflict
c. Conflict between small, artificial groups in the laboratory closely mirrors the processes of intergroup conflict in the real world
d. In laboratory environments, groups that are more similar to real-world categories can lead to greater ingroup conflict than can more minimal, artificially-created groups

Question 8

People attending a political rally would be particularly likely to self-categorize by political affiliation. Self-categorization in this situation is attributed to which of the following?
a. Comparative fit
b. Normative fit
c. Group distinctiveness
d. None of the above

Question 9

Which of the following dimensions is NOT captured in the Stereotype Content Model?
a. Good intentions
b. Attractiveness
c. Morality
d. Agency

Question 10

Realistic group conflict could involve conflict over which of the following?
a. Land
b. Money
c. Power
d. All of the above

Question 11

Which of the following best describes a characteristic of ingroup favoritism?
a. People are motivated to derogate the groups to which they do not belong
b. People are motivated to ensure that their own groups receive the maximum amount of resources
c. People are motivated to affiliate with as many groups as possible when under identity threat
d. People are more concerned with the relative advantage of their group compared to others

Question 12

Which of the following best describes what is meant by "trait state self-esteem"?
a. Stable, long-term views of oneself
b. Views about particular aspects of one's identity
c. Context-dependent self-views
d. Temporary affective self-assessments

Question 13

Which of the following best describes what is meant by "normative fit"?
a. The degree to which social categories are seen as common
b. A person's ability to get along with the social order of a group
c. Socially shared meaning that defines categories
d. The degree to which perceptions of a group mirror that group's actual characteristics

Question 14

Which of the following best describes optimal distinctiveness theory?
a. People are motivated to create a balance between individual uniqueness and group membership
b. People derogate outgroups in order to positively differentiate the groups to which they belong
c. When people experience high uncertainty, they are motivated to affiliate with social groups
d. People are motivated to belong to a number of social groups, but if they seek membership in too many, the importance of each group is devalued

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the findings of Tajfel's social identity theory SIT) regarding self-esteem and discrimination?
a. Discriminating elevates trait self-esteem but does not alter state self-esteem
b. Low self-esteem does not directly motivate discrimination
c. Discriminating elevates state self-esteem but does not alter trait self-esteem
d. Both B and C

Question 16

Which of the following is most true about stereotype threat?
a. Consciousness of stereotypes always undermines performance in that domain
b. People with multiple stereotype-relevant identities can have performance on a task both helped and hindered depending on which dentity is salient
c. Individuals who are the most biased are also the most susceptible to stereotype threat
d. Stereotype threat is difficult to measure because although stereotype vigilance can hinder performance, anxiety-related arousal can improve performance, leading to an overall null effect

Question 17

Which of the following best describes behavior associated with endorsement of Protestant Work Ethic?
a. Low-status people who endorse PWE are less likely to attribute self-directed ambiguous behaviors to discrimination
b. High-status people who endorse PWE are more likely to attribute self-directed ambiguous behaviors to discrimination
c. Both A and B
d. None of the above

Question 18

Which of the following best describes what is meant by "collective self-esteem"?
a. The degree to which an individual positively evaluates a group to which he or she belongs
b. The self-esteem boost that is granted by membership in a group
c. The phenomenon in which people in a closely-knit group tend to develop similar self-views, possibly as a result of social transmission
d. The process by which people make comparisons to other groups in order to more positively evaluate their own social groups

Question 19

Which of the following does NOT describe a consequence of attributing ambiguous behaviors to discrimination?
a. The attribution can undermine the target's feelings of personal control
b. The attribution can buffer the target's self-esteem from the hurtful psychological consequences of the behavior
c. The attribution can undermine the target's self-esteem because positive outcomes are not seen as due to the target's efforts
d. None of the above

Question 20

You are waiting in line at a university book store while wearing a shirt with the mascot of a rival school. Before ringing you up, the cashier spends several minutes chatting on his cell phone instead of helping you right away. You believe his rude behavior was due to his distaste for the rival school featured on your shirt. Your friend thinks the cashier simply didn't notice you. This situation is an example of which of the following?
a. Ambivalent discrimination
b. Subtle stereotyping
c. Attributional ambiguity
d. Categorical hypersensitivity

Question 21

Which of the following would likely predict a harsh response to outgroup members after being exposed to a life-threatening event?
a. Terror management theory
b. System justification theory
c. Right wing authoritarianism
d. Social dominance theory

Question 22

Which of the following explains the decrease in Black/White interracial prejudice after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, that targeted Americans of all race?
a. Common ingroup identity model
b. Colorblind approach
c. Multiculturalism
d. None of the above

Question 23

A male attributes a male celebrity's extra-marital affair to problems in the relationship, suggesting him to be a good person who is reacting to a bad situation. The same male attributes a female celebrity's extra-marital affair to promiscuity, suggesting her to be a bad person who mistreats men in general. Which of the following best describes this interpretation?
a. Fundamental attribution error FAE)
b. Ultimate attribution error UAE)
c. All of the above
d. None of the above

Question 24

Is it possible to decrease automatically activated racial prejudice?
a. No, only explicit prejudice can be reduced
b. Yes, automatic reactions can diminish, but only with sufficient motivation
c. Yes, automatic reactions can diminish, but only with extensive training
d. Yes, automatic reactions can diminish with sufficient motivation and training

Question 25

Ambivalent sexism reflects two factors, which of these factors is often aimed toward women who stay within prescribed gender roles, gaining protection but forgoing respect?
a. Benevolent sexism
b. Harmless sexism
c. Hostile sexism
d. Both A and B

Question 26

Which of the following has NOT been supported by research examining group homogeneity?
a. People who especially identity with their ingroup perceive greater ingroup homogeneity
b. Outgroup homogeneity especially applies to groups that are real but unfamiliar and abstract
c. When intergroup distimctions are salient due to threat or conflict, both ingroups and outgroups are seen as more homogeneous
d. None of the above

Question 27

The stereotypic association that requires focus on the self, rather than focus on others can be described in what way?
a. Competence
b. Self-profitable
c. Agency
d. All of the above

Question 28

Which of the following best describes the perception of groups as fixed biological phenomena instead of social constructs that change with history and culture?
a. Multiculturalism
b. Essentialism
c. Infrahumanization
d. Dehumanization

Question 29

Research shows that men's social dominance orientation SDO) scores always average higher than women's, hypothesized to account for the universality of men's greater political power in developed societies. Which identity theory counters that individual gender group identification may cause these SDO differences, due to a need to identify with one's respectful gender group?
a. Social identity theory SIT)
b. Self-categorization theory SCT)
c. Subjective uncertainty reduction theory
d. All of the above

Question 30

Research has shown that which of the following can cause minorities to experience loss of attentional resources after an interracial interaction?
a. Reducing the physical space between interaction partners
b. Introducing more than one majority group member to an interaction
c. Prioritizing their ingroup
d. None of the above