Deck 5: B: Perceptual and Motor Development

Question 1

Your friends John and Lisa are wondering whether their newborn son can feel pain. What can you tell them about infants' ability to feel pain?

A) Infant nervous systems are not sufficiently developed to transmit pain.
B) The skin of infants does not have as many pain receptors as does the skin of adults.
C) Behaviour suggests that newborns do not experience pain.
D) Physical development and behaviour suggests that newborns are capable of feeling pain.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Most newborns prefer which of the following tastes?

A) salty tastes
B) bitter tastes
C) sweet tastes
D) sour tastes

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Shelley is convinced that her two-week-old baby can smell the difference between her breast milk and the breast milk she received from a donor. Her husband thinks she has a vivid imagination because there is no way a newborn baby could detect the difference. What does research evidence suggest?

A) Shelley's husband is right. Two-week-old infants have no sense of smell.
B) Shelley's husband is right. Two-week-old infants can smell very strong smells, but they can't make fine discriminations such as between two different mother's breast milk.
C) Shelley is right. Two-week-old infants can identify the smell of their mother's breast milk.
D) Shelley's baby may be able to identify the taste but not the smell of her mother's breast milk.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

One-month-old Mari's grimace after tasting a substance suggests that what she tasted was

A) bitter.
B) salty.
C) sweet.
D) spicy.

Question 5

Four-month-old Courtney has habituated to the mobile over her crib. You would expect Courtney to

A) show a preference for that mobile over other mobiles.
B) spend less time looking at it now than when it was first placed over her crib.
C) show the same behaviour toward the mobile now as she did when she first saw it.
D) spend more time looking at it now than when it was first placed over her crib.

Question 6

___________________ has been found to provide some pain relief to newborns.

A) Presenting a loud noise
B) A touch stimulus to the cheek
C) Giving a taste of sucrose
D) Maintaining direct eye contact

Question 7

Babies pay attention when a novel stimulus is first presented, but they pay less attention as it becomes more familiar. This phenomenon is called

A) discrimination.
B) interposition.
C) an orienting response.
D) habituation.

Question 8

When an infant habituates to a stimulus, such as a picture,

A) the infant will pay more attention to the stimulus as it becomes more familiar.
B) the infant's heart rate will drop as the stimulus becomes more familiar.
C) the infant's behaviour does not change as the stimulus becomes more familiar.
D) the infant will pay less attention to the stimulus as it becomes more familiar.

Question 9

The nervous system receives, selects, modifies, and organizes stimulation from the world by using

A) genetic processes.
B) emotional processes.
C) physical and motor processes.
D) sensory and perceptual processes.

Question 10

If Harry, a newborn baby, were able to choose the taste of a substance put in his mouth, what kind of taste would you expect him to choose?

A) sour
B) bitter
C) salty
D) sweet

Question 11

The pain cry in infants

A) is often accompanied by agitated movements of hands and arms.
B) has a low pitch.
C) is easily soothed.
D) begins gradually.

Question 12

Paula is interested in finding out whether infants can distinguish between bitter and salty tastes. What would be the most effective way to investigate her question?

A) Ask adults when they first remembered eating something bitter and something salty.
B) Repeatedly present one taste either bitter or salty and see whether infants habituate to it.
C) Observe infants' facial expressions or head movements to see whether they respond differently to bitter and salty tastes.
D) Use infants or toddlers who are old enough to answer questions about how things taste.

Question 13

When Roy first received a new toy, he played with it all the time. The longer he had it, the less he played with it. This change in Roy's behaviour is an example of

A) habituation.
B) differentiation.
C) an orienting response.
D) priming.

Question 14

Newborns are able to detect which of the following tastes?

A) salty and sour tastes
B) sweet and salty tastes
C) bitter and sour tastes
D) salty, sour, bitter, and sweet tastes

Question 15

Because the taste of her mother's milk is affected by what her mother has just eaten, Baby Bonita is likely to prefer nursing after her mother has eaten

A) candy.
B) potato chips.
C) a lemon.
D) strong coffee.

Question 16

In newborns, the sense of smell is

A) not developed at all.
B) very primitive.
C) fair.
D) well developed.

Question 17

The term "auditory threshold" refers to

A) the range of pitches in normal conversational tones.
B) the quietest sound a person can hear.
C) the level of sound at which hearing impairments begin to occur.
D) sounds that can be heard by adults but not by infants.

Question 18

Infants' auditory thresholds are

A) lower than that of adults.
B) about the same as that of adults.
C) higher than that of adults.
D) not able to be measured.

Question 19

You visit your mother and she wants to know what you have learned in school recently. Having just read the section on infant hearing in your textbook, what would you tell your mother you have learned?

A) Infants are not able to hear at all.
B) Infants can hear, but not as well as adults.
C) Infants' hearing is about the same as that of adults.
D) Infants have better hearing than adults.

Question 20

Newborns' sense of smell

A) is so poor that they cannot identify their mothers using the sense of smell.
B) is very different from that of adults. Newborns will turn away from odours that adults find pleasant (e.g., honey or chocolate).
C) is well-developed at birth.
D) is poorly developed because they do not turn away from unpleasant smells (e.g., rotten eggs).

Question 21

Dr. Burns shows two stimuli at a time to an infant, one a grey square and the other a black-and-white striped square. The striped squares differ in the width of their stripes. Dr. Burns measures how long the infant looks at each of the stimuli. Dr. Burns is assessing

A) depth perception.
B) visual acuity.
C) retinal disparity.
D) ADHD.

Question 22

Parents should be concerned about their child's hearing if the child

A) doesn't imitate speech sounds and simple words by six months of age.
B) has repeated ear infections.
C) responds strongly to loud, sudden noises.
D) turns its head in the direction of sounds.

Question 23

Which of the following is true of infants' auditory perception?

A) Infants have higher auditory thresholds than adults.
B) Infants can hear high-pitched sounds the best.
C) Infants cannot use sound to locate an object.
D) Infants cannot discriminate vowel and consonant sounds.

Question 24

Jeremiah was born with a hearing impairment. The most likely cause of his hearing impairment is

A) heredity.
B) maternal disease during pregnancy.
C) maternal drug use during pregnancy.
D) maternal exposure to environmental contaminants during pregnancy.

Question 25

Allan wants to know what kind of sounds his newborn son can hear the best. What could you tell him about infant auditory capabilities?

A) Infants can best hear sounds that are pitched in the range of human speech.
B) Infants can best hear high-pitched sounds.
C) Infants can best hear low-pitched sounds.
D) Infants can hear sounds of all pitches equally well.

Question 26

Infant Nina will probably look longest at

A) a black square.
B) a white triangle.
C) a grey circle.
D) black and white stripes.

Question 27

Thomas and Alva should begin to be concerned about a possible hearing impairment if their infant son does not begin to imitate speech sounds and simple words by

A) one month of age.
B) four months of age.
C) six months of age.
D) 12 months of age.

Question 28

Jared has typical visual acuity for a newborn. He can see at 6 metres what his father, who has normal vision, can see at ________ metres.

A) 6
B) 20
C) 60-120
D) 500-1000

Question 29

Visual acuity assesses how

A) clearly an infant can see.
B) well an infant can perceive depth.
C) well an infant can perceive colour.
D) retinal images in the left and right eyes compare.

Question 30

Both of Sharif's parents wear glasses to correct nearsighted vision and they're wondering whether Sharif needs glasses. Sharif's parents are concerned about Sharif's

A) depth perception.
B) visual acuity.
C) retinal disparity.
D) cones.

Question 31

By what age do infants typically have vision as good as that of normal adults?

A) at birth
B) by two months of age
C) by one year of age
D) by two years of age

Question 32

Light we see as the colour ________ has a relatively long wavelength.

A) blue
B) violet
C) yellow
D) red

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT true of 5-month-olds?

A) they can recognize their own name
B) they are sensitive to the rhythmic structure of music
C) they prefer dissonant sounds
D) they can differentiate vowels from consonant sounds

Question 34

Colour is detected with specialized neurons in the retina of the eye called

A) cones.
B) wavelengths.
C) optic nerves.
D) rods.

Question 35

A possible sign of a hearing impairment is if an infant ________ by three months.

A) does not respond to its own name
B) does not begin to imitate speech sounds and simple words
C) does not turn its head in the direction of sounds
D) is not startled by sudden. loud sounds

Question 36

If an infant does not respond to its own name by ________ months, parents should begin to be concerned about a possible hearing impairment.

A) one or two
B) four or five
C) nine
D) 12

Question 37

The leading cause of hearing impairments that occur after birth is

A) inherited disease.
B) meningitis.
C) child abuse.
D) accidents.

Question 38

Which parent should be most concerned about a possible hearing impairment?

A) Kristen, whose one-year-old daughter has had repeated ear infections.
B) Katy, whose two-month-old son does not respond to his name.
C) Abby, whose six-month-old daughter seems to overreact to loud sounds.
D) Virginia, whose 12-month-old son is starting to imitate speech sounds.

Question 39

________ is the smallest pattern that can be visually distinguished dependably.

A) Visual perception
B) Depth perception
C) Retinal disparity
D) Visual acuity

Question 40

Detection of hearing impairments early in infancy

A) is not possible.
B) is not predictive of hearing impairments later in life.
C) does not increase the probability of treatment success.
D) increases the likelihood of being able to treat the problem.

Question 41

One-month-old Godfrey is shown a picture of a human face. How is he most likely to look at the face?

A) He will focus mainly on the interior of the face.
B) He will look mainly at the outer edges of the face.
C) He will look mainly at the bottom of the face.
D) He will scan all parts of the face equally.

Question 42

Infants are more likely to detect differences in an adult's emotional expression, when information is presented using

A) video only.
B) audio only.
C) audio and video simultaneously.
D) either audio or video only.

Question 43

When perceiving objects, infants do not tend to

A) group objects of different colours.
B) group objects that have the same texture.
C) group objects when their edges are aligned.
D) group patterns.

Question 44

A depth cue that involves parallel lines coming together at a single point in the distance is referred to as

A) texture gradient.
B) retinal disparity.
C) interposition.
D) linear perspective.

Question 45

Yi-Yong wants to know when her newborn daughter will see colours in the same way she does. According to your text, infant colour vision is similar to adult colour vision

A) at birth.
B) by three to four months of age.
C) by seven to eight months of age.
D) by 12 months of age.

Question 46

Which of the following do infants use to determine which elements go together to form an object?

A) motion only
B) colour only
C) aligned edges only
D) motion, colour, texture, and aligned edges

Question 47

A visual cliff is used to assess

A) visual acuity.
B) retinal disparity.
C) depth perception.
D) colour perception.

Question 48

Four-month-old Justin is likely to have

A) a sense of size constancy, but not of shape constancy.
B) a sense of colour and shape constancy, but not of size constancy.
C) no sense of size, shape, or colour constancy.
D) a sense of size, shape, and colour constancy.

Question 49

Seven-month-old Ramila was placed on the deep side of a visual cliff apparatus. You would be most likely to find that her heart rate ________, a sign of ________.

A) decelerated; interest
B) accelerated; interest
C) decelerated; fear
D) accelerated; fear

Question 50

Texture gradient cues are used to infer depth

A) in the newborn.
B) beginning at three months of age.
C) by seven months of age.
D) after the first birthday.

Question 51

Haley is looking at Bill. The two retinal images of Bill in Haley's eyes are nearly identical. This suggests that

A) Bill is very close to Haley.
B) Bill is very far from Haley.
C) Haley will have difficulty judging how far Bill is from her.
D) Haley can see Bill very clearly.

Question 52

Information that is presented simultaneously to different sensory modes provides

A) linear perspective.
B) texture gradients.
C) intersensory redundancy.
D) retinal disparity.

Question 53

If you looked at a picture of a dog and a cat, when would you judge the cat to be further away than the dog?

A) When the cat looks clear and distinct while the dog looks blurry.
B) When the cat looks large and the dog looks small.
C) When the cat is partially obscured by the dog.
D) When retinal images of the cat differ greatly while retinal images of the dog are nearly identical.

Question 54

The majority of the crawling infants in the Gibson and Walk study of depth perception using a visual cliff

A) demonstrated no fear of crawling over the deep side.
B) demonstrated depth perception.
C) would crawl over the deep side when called by their mothers.
D) could not discriminate the shallow side from the deep side.

Question 55

Interposition refers to the fact that

A) nearby objects look substantially larger than objects in the distance.
B) parallel lines come together at a single point in the distance.
C) the texture of objects changes from coarse but distinct for nearby objects to finer and less distinct for distant objects.
D) nearby objects partially obscure more distant objects.

Question 56

The fact that when a person views an object, the retinal images in the left and right eyes differ is called

A) a linear perspective.
B) a texture gradient.
C) retinal disparity.
D) relative size.

Question 57

Interposition, texture gradient, relative size, and linear perspective all provide cues for

A) visual acuity.
B) depth perception.
C) colour perception.
D) visual threshold.

Question 58

Dr. Kerry placed a baby on a glass-covered platform with one side that looked shallow under the glass and another side that looked deep under the glass. He then asked the mother to call the baby to come to her. Dr. Kerry appears to be interested in

A) visual acuity.
B) depth perception.
C) colour perception.
D) object permanence.

Question 59

The realization that an object's actual size remains the same despite changes in the size of its retinal image is referred to as

A) retinal disparity.
B) size constancy.
C) object permanence.
D) shape constancy.

Question 60

Differences in ________ are related to differences in colour perception.

A) retinal disparity
B) wavelengths of light
C) visual acuity
D) pattern detection

Question 61

Who is performing a fine-motor skill?

A) Johnny, who is walking
B) Guy, who is rolling over
C) Vincent, who is scribbling with a pencil
D) Juan, who is playing soccer

Question 62

Kamar has just learned to sit without support. Which motor milestone would you expect he has not yet achieved but will master the soonest?

A) holding his chin and chest up
B) crawling
C) standing while holding an object for support
D) walking

Question 63

Which of the following is true about ADHD?

A) Most children grow out of ADHD.
B) Identical twins are often both diagnosed with ADHD but this is uncommon for fraternal twins.
C) ADHD is caused by watching too much television.
D) Many healthy children are wrongly diagnosed with ADHD.

Question 64

When three-month-olds look at faces, they

A) focus on the interior of the face, especially the eyes and lips.
B) focus on the hairline.
C) focus on the exterior of the face, particularly the ears.
D) scan all parts of the face equally.

Question 65

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Younger children are as likely as older children to remind themselves that they need to pay attention.
B) Younger children are less able to maintain focus than older children.
C) Younger and older children are equally distracted by extraneous information.
D) Younger children do not usually show an orienting response.

Question 66

Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A) tend to think carefully before acting.
B) are well-liked by their peers at school.
C) often do poorly in school.
D) usually have below-normal levels of intelligence.

Question 67

Which of the following is a symptom of ADHD?

A) staying on task
B) being reflective
C) doing well in school
D) being unusually energetic

Question 68

Haley is two months old. Which of the following motor milestones is she likely to have most recently attained?

A) chest up
B) sitting with support
C) standing with help
D) grasping object

Question 69

Michael has difficulty keeping still, is unable to concentrate on schoolwork, and often acts without thinking. Michael is showing signs of

A) mental retardation.
B) giftedness.
C) ADHD.
D) typical childhood behaviour.

Question 70

Coordinated movements of the muscles and limbs are referred to as

A) psychological skills.
B) social skills.
C) cognitive skills.
D) motor skills.

Question 71

Garrett was visiting his aunt and uncle when his cousin suddenly started playing the piano. Garrett was startled, stared at his cousin playing the piano, and had an increase in heart rate. Garrett was displaying

A) differentiation.
B) an orienting response.
C) habituation.
D) an attention deficit.

Question 72

Which of the following is a likely cause of ADHD?

A) heredity
B) food allergies
C) sugar consumption
D) poor home life

Question 73

Which is a form of locomotion?

A) holding a bottle
B) crawling
C) using a stick shift
D) building with blocks

Question 74

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

A) is more common in girls than boys.
B) is equally common among girls and boys.
C) is more common in boys than in girls.
D) occurs only in boys.

Question 75

Research suggests that ADHD

A) can be helped with psychosocial treatments.
B) is caused by too much sugar.
C) is something that children usually grow out of in adolescence or young adulthood.
D) is often incorrectly diagnosed in children who do not have ADHD.

Question 76

In the treatment of ADHD

A) medication is of little benefit.
B) depressants are the most helpful type of medication.
C) psychosocial treatments are not effective.
D) both medication and psychosocial treatment can be effective.

Question 77

Motor development involves many distinct skills that are organized and reorganized over time to meet the demands of specific tasks according to

A) intersensory redundancy.
B) dynamic systems theory.
C) differentiation.
D) interposition.

Question 78

The early development of face-recognition skill is adaptive because

A) it ensures that very young infants can recognize their caregivers.
B) it guards against any long-term impacts on face processing in the case of infants with congenital cataracts.
C) it ensures that infants will react similarly to faces and objects.
D) it provides a basis for social relationships.

Question 79

Carla has trouble keeping her attention on a task. What might help Carla improve her attention?

A) Remove all objects that are not necessary for the task.
B) Try to create a more pleasant work environment by playing some music while Carla is working on her task.
C) Stop nagging her about staying on task and expect her to be responsible for paying attention on her own.
D) Invite some other children to sit at the table and keep her company while she works.

Question 80

________ is the process by which we select information that will be processed further.

A) Habituation
B) Orienting response
C) Attention
D) Differentiation