Deck 3: B: Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn

Question 1

Three layers called the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm form in the developing organism during the period of the

A) amnion.
B) fetus.
C) zygote.
D) embryo.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Amy doesn't know it yet, but she is pregnant. She conceived one week ago and has not yet missed a menstrual period. Amy's developing child is in the period of the

A) fetus.
B) zygote.
C) embryo.
D) endoderm.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Implantation of the fertilized egg into the uterus begins

A) immediately after conception.
B) about one week after conception.
C) during the period of the embryo.
D) during the period of the fetus.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

When the zygote consists of about 100 cells and looks like a hollow ball, it is called a(n)

A) fertilized egg.
B) embryo.
C) fetus.
D) blastocyst.

Question 5

Most of the body structures and internal organs develop during the period of the

A) embryo.
B) fetus.
C) zygote.
D) ectoderm.

Question 6

Which of the following events does NOT occur during the period of the zygote?

A) rapid division of the cells
B) differentiation of cells
C) development of body structures and internal organs
D) implantation

Question 7

Differentiation of cells begins

A) during the period of the embryo.
B) during the period of the fetus.
C) during the period of the zygote.
D) at birth.

Question 8

Your friend Marie is pregnant and wants to learn about the changes that will take place in the child she is carrying before it is born. You suggest that she go to the library and look up

A) prenatal development.
B) neonatal development.
C) the Apgar.
D) anoxia.

Question 9

The ________ is where nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the mother and the developing organism.

A) germ disc
B) placenta
C) ectoderm
D) amnion

Question 10

The period of the embryo goes from ________ weeks after conception.

A) zero to two
B) three to eight
C) six to 12
D) nine to 38

Question 11

The zygote implants into the

A) uterine wall.
B) fallopian tube.
C) vaginal wall.
D) ovarian wall.

Question 12

A fertilized egg is called a(n)

A) amnion.
B) umbilical cord.
C) mesoderm.
D) zygote.

Question 13

The period from conception to birth normally lasts ________ weeks.

A) 30
B) 34
C) 38
D) 42

Question 14

Near the centre of a zygote is a small cluster of cells called the ________, which will eventually develop into the baby.

A) placenta
B) amnion
C) fetus
D) germ disc

Question 15

A zygote is

A) a structure through which nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the mother and the developing organism.
B) a sac filled with amniotic fluid.
C) a fertilized egg.
D) what a developing organism is called after it is completely embedded in the uterine wall.

Question 16

The developing organism is called an embryo

A) from the moment of conception.
B) when cell division begins.
C) when bodily systems begin to work.
D) once implantation is complete.

Question 17

Immediately after conception, a fertilized egg is referred to as a(n)

A) fetus.
B) embryo.
C) germ disc.
D) zygote.

Question 18

The process of a zygote burrowing into the uterine wall is referred to as

A) fertilization.
B) implantation.
C) differentiation.
D) crowning.

Question 19

Your sister is pregnant and wonders how her baby takes in nutrients and gets rid of waste products. You tell her that it happens through a structure called a(n)

A) germ disc.
B) amnion.
C) placenta.
D) ectoderm.

Question 20

Once implantation is complete, the developing organism is called a(n)

A) fetus.
B) zygote.
C) germ disc.
D) embryo.

Question 21

During the period of the fetus

A) cells begin to differentiate.
B) most of the bodily structures and organs are formed.
C) an insulating layer of fat develops.
D) very little growth of the fetus occurs.

Question 22

The ________ is the inner layer, the ________ is the middle layer, and the ________ is the outer layer of the embryo.

A) mesoderm; ectoderm; endoderm
B) ectoderm; mesoderm; endoderm
C) endoderm; mesoderm; ectoderm
D) endoderm; ectoderm; mesoderm

Question 23

The ________ houses blood vessels that join the embryo to the placenta.

A) amnion
B) amniotic fluid
C) umbilical cord
D) endoderm

Question 24

The ________ will form the digestive system and the lungs.

A) endoderm
B) amnion
C) ectoderm
D) mesoderm

Question 25

Cheri is 28 weeks pregnant, has gone into labour, and is worried about what will happen if her baby is born now. Cheri's baby

A) is unlikely to survive.
B) has a chance to survive but may have difficulty breathing and regulating his body temperature.
C) has a chance to survive but will not yet be able to hear.
D) is sufficiently developed that he has an excellent chance of survival with little risk of developmental problems.

Question 26

The age of viability refers to the

A) time since conception.
B) age at which a baby is expected to be born.
C) age at which a fetus can hear sounds.
D) age at which a fetus has a chance to survive if born.

Question 27

Newborns whose mothers had read The Cat in the Hat aloud twice a day during the last two months of pregnancy

A) did not show any recognition of the story.
B) showed a preference for tapes of their mother reading The Cat in the Hat but not other stories.
C) could not hear the story because their ears were not well-developed.
D) listened to The Cat in the Hat and other stories equally.

Question 28

The hair, the outer layer of skin, and the nervous system develop from the

A) ectoderm.
B) endoderm.
C) mesoderm.
D) germ disc.

Question 29

The longest phase of prenatal development is the period of

A) the embryo.
B) viability.
C) the fetus.
D) the zygote.

Question 30

The mesoderm will become

A) the arms and legs.
B) hair, the outer layer of skin, and the nervous system.
C) muscles, bones, and the circulatory system.
D) the digestive system and lungs.

Question 31

The ________ will form muscles, bones, and the circulatory system.

A) ectoderm
B) mesoderm
C) placenta
D) endoderm

Question 32

The period of the ________ lasts from nine to 38 weeks after conception.

A) fetus
B) zygote
C) germ disc
D) embryo

Question 33

The umbilical cord

A) has blood vessels that connect the embryo to the placenta.
B) has blood vessels that are directly connected to the mother's blood vessels.
C) develops during the period of the fetus.
D) is filled with amniotic fluid.

Question 34

The ectoderm will become

A) the arms and legs.
B) hair, the outer layer of skin, and the nervous system.
C) muscles, bones, and the circulatory system.
D) the digestive system and lungs.

Question 35

The age of viability occurs around the

A) third month of prenatal development.
B) fifth month of prenatal development.
C) seventh month of prenatal development.
D) ninth month of prenatal development.

Question 36

The endoderm will become

A) the arms and legs.
B) hair, the outer layer of skin, and the nervous system.
C) muscles, bones, and the circulatory system.
D) the digestive system and lungs.

Question 37

In the ________, the blood vessels from the umbilical cord run close to the mother's blood vessels, but aren't actually connected to them.

A) amnion
B) placenta
C) zygote
D) germ disc

Question 38

Erin is eight weeks pregnant with her first child. She wonders what her developing child looks like. You tell her that her developing child resembles a

A) hollow ball.
B) salamander more than a human being.
C) human being complete with eyes, jaw, arms, and legs, but no sex organs.
D) human being complete with sex organs.

Question 39

The ________ is a fluid-filled sac that cushions the embryo and maintains a constant temperature.

A) placenta
B) umbilical cord
C) germ disc
D) amniotic sac

Question 40

During the period of ________, the developing individual becomes much larger and its bodily systems begin to work.

A) the zygote
B) the fetus
C) the embryo
D) differentiation

Question 41

Regina is pregnant and has heard that maternal stress during pregnancy can be harmful to the unborn baby. She is generally calm and happy but becomes a little upset when her favourite basketball team loses and wonders if she should stop watching basketball until her baby is born. What should she do?

A) Regina should either quit watching basketball or start rooting for a better team. Maternal stress at any level has been found to have harmful consequences on prenatal development.
B) Regina should keep following her favourite team. Maternal stress has been found to have a positive, stimulating effect on an unborn child.
C) As long as Regina doesn't get too upset and stressed when her team loses, she should keep watching basketball. Although excessive stress may harm prenatal development, mild anxiety is not thought to have any harmful consequences on prenatal development.
D) Regina should do whatever she wants to do. Even high levels of stress do not appear to be related to prenatal development.

Question 42

Teenage mothers are

A) more likely to have children who do less well in school and who have more behavioural problems.
B) more likely to have babies with Down syndrome.
C) less likely to have problems with pregnancy, labour, and delivery.
D) are more likely to seek out prenatal care.

Question 43

Any agent that causes abnormal prenatal development is referred to as a(n)

A) teratogen.
B) stress.
C) anoxia.
D) cytomegalovirus.

Question 44

Research in which mothers read aloud during the last months of their pregnancy suggests that

A) fetuses are unable to hear.
B) fetuses are able to hear in utero but will not remember what they heard in utero after they are born.
C) newborns are able to recognize some sounds they heard before they were born.
D) both fetuses and newborns prefer non-rhythmic to rhythmic sounds.

Question 45

Roxanne is a 16-year-old pregnant with her first child. Which of the following statements is true?

A) If Roxanne gets adequate prenatal care, she is just as likely as a woman in her 20s to have a problem-free pregnancy and to give birth to a healthy child.
B) If Roxanne gives birth to a healthy child, the child has no greater risk of later school or behavioural problems than a child born to a woman in her 20s.
C) Roxanne is as likely as a woman in her 20s to seek out good prenatal care.
D) Even with good prenatal care, Roxanne is less likely than a woman in her 20s to have a problem-free pregnancy and a healthy child.

Question 46

Which of the following is TRUE of the relationship between maternal stress during pregnancy and outcomes for the baby?

A) Maternal stress increases the flow of blood to the fetus.
B) Women who report greater anxiety during pregnancy more often give birth early or have babies who weigh less than average.
C) Stress does not seem to affect a pregnant woman's immune system.
D) The effects of occasional, mild anxiety are the same as those associated with prolonged, extreme stress.

Question 47

Stress during pregnancy

A) is harmful even when it is relatively mild.
B) increases the mother's resistance to illness during pregnancy.
C) is associated with premature birth and low birthweight babies.
D) does not appear to have any harmful effects on the developing child.

Question 48

Women who took thalidomide during pregnancy gave birth to offspring with a high incidence of

A) intellectual disabilities.
B) deafness and blindness.
C) deformed arms, legs, hands, or fingers.
D) poor verbal and memory skills.

Question 49

Who has the best chance of having a healthy baby?

A) Silvia, who is 16 years old and under a great deal of stress because her pregnancy is unwanted and she's afraid to tell anyone about it.
B) Judi, who is 26 years old and constantly dieting.
C) Rebecca, who is 34 years old and gets regular checkups.
D) Lynn, who is 42 years old and eats right.

Question 50

When pregnant women do not consume enough folic acid, they are likely to have babies born with

A) rubella.
B) low birth weight.
C) cytomegalovirus.
D) spina bifida.

Question 51

Your friend Kristy is terribly concerned about getting fat during pregnancy so she has severely restricted her calorie intake. What would you tell her about eating during pregnancy?

A) "You're right to keep your calorie intake low. It'll make losing weight after the baby's born much easier, and the baby won't be affected because she is going to get all the nourishment she needs from you anyway."
B) "Keep restricting your calories! Research shows that mothers who eat low-calorie, low-fat diets during pregnancy have healthier, smarter babies."
C) "You'd better start eating better. Inadequately nourished babies are likely to be born prematurely, are more vulnerable to illness, and may have damaged nervous systems."
D) "Eat whatever you want and don't worry about getting fat. Ninety percent of the weight gained during pregnancy is the baby, the placenta, and the fluid in the amniotic sac. Just make sure you get plenty of calories and you'll have a healthy baby."

Question 52

Your friend Cassie is eight months pregnant and has heard that she should read to her unborn child. What would you tell her based on research of reading aloud during pregnancy?

A) Don't bother. Your baby's hearing isn't sufficiently developed to hear you anyway.
B) Your baby can hear, but the uterine environment is so noisy that your baby is not going to hear what you read very well.
C) If you read to your baby before she's born, she will be able to hear you but she won't have any memory of it after she's born.
D) If you read to your baby before she's born, not only will she hear you, but after she is born she might recognize the rhythm of a story you read to her in utero.

Question 53

Inadequate prenatal nourishment is associated with

A) damage to the nervous system.
B) blindness.
C) deafness.
D) encephalitis.

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT a general risk factor for prenatal development?

A) nutrition
B) ethnic background
C) mother's age
D) stress

Question 55

Maternal stress during pregnancy may affect prenatal development because when a pregnant woman experiences stress

A) her immune system is weakened.
B) oxygen flow to the fetus is increased.
C) she is less likely to smoke and drink.
D) she is more likely to consume high levels of folic acid.

Question 56

Which of the following pregnant women has an increased risk of having a child with spina bifida?

A) Elizabeth, who is under a great deal of stress
B) Elaine, who is a heavy drinker
C) Eleanor, who has rubella
D) Ellen, whose diet is low in folic acid

Question 57

The incidence of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome is highest for women in their

A) teens.
B) twenties.
C) thirties.
D) forties.

Question 58

Amy is of average height and weight. How much weight should she gain during pregnancy?

A) 1 to 3 kilograms
B) 5 to 8 kilograms
C) 11 to 16 kilograms
D) 25 to 35 kilograms

Question 59

The weight of the baby makes up about ________ of the weight that a pregnant woman gains.

A) one-quarter
B) one-third
C) one-half
D) all

Question 60

Katrina is pregnant and wonders how much food she should eat. She should

A) reduce her calorie consumption by 10 to 20 percent.
B) consume the same number of calories as she did before she became pregnant.
C) increase her calorie consumption by 10 to 20 percent.
D) increase her calorie consumption by 100 percent.

Question 61

Prenatal exposure to X-rays is associated with

A) leukemia.
B) cerebral palsy.
C) deformed limbs.
D) blindness.

Question 62

________ can be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her baby as it passes through the birth canal.

A) Genital herpes
B) Rubella
C) Syphilis
D) Cytomegalovirus

Question 63

Maternal exposure to PCBs during pregnancy is associated with

A) hyperactivity.
B) deafness.
C) retarded growth.
D) below average verbal and memory abilities.

Question 64

________ can be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her baby both through the placenta and during passage through the birth canal.

A) Genital herpes
B) Cytomegalovirus
C) Syphilis
D) AIDS

Question 65

Children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A) are usually born prematurely.
B) may have neural impairments.
C) usually have normal levels of intelligence.
D) have deformed limbs.

Question 66

Gitte has AIDS and is pregnant. What are the potential consequences for her offspring?

A) frequent infections, neurological disorders, and death
B) mental retardation, damage to eyes, ears, and heart
C) deafness, blindness, abnormally small head
D) encephalitis, enlarged spleen, improper blood clotting

Question 67

During ________, exposure to teratogens is most often associated with minor defects in bodily structure or improperly functioning body systems.

A) conception
B) the period of the embryo
C) the period of the fetus
D) the period of the zygote

Question 68

Which of the following is TRUE about how teratogens usually work?

A) The impact of a teratogen is the same for all organisms.
B) The impact of a teratogen stays the same over the course of prenatal development.
C) Damage from teratogens is always evident at birth.
D) Each teratogen affects a specific aspect of prenatal development.

Question 69

Exposure to teratogens during the period of the zygote usually results in

A) major defects in bodily structure.
B) minor defects in bodily structure.
C) improperly functioning body systems.
D) miscarriage.

Question 70

The best policy for pregnant women to follow concerning alcohol is to

A) not drink at all.
B) drink lightly.
C) drink moderately.
D) drink heavily.

Question 71

Kim contracted rubella while she was pregnant; therefore, she is at risk of having a baby with

A) developmental disabilities and damaged eyes, ears, and heart.
B) damage to the central nervous system, teeth, and bones.
C) an abnormally small head.
D) frequent infections and neurological disorders.

Question 72

Exposure to lead, mercury, or X-rays during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of

A) developmental disabilities.
B) premature birth.
C) facial deformities.
D) poor motor control.

Question 73

Cytomegalovirus

A) is a genetic disorder.
B) can result in an abnormally small head.
C) is associated with deformed arms, legs, hands, or fingers.
D) is likely to result in encephalitis.

Question 74

Exposure to teratogens during ________ is most likely to produce major defects in bodily structure.

A) conception
B) the period of the fetus
C) the period of the zygote
D) the period of the embryo

Question 75

Which of the following statements is TRUE of the influence of teratogens on prenatal development?

A) If a teratogen in harmful to one species of mammals it will be harmful to all species of mammals.
B) Teratogens have widespread, not specific, effects on prenatal development.
C) The timing of exposure to a teratogen is important.
D) Damage from teratogens is always evident at birth.

Question 76

Anne drank heavily during her pregnancy. She has an increased risk of having a child

A) with impaired cognitive skills.
B) with Down syndrome.
C) with deformed limbs.
D) who is irritable.

Question 77

Cell phone usage during pregnancy

A) causes developmental disabilities in the developing child.
B) retards growth in the developing child.
C) is associated with an increased risk of cancer in offspring.
D) does not appear to cause any birth defects, although few scientific studies have been done.

Question 78

________ during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of having a baby with deformed arms, legs, hands, or fingers.

A) Having AIDS
B) Using marijuana
C) Using cocaine
D) Taking thalidomide

Question 79

Women who smoke marijuana while pregnant have an increased risk of having a(n):

A) irritable baby.
B) low birthweight baby with poor motor control.
C) baby with facial deformities and retarded growth.
D) mentally retarded baby.

Question 80

The general principle that the impact of a teratogen depends upon the genotype of the organism is best illustrated by

A) rubella being more likely to cause birth defects during some times of pregnancy than during others.
B) thalidomide during pregnancy causing deformed limbs but not low birth weight while the use of marijuana during pregnancy is associated with low birth weight but not deformed limbs.
C) the effects of eating PCB-contaminated fish while pregnant not being obvious when a child is born, but appearing later in the child's life.
D) two women who both drank heavily during pregnancy with one of them giving birth to a child with fetal alcohol syndrome and the other giving birth to a normal, healthy child.