Toward a New Worldview 1540-1789 Flashcards

Question

Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets

A)caused each planet to move at a uniform speed.
B)demonstrated the presence of Satan's disruptive influence in the universe.
C)was interspersed with epicycles and deferents.
D)produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies.

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Question

The concept of the reading revolution refers to the

A)acquisition of literacy by the masses.
B)spread of literacy among women.
C)invention of the printing press.
D)shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually.

Question

Copernicus's theory of the universe

A)was endorsed by the Catholic Church.
B)postulated a sun-centered view of the universe.
C)strengthened the Ptolemaic theory of the universe.
D)used epicycles to explain planetary motion.

Question

How did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?

A)It demonstrated that the biological and physical properties of nature operated by different principles.
B)It proved that the workings of nature could be understood without reference of God.
C)It synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system.
D)It provided evidence that proved the existence of God.

Question

What was the core concept of the Enlightenment?

A)The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life.
B)Understanding nature requires an equal balance of science and faith.
C)Human beings are inherently corrupt.
D)All of reality can be reduced to mind and matter.

Question

Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century?

A)Prussia, Russia, and Austria
B)The Ottoman Empire, Russia, and Prussia
C)Sweden, Prussia, and Russia
D)Sweden, Saxony, and Austria

Question

What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century?

A)The defense of social inequalities between men and women by certain philosophes
B)The bureaucratic reforms of practitioners of enlightened absolutism
C)The emergence of scientific racism
D)The common philosophical belief that the masses were like children in need of firm guidance

Question

Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Nicolaus Copernicus's hypothesis?

A)The Catholic Church declared Copernicus a heretic, while Protestant faiths believed that the hypothesis had no bearing on Christian teaching.
B)Protestant clerics rejected Copernicus, while Catholics embraced the interpretation as a new foundation for the heavens.
C)Protestants rejected Copernicus's idea that the earth moved, while the Catholic Church largely overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the seventeenth century.
D)Lutheran and Catholic officials rejected Copernicus's hypothesis as heretical to a literal interpretation of Scripture, while Protestants recognized a more modern approach to truth and adopted it.

Question

What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?

A)To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur
B)To expose how the workings of nature demonstrated the presence of God
C)To uncover the hidden forces that directed nature and that humans could manipulate
D)To produce benefits for humankind rather than seek abstract knowledge

Question

Although perhaps best known as the long-time companion of Voltaire, Gabriel-Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise du Châtelet, published

A)the first translation of Newton's Principia into French.
B)The Persian Letters.
C)The Social Contract.
D)The Theory of Moral Sentiments.

Question

Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as

A)classicalism.
B)baroque.
C)rococo.
D)romanticism.

Question

Who wrote the influential Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697)?

A)Pierre Bayle
B)Baruch Spinoza
C)John Locke
D)Margaret Cavendish

Question

The most influential aspect of René Descartes's theories of nature was that

A)spiritual forces were infused throughout nature.
B)mind and matter could be reduced to the same substance.
C)true knowledge required the use of inductive reasoning.
D)the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion.

Question

In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?

A)He believed in democracy, like most philosophes.
B)He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government.
C)He saw the despot or autocrat as designated by God.
D)He believed in enlightened despotism as long as he could be the despot.

Question

Why did Leopold II cancel his brother Joseph's radical edicts in the early 1790s?

A)Leopold was preparing Austria for war.
B)Leopold was attempting to restore order in Austria.
C)Leopold was negotiating a second partition of Poland.
D)Leopold was responding to criticism from Catherine the Great.

Question

The discipline of natural philosophy focused on

A)specific natural laws that governed all matter in the material universe.
B)fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.
C)the application of ancient philosophy to theological questions.
D)theological principles that can be discovered in the study of nature.

Question

In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that

A)sovereign authority rests in the hands of the people.
B)all people are born with certain ideas and ways of thinking.
C)human development is determined by education and society.
D)governments are formed by contracts among free individuals.

Question

Catherine the Great's goal of domestic reform never came to fruition, owing to

A)the overthrow and murder of her husband, Peter III, in 1762.
B)the grant to the nobles of absolute control over their serfs after 1775.
C)the rebellion led by Emelian Pugachev in 1773.
D)the first partition of Poland in 1772.

Question

How did European governments respond to the new science?

A)They viewed new scientific communities as a threat to their control of knowledge.
B)They rejected the new science as a threat to their religious foundations.
C)They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research.
D)They supported and defended the complete freedom of the scientist against religious officials.

Question

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as

A)dualism.
B)empiricism.
C)naturalism.
D)materialism.

Question

What was the Republic of Letters?

A)A cosmopolitan network involving western Europe and its colonies as well as eastern Europe and Russia
B)An organization established to assist with Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert's Encyclopedia
C)A governmental system advocated by Rousseau in The Social Contract
D)A source of funding for philosophes developed by Catherine the Great

Question

According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to

A)"popularize the Scientific Revolution."
B)"improve the material life of Europeans."
C)"change the general way of thinking."
D)"undermine French absolutism."

Question

Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing to publication of

A)The Sidereal Messenger.
B)On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.
C)Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World.
D)Principia Mathematica.

Question

The enlightened policies of Frederick the Great included

A)freeing the Prussian serfs.
B)curtailing the privileges of the nobility.
C)simplifying Prussia's laws.
D)censoring the publications of scholars.

Question

Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a

A)loving father who intervened when necessary in human affairs.
B)clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs.
C)king who required Christians to be intolerant of any who did not worship him correctly.
D)farmer who carefully tended his crops from planting through harvest.

Question

How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?

A)Enlightenment thinkers rejected the basic tenants of Christianity and embraced a vision of a world without God.
B)Enlightenment thinkers drew inspiration from classical antiquity, whereas the Middle Ages and Renaissance focused on the Bible.
C)Enlightenment thinkers relished artistic production, while the Middles Ages and Renaissance focused on penance and prayer.
D)Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress.

Question

Mary Astell's A Serious Proposal to the Ladies encouraged women to

A)aspire to a life of the mind.
B)concentrate on their roles as wives and mothers.
C)reject the masculine world.
D)consider alternatives to Christianity.

Question

Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that

A)enlightened monarchs protect the interests of the entire society and should be relied on for reform.
B)the people's political wishes can be conveyed only by direct democracy.
C)the general will is not necessarily the will of the majority.
D)public opinion polling can be a valuable support to democracy.

Question

To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria

A)increased church influence on the agricultural population.
B)ordered the adoption of scientific farming techniques.
C)abolished serfdom.
D)reduced nobles' power over their serfs.

Question

Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through

A)inheritance of the throne from her mother.
B)Frederick II of Prussia's invasion of Russia.
C)a military coup.
D)election by the general public.

Question

Joseph II's conversion of peasant labor obligations to cash payments

A)had the support of the nobles.
B)transformed a barter economy into a cash economy.
C)was opposed by both nobles and peasants.
D)remained in effect long after his death.

Question

Which book by the baron de Montesquieu is considered the first major work in the French Enlightenment?

A)The Spirit of Laws
B)The Persian Letters
C)On Crimes and Punishments
D)An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

Question

A striking feature of the salons was that

A)clerics were banned.
B)philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled.
C)they were often sponsored by the government.
D)members of the working classes often attended.

Question

In Historical and Critical Dictionary, Pierre Bayle demonstrated that

A)the Bible was a fraudulent document promoted by the Catholic Church.
B)the mind and body are united into one substance.
C)all knowledge can be questioned and doubted.
D)human beliefs are unified in their singular origins from God.

Question

The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to

A)a government bureau that regulated the work of the philosophes.
B)an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues.
C)the marketplaces at which peasants gathered to gossip and share news.
D)the practice of legislatures to permit citizens to make addresses before deputies.

Question

How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?

A)European superiority was increasingly defined as culturally superior as well as religiously superior.
B)European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior.
C)European superiority was increasingly defined as culturally superior rather than religiously superior.
D)European superiority was increasingly defined as religiously superior rather than biologically superior.

Question

Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that

A)women should play an active role in public life.
B)women were best suited to a passive role in social relations.
C)civilization was the foundation of freedom.
D)without rational thought, human society would crumble.

Question

Who was Denis Diderot's co-editor of the Encyclopedia?

A)Voltaire
B)Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C)Pierre Bayle
D)Jean le Rond d'Alembert

Question

What change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement?

A)Interactions between Jews and Christians increased, and rabbinic controls diminished.
B)Jews increasingly converted to Christianity as Judaism demanded faith over reason.
C)The Jewish community isolated itself from the Christian community as racial thinking emerged.
D)The Jewish community sought to create an independent state that would not be subject to Christian laws.

Question

Who was the author of On Crimes and Punishments, a passionate plea for the reform of the penal system?

A)Adam Smith
B)Immanuel Kant
C)Benjamin Franklin
D)Cesare Beccaria

Question

How did Jean-Jacques Rousseau differ from most of the other philosophes?

Question

Why is Isaac Newton seen as one of the most important figures in the Scientific Revolution?

Question

How did the philosophes view the Muslim world?

Question

What were Jean-Jacques Rousseau's views on gender roles?

Question

What was the purpose and effect of the Encyclopedia: The Rational Dictionary of the Sciences, the Arts, and the Crafts?

Question

According to Map 16.1: The Partition of Poland, 1772-1795, where was Warsaw, the capital of the former Poland, located after the partition of 1795?

A)In the territory absorbed by Austria
B)In the territory absorbed by Russia
C)In the territory absorbed by Prussia
D)In the territory jointly administered by Prussia and Russia

Question

What were Catherine the Great's intentions when she set out to rule in an enlightened manner?

Question

What do the ideas of Johannes Kepler demonstrate about the origins of modern science?

Question

According to Map 16.1: The Partition of Poland, 1772-1795, which power or powers participated in the partition of 1793?

A)Prussia and Austria
B)Prussia, Russia, and Austria
C)Austria
D)Prussia and Russia

Question

"The single thread winded off the pod in the same manner as that of the common silk-worm; seeming in all respects as fine, and as tough. I doubled this thread so often as to contain twenty in thickness; and the compound thread was as smooth, as elastic, and as glossy, as that of the common silk-worm. I tried what weight it would bear; and it bore fifteen ounces and a half, and broke with somewhat less than sixteen, upon several trials. . . ." Based on this excerpt, the presentation by the Reverend Samuel Pullein to the Royal Society of England regarding "An Account of a Particular Species of Cocoon, or Silk-Pod, from America" (Evaluating the Evidence 16.2) is best characterized as

A)an unscientific report by an enthusiastic amateur.
B)an attempt to persuade the Royal Society to fund a commercial enterprise.
C)a careful investigation of the silk pod and whether it might serve as a source of silk.
D)an effort to inject religious concerns into scientific discussions.

Question

Why did Montesquieu write The Spirit of Laws, and what main points did he make?

Question

Which country spearheaded the trend in scientific expeditions?

A)England
B)Austria
C)Italy
D)Spain

Question

To what extent can Frederick the Great be considered a practitioner of enlightened absolutism?

Question

In this excerpt from The Sidereal Messenger (Evaluating the Evidence 16.1), Galileo wrote about constructing a telescope and using it to view the surface of the moon. ". . . from my observations of them [spots on the moon], often repeated, I have been led to that opinion which I have expressed, namely, that I feel sure that the surface of the moon is not perfectly smooth, free from inequalities and exactly spherical, as a large school of philosophers considers with regard to the moon and the other heavenly bodies, but that, on the contrary, it is full of inequalities, uneven, full of hollows and protuberances, just like the surface of the earth itself, which is varied everywhere by lofty mountains and deep valleys."
Galileo's observations led him to

A)venerate the moon as an example of God's handiwork.
B)decide that the moon was indeed smooth, free from inequalities, and exactly spherical.
C)report that although he could see the moon more clearly than with his naked eye, he could not come to any conclusions about it.
D)assert that the surface of the moon was similar to the surface of the earth.

Question

Voltaire saw Confucianism as

A)a natural religion.
B)a justification for despotism.
C)a collection of silly superstitions.
D)almost identical to Christianity.

Question

What was John Locke's argument in Essay Concerning Human Understanding that provided a basis for sensationalism?

Question

"Weep, wretched natives of Tahiti, weep. But let it be for the coming and not the leaving of these ambitious, wicked men. One day you will know them better. One day they will come back, bearing in one hand the piece of wood you see in that man's belt, and, in the other, the sword hanging by the side of that one, to enslave you, slaughter you, or make you captive to their follies and vices. One day you will be subject to them, as corrupt, vile and miserable as they are." This selection from Denis Diderot's "Supplement to Bougainville's Voyage" (Evaluating the Evidence 16.3) reflects his belief that

A)European exploration was a prelude to violent conquest.
B)European exploration was a form of cultural exchange.
C)European exploration did more good than harm.
D)European exploration was motivated primarily by religious zeal.

Question

The following in is an excerpt from Moses Mendelssohn's "Reply to Lavater" (Thinking Like a Historian): "Sometimes, however, the opinions of my fellow men, which in my belief are errors, belong to the higher theoretical principles which are too remote from practical life to do any direct harm; but, precisely because of their generality, they form the basis on which the nation that upholds them has built its moral and social system, and thus happen to be of great importance to this part of the human race. To oppose such doctrines in public, because we consider them prejudices, is to dig up the ground to see whether it is solid and secure, without providing any other support for the building that stands on it. Anyone who cares more for the good of humanity than for his own fame will be slow to voice his opinion about such prejudices, and will take care not to attack them outright without extreme caution."
Based on this passage, in Mendelssohn's view, what purpose is served by religion?

A)Religious beliefs reinforce superstition and error.
B)Religious beliefs give comfort to the downtrodden.
C)Religious beliefs are the foundation of moral and social systems.
D)Religious beliefs serve the interests of wealthy elites.

Question

In Of Natural Characters (1748), David Hume wrote: "I am apt to suspect the negroes and in general all other species of men (for there are four or five different kinds) to be naturally inferior to the whites. There never was a civilized nation of any other complexion than white, nor even any individual eminent amongst them, no arts, no sciences. . . . Such a uniform and constant difference could not happen, in so many countries and ages if nature had not made an original distinction between these breeds of men."
Based on this passage, what did Hume see as the source of racial distinctions?

A)Tradition
B)Superstition
C)Religion
D)Nature

Question

According to Map 16.1: The Partition of Poland, 1772-1795, which power or powers benefited most from the partitions?

A)Prussia
B)Russia
C)Austria
D)Ottoman Empire

Question

The Enlightenment had a profound effect on politics in France and the rest of Europe. Compare its impact on French absolutism with its impact on the eastern absolute monarchies. How can we account for the differences?

Question

The scientists of the seventeenth century constructed a new worldview; the philosophes of the eighteenth century popularized it. How? Why did the philosophes pursue this effort?

Question

Answer the following questions:
law of inertia

A)An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today.
B)A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation.
C)The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
D)The idea that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
E)Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects' quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
F)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment.
G)A popular style in Europe in the eighteenth century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids.
H)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance.
I)Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter.
J)The Jewish Enlightenment of the second half of the eighteenth century, led by the Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
K)A law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
L)The belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity; common among Enlightenment thinkers.
M)View that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good.
N)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economy, and politics.
O)A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason.
P)Regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.
Q)The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.

Question

Enlightenment political thought was clustered into two distinct schools epitomized by the beliefs of Montesquieu and Voltaire. What were those beliefs? What impact did their thinking have on the governments of western and eastern Europe?

Question

Answer the following questions:
Copernican hypothesis

A)An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today.
B)A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation.
C)The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
D)The idea that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
E)Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects' quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
F)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment.
G)A popular style in Europe in the eighteenth century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids.
H)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance.
I)Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter.
J)The Jewish Enlightenment of the second half of the eighteenth century, led by the Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
K)A law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
L)The belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity; common among Enlightenment thinkers.
M)View that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good.
N)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economy, and politics.
O)A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason.
P)Regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.
Q)The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.

Question

Answer the following questions:
Cartesian dualism

A)An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today.
B)A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation.
C)The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
D)The idea that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
E)Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects' quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
F)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment.
G)A popular style in Europe in the eighteenth century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids.
H)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance.
I)Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter.
J)The Jewish Enlightenment of the second half of the eighteenth century, led by the Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
K)A law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
L)The belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity; common among Enlightenment thinkers.
M)View that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good.
N)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economy, and politics.
O)A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason.
P)Regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.
Q)The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.

Question

The Scientific Revolution transformed the way Europeans perceived the world. Discuss this change in detail.

Question

Answer the following questions:
public sphere

A)An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today.
B)A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation.
C)The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
D)The idea that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
E)Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects' quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
F)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment.
G)A popular style in Europe in the eighteenth century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids.
H)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance.
I)Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter.
J)The Jewish Enlightenment of the second half of the eighteenth century, led by the Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
K)A law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
L)The belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity; common among Enlightenment thinkers.
M)View that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good.
N)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economy, and politics.
O)A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason.
P)Regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.
Q)The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.

Question

Answer the following questions:
cameralism

A)An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today.
B)A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation.
C)The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
D)The idea that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
E)Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects' quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
F)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment.
G)A popular style in Europe in the eighteenth century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids.
H)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance.
I)Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter.
J)The Jewish Enlightenment of the second half of the eighteenth century, led by the Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
K)A law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
L)The belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity; common among Enlightenment thinkers.
M)View that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good.
N)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economy, and politics.
O)A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason.
P)Regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.
Q)The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.

Question

Answer the following questions:
rationalism

A)An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today.
B)A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation.
C)The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
D)The idea that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
E)Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects' quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
F)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment.
G)A popular style in Europe in the eighteenth century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids.
H)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance.
I)Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter.
J)The Jewish Enlightenment of the second half of the eighteenth century, led by the Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
K)A law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
L)The belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity; common among Enlightenment thinkers.
M)View that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good.
N)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economy, and politics.
O)A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason.
P)Regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.
Q)The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.

Question

Answer the following questions:
salon

A)An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today.
B)A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation.
C)The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
D)The idea that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
E)Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects' quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
F)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment.
G)A popular style in Europe in the eighteenth century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids.
H)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance.
I)Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter.
J)The Jewish Enlightenment of the second half of the eighteenth century, led by the Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
K)A law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
L)The belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity; common among Enlightenment thinkers.
M)View that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good.
N)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economy, and politics.
O)A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason.
P)Regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.
Q)The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.

Question

Answer the following questions:
sensationalism

A)An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today.
B)A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation.
C)The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
D)The idea that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
E)Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects' quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
F)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment.
G)A popular style in Europe in the eighteenth century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids.
H)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance.
I)Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter.
J)The Jewish Enlightenment of the second half of the eighteenth century, led by the Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
K)A law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
L)The belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity; common among Enlightenment thinkers.
M)View that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good.
N)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economy, and politics.
O)A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason.
P)Regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.
Q)The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.

Question

Answer the following questions:
rococo

A)An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today.
B)A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation.
C)The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
D)The idea that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
E)Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects' quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
F)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment.
G)A popular style in Europe in the eighteenth century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids.
H)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance.
I)Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter.
J)The Jewish Enlightenment of the second half of the eighteenth century, led by the Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
K)A law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
L)The belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity; common among Enlightenment thinkers.
M)View that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good.
N)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economy, and politics.
O)A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason.
P)Regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.
Q)The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.

Question

Some monarchs of the eighteenth century have been called enlightened despots. Identify these rulers and provide specific examples of their policies that might be considered enlightened.

Question

Answer the following questions:
deism

A)An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today.
B)A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation.
C)The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
D)The idea that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
E)Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects' quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
F)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment.
G)A popular style in Europe in the eighteenth century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids.
H)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance.
I)Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter.
J)The Jewish Enlightenment of the second half of the eighteenth century, led by the Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
K)A law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
L)The belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity; common among Enlightenment thinkers.
M)View that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good.
N)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economy, and politics.
O)A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason.
P)Regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.
Q)The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.

Question

Answer the following questions:
enlightened absolutism

A)An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today.
B)A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation.
C)The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
D)The idea that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
E)Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects' quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
F)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment.
G)A popular style in Europe in the eighteenth century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids.
H)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance.
I)Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter.
J)The Jewish Enlightenment of the second half of the eighteenth century, led by the Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
K)A law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
L)The belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity; common among Enlightenment thinkers.
M)View that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good.
N)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economy, and politics.
O)A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason.
P)Regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.
Q)The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.

Question

Answer the following questions:
natural philosophy

A)An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today.
B)A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation.
C)The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
D)The idea that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
E)Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects' quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
F)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment.
G)A popular style in Europe in the eighteenth century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids.
H)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance.
I)Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter.
J)The Jewish Enlightenment of the second half of the eighteenth century, led by the Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
K)A law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
L)The belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity; common among Enlightenment thinkers.
M)View that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good.
N)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economy, and politics.
O)A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason.
P)Regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.
Q)The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.

Question

"Although the most well-known Enlightenment thinkers today are the French philosophes, the roots of the Enlightenment were in England as much as in France." Make an argument to support this proposition.

Question

Answer the following questions:
law of universal gravitation

A)An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today.
B)A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation.
C)The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
D)The idea that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
E)Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects' quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
F)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment.
G)A popular style in Europe in the eighteenth century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids.
H)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance.
I)Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter.
J)The Jewish Enlightenment of the second half of the eighteenth century, led by the Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
K)A law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
L)The belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity; common among Enlightenment thinkers.
M)View that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good.
N)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economy, and politics.
O)A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason.
P)Regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.
Q)The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.

Question

Answer the following questions:
philosophes

A)An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today.
B)A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation.
C)The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
D)The idea that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
E)Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects' quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
F)A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment.
G)A popular style in Europe in the eighteenth century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids.
H)Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance.
I)Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter.
J)The Jewish Enlightenment of the second half of the eighteenth century, led by the Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
K)A law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
L)The belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity; common among Enlightenment thinkers.
M)View that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good.
N)An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economy, and politics.
O)A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason.
P)Regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.
Q)The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.

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Deck 16: Toward a New Worldview 1540-1789