Deck 14: European Exploration and Conquest 1450-1650

Question 1

Portugal's participation in European expansion was given critical support by

A)Prince Henry.
B)Prince Mark.
C)Prince Juan.
D)Prince Philip.

Answer 1

Prince Henry.

Question 2

When Vasco da Gama arrived in the Indian Ocean, how did he navigate these unknown waters?

A)He consulted with Muslim cartographers.
B)He kidnapped an African sea captain.
C)He hired an Indian pilot as his guide.
D)He took on an African crew for his ships.

Answer 2

He hired an Indian pilot as his guide.

Question 3

In the seventeenth century, the Dutch East India Company

A)established outposts in New York (New Amsterdam)and elsewhere in the Americas.
B)handled the shipment of gold and silver bullion from Spanish America to Spain.
C)established bases in the Caribbean.
D)took over much of the East Indies from Portugal.

Answer 3

took over much of the East Indies from Portugal.

Question 4

Who resisted the Portuguese efforts to gain control over Indian Ocean trade?

A)Princely kingdoms in India
B)Muslim-controlled port cities
C)Chinese merchants
D)The Hindu priestly class

Question 5

The European voyages of the fifteenth century were derived from a desire to share in the wealth of the

A)Indian Ocean trade.
B)Mediterranean Sea trade.
C)Baltic Sea trade.
D)Caribbean Sea trade.

Question 6

How did the introduction of Ptolemy's Geography mislead European cartographers?

A)Ptolemy asserted that the world was much smaller than it actually is, indicating that Asia was not far removed from Europe to the west.
B)Ptolemy indicated that Africa had no southern end and could not offer a route to Asia, leading Europeans to explore westward.
C)Ptolemy argued that a northern route through Russia offered an easier path to Asia, leading England to begin a process of exploration.
D)Ptolemy claimed that the world was much larger than it actually is, leading the German and Italian lands to abandon colonizing efforts.

Question 7

What group of people benefited the most from large price increases in the sixteenth century?

A)The nobility
B)The urban working class
C)The middle class
D)The upper-level clergy

Question 8

How did the English and French seek a route to East Asia?

A)They sought a northwest passage across North America.
B)They sought to develop a new land route through Russia and Siberia.
C)They sought to travel through the Arctic Ocean.
D)They sought to follow the Portuguese around Africa but then establish trading posts in India.

Question 9

Settlers from the Massachusetts colony dispersed into new communities such as Connecticut and Rhode Island because

A)the English government tried to keep colonies small so that colonists would be dependent on the crown.
B)they were searching for good agricultural land.
C)there was a planned development to drive the Indians out of the region.
D)there were religious disputes among the colonists.

Question 10

What did the Treaty of Tordesillas accomplish?

A)It divided the Americas, giving Spain everything south of the Caribbean and England everything north of the Caribbean.
B)It divided the Pacific Ocean, giving Spain everything east of India and Portugal everything west of India.
C)It divided the Atlantic Ocean, giving Spain control of everything west of an imaginary line and Portugal everything east of the line.
D)It divided the Americas, giving Portugal all of the sugar-producing regions and Spain all of the silver-producing regions.

Question 11

What was Hernán Cortés's crucial advantage in his conquest of the Mexica Empire?

A)The Mexica were awed by the Spanish technology and submitted to Cortés's will.
B)The Mexica mistakenly believed that Cortés was a god.
C)Cortés had a large, well-trained Spanish army against the untrained and poorly organized Mexica forces.
D)Cortés was able to exploit internal dissention within the Mexica Empire.

Question 12

In the fifteenth century, two rival Islamic empires dominated the Middle East: the Turkish Ottomans and the

A)Egyptian Ptolomies.
B)Mongol Khans.
C)Egyptian Mameluks.
D)Persian Safavids.

Question 13

Who was Prester John?

A)A mythical Christian king in Africa believed to be a descendant of one of the three kings who visited Jesus after his birth
B)A member of the Portuguese ruling family who helped to organize voyages of exploration and trade down the African coast
C)An English sea captain who discovered a series of islands off the coast of Africa where slave trading and sugar cultivation were developed
D)A Dutch missionary who traveled throughout Africa and developed extensive contacts with African rulers

Question 14

Which of the following was a major motivation for European exploration?

A)Desire for material profit
B)Fear of invasion from the Americas
C)Fear of invasion from China
D)Desire to escape from the Black Death

Question 15

How did Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe affect Spanish colonization?

A)The possibility of Asian trade led the Spanish to focus on developing its western colonies in the Americas so that it would be easy to travel on to Asia.
B)The great distance of the Pacific convinced the Spanish to abandon efforts to trade in Asia and develop their American colonies instead.
C)The difficult waters of the Straights of Magellan led Spain to focus on developing its colonies in the eastern parts of the Americas.
D)The greater wealth in Asian trade led the Spanish to give little attention to the Americas until after Asian trade collapsed in the 1580s.

Question 16

According to his agreement with the Spanish crown, what rewards would Columbus receive if he found a water route to Asia?

A)He would be given a noble title and one-half of the revenues of his journey.
B)He would be named viceroy over any territories he discovered and receive one-tenth of the material rewards of the journey.
C)He would be given the right to claim one-tenth of all lands he discovered as his personal property and be free from all taxation.
D)He would be named governor of all lands he discovered and receive the right to claim one-tenth of these lands as his personal property.

Question 17

Which of the following characterizes the role of Europe in the system of world trade prior to the voyage of Columbus?

A)Europe was the major western node of the trading system that produced high-quality textiles and metalwork desired by others.
B)Europe provided the banking and financial services that sustained the world trading system.
C)Europe served as the most important market for products because it produced few goods.
D)Europe was a minor trading power that produced few products desired by other civilizations.

Question 18

What did Columbus believe he had found when he arrived in the Caribbean?

A)Islands off the coast of India
B)Islands off the coast of Japan
C)New, unexpected lands
D)Islands in the middle of the Atlantic

Question 19

How did the Spanish respond to the trap set by the Inca King Atahualpa?

A)The Spanish ambushed and captured Atahualpa, holding him for ransom and then executing him.
B)The Spanish withdrew from the region and cut off its supplies, starving the Inca army into submission.
C)The Spanish entered the trap but then surprised the Inca with the use of cannons and defeated the Inca army.
D)The Spanish allowed themselves to be trapped but intentionally infected their captors with smallpox, which ultimately destroyed the Inca army.

Question 20

After losing access to slave trading from the Black Sea, the Genoese obtained which of the following as slaves?

A)Black Africans
B)French refugees
C)English prisoners
D)Portuguese peasants

Question 21

Which European nation-with the help of Genoese financiers, merchants, and navigators-initiated an exploration along the Atlantic Coast of Africa in search of new sources of gold, silver, and copper?

A)Portugal
B)France
C)England
D)Sweden

Question 22

What motivations for exploration by Europeans are expressed in the following two quotes? Bartholomew Diaz: "[T]o serve God and his Majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness, and to grow rich as all men desire to do." Hernán Cortés: "I have come to win gold, not to plow the fields like a peasant."

A)Increasing scientific research and social development
B)Developing new alliances with indigenous populations and creating trade
C)Accumulating wealth and converting indigenous populations to Christianity
D)Cooperating with new cultures in order to advance humanity

Question 23

At the time of his death, Columbus believed the islands he found were

A)settled by a civilization of vast wealth and sophistication.
B)part of a new continent.
C)isolated from any other land mass.
D)off the coast of Asia.

Question 24

How did Portuguese merchants obtain most of their slaves in Africa?

A)They traded for slaves with local leaders.
B)They captured slaves in warfare.
C)They seized slaves in raiding parties.
D)They seized people on the coastline.

Question 25

How did English colonies differ from other major European colonies in their treatment of African women?

A)Colonial officials encouraged English men to marry and father children with slave women in order to increase the population of the colonies.
B)African slave women were banned from English colonies for fear that they would seduce English men.
C)Colonial law required that children born of English men and African women be sent out of the colony.
D)English masters rarely freed the children that they fathered with female slaves.

Question 26

"Within a few days after our departure from every such town, the people began to die. . . . [B]y report of the oldest men in the country [this had] never happened before. . . . [The people] were persuaded that it was the work of our God." This quote from Thomas Hariot's report (Evaluating the Evidence 14.2) refers to what effect of European colonization?

A)The spread of European disease among Native Americans
B)The conversion of Native Americans to Christianity
C)The increased European mortality rates
D)The conversion of Europeans to Native American religions

Question 27

Which of the following best characterizes the immigration patterns (forced and unforced) of Europeans and Africans to the Americas between 1500 and 1800?

A)Africans and Europeans migrated to the Americas in roughly equal numbers.
B)About four times as many Africans migrated to America as did Europeans.
C)About twice as many Europeans migrated to the Americas as did Africans.
D)African and European men migrated to the Americas in about equal numbers, but European women migrated much more frequently than African women.

Question 28

According to Map 14.3: Seaborne Trading Empires in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, what nations dominated the global sea trade routes during this period?

A)South Asian nations
B)Slavic eastern European nations
C)Mediterranean European nations
D)Atlantic coastal European nations

Question 29

Based on Map 14.1: The Fifteenth-Century Afroeurasian Trading World, Afroeurasian trade during this period was centered on what body of water?

A)The Pacific Ocean
B)The Mediterranean Sea
C)The Atlantic Ocean
D)The Indian Ocean

Question 30

How did the Turks' expansion of the Ottoman Empire and their conquest of the Byzantine Empire and its capital Constantinople in 1453 influence European exploration?

A)It opened new trade routes to China over Central Asia.
B)It forced Europeans to search for alternate trade routes to China, bypassing the overland routes now controlled by the Ottoman Empire.
C)It enhanced the influence of the Italian city-states of Venice and Genoa in the Eastern Mediterranean.
D)It enhanced the trade routes with China and East Asia through the Middle East.

Question 31

Bartolomé de Las Casas asserted that the Indians

A)had human rights.
B)had a unique culture that should be respected.
C)should be denied protection unless they embraced Christianity.
D)were creatures of Satan who could not be converted or trusted.

Question 32

How did Europeans initially justify the enslavement of Africans?

A)Europeans, who were culturally and racially superior, offered guidance to the inferior Africans.
B)Africans were an alien group unlike any other and were out of necessity placed into bondage.
C)Africans were a people biologically distinct from the Europeans, and Africans' physical characteristics produced less intelligent, more primitive people.
D)Enslavement benefited Africans by bringing Christianity to them.

Question 33

How did French colonies respond to the problem of the low migration levels from France?

A)Convicted criminals in France were sentenced to relocate to the colonies.
B)Colonial officials encouraged French traders to form ties with and marry native women.
C)Officials permitted religious freedom in the colonies so that French Protestants would move there.
D)The French crown paid prostitutes to relocate to the colonies in order to attract male settlers.

Question 34

Which of the following plays by Shakespeare highlighted the issue of race?

A)Othello
B)Romeo and Juliet
C)Much Ado About Nothing
D)Henry IV

Question 35

How did the Spanish monarchy seek to maintain control over its colonies?

A)The monarchy offered rewards and tax exemptions to settlers who informed on corrupt officials.
B)The monarchy established a type of military rule in which colonists were subject to searches and seizures by the military on accusations of corruption.
C)The monarchy used the Catholic missionaries to provide information to the crown outside of the official administration.
D)The monarchy established intendants with broad administrative and financial authority who were responsible directly to the monarchy.

Question 36

"[E]veryone gives the title of barbarism to everything that is not according to his usage." How did Michel de Montaigne offer a counterpoint, expressed in the quote above, to Europe's growing imperial activities?

A)He argued that integration with local cultures would pollute European culture.
B)He asserted that Christianity could not be taught to non-Western people.
C)He rejected the notion that one culture is superior to another.
D)He claimed that Europe produced all of the goods it needed and colonial products only led to luxury and moral corruption.

Question 37

How did justifications for slavery change from the fifteenth to eighteenth century?

A)Arguments supporting slavery increasingly relied on economic justifications of the superiority of slave labor.
B)Arguments supporting slavery drew increasingly on the need to civilize the savage Africans and less on ideas of race.
C)Arguments supporting slavery began to focus more on science and nature and less on religion.
D)Arguments supporting slavery emphasized the political needs of empires rather than cultural or religious issues.

Question 38

How did the encomienda system function?

A)The Spanish crown granted conquerors the right to employ or demand tribute from groups of Native Americans in exchange for providing food and shelter.
B)The Spanish crown gave the colonists groups of Native Americans as legal slaves in return for tax revenues and promises of obedience.
C)The Spanish crown adopted the Native Americans as "protected children" in return for promises of labor and tribute.
D)The Spanish crown placed the Native Americans under the protection of the Catholic missionaries as long as they learned and embraced the Catholic faith.

Question 39

In chronological order, what were the three successive commercial empires established by Europeans in the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries?

A)The Spanish, the French, and the Dutch
B)The Portuguese, the Spanish, and the Dutch
C)The English, the Spanish, and the French
D)The Spanish, the French, and the English

Question 40

What was the primary cause of the emergence of inflation in Spain in the sixteenth century?

A)Gold and property that were seized from Moors and Jews as they were forced out of Spain
B)The inflow of silver from the Americas
C)State debts defaulted on by the monarchy
D)The inability of Spanish agriculture and manufacturing to meet the growing demand for goods

Question 41

How did English and French exploration differ from that of the Spanish and Portuguese?

Question 42

The following is an excerpt from the response of the vanquished leaders of Tenochtitlan to Franciscan missionaries seeking to convert them (Evaluating the Evidence 14.3): "You have told us that we do not know the One who gives us life and being, who is Lord of the heavens and of the earth. You also say that those we worship are not gods. . . . It is best, our lords, to act on this matter very slowly, with great deliberation. We are not satisfied or convinced by what you have told us, nor do we understand or give credit to what has been said of our gods. . . . All of us together feel that it is enough to have lost, enough that the power and royal jurisdiction have been taken from us. As for our gods, we will die before giving up serving and worshiping them."
Based on this statement, which of the following can be said of the leaders of Tenochtitlan?

A)They believed that their defeat was the result of sins committed by their people.
B)They did not consider religion to be a very important matter.
C)They were eager to convert to Christianity.
D)They accepted the fact that they had been defeated.

Question 43

Who was Ferdinand Magellan, and what did he accomplish? Who were John Cabot and Martin Frobisher? What was their contribution to European exploration?

Question 44

What role did China play in the expansion of trade in the fifteenth century?

Question 45

Why did the Native American population decrease so sharply after the arrival of the Europeans?

Question 46

How were England's colonies in North America governed?

Question 47

The ____________ was the center of the Afroeurasian trade world.

A)Mediterranean Sea
B)Pacific Ocean
C)Atlantic Ocean
D)Indian Ocean

Question 48

Describe Michel de Montaigne's essays and their importance.

Question 49

Why were spices so desirable to Europeans?

Question 50

Why did Genoa become involved in Atlantic colonization?

Question 51

Spanish settlement in the Americas was centered on

A)military outposts.
B)small rural villages.
C)large plantations.
D)towns and cities.

Question 52

What was the Portuguese caravel?

A)A navigational aid
B)A three-mast sailing ship
C)A kind of canon
D)A trade agreement

Question 53

The Mongol emperors of China

A)hoped to visit the Americas someday.
B)did everything they could to end contact with Europe.
C)encouraged trade with Europe.
D)saw themselves as Chinese.

Question 54

The New Laws put forward by King Charles I of Spain in 1542

A)set up a system of viceroyalties.
B)abolished slavery in Spanish colonies.
C)called for the conversion of all Native Americans to Catholicism.
D)set limits on the authority of encomienda holders.

Question 55

Which the following dominated the Aztec state?

A)A secretive priesthood
B)A hereditary nobility
C)A group of wealthy merchants
D)A network of non-Aztec elites

Question 56

What role did Africa play in the world trade system prior to Columbus's famous voyages?

Question 57

The following is an excerpt from Columbus's description of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola (Evaluating the Evidence 14.1): "Hispaniola is a wonder. The mountains and hills, the plains and meadow lands are both fertile and beautiful. They are most suitable for planting crops and for raising cattle of all kinds, and there are good sites for building towns and villages. The harbours are incredibly fine and there are many great rivers with broad channels and the majority contain gold. The trees, fruits and plants are very different from those of Cuba. In Hispaniola there are many spices and large mines of gold and other metals."
This description supports the contention that Columbus's patrons in Spain were particularly interested in

A)the economic potential of the lands Columbus explored.
B)converting as many people as possible to Catholicism.
C)the military and strategic value of the lands Columbus explored.
D)learning from the experiences and ideas of non-Europeans.

Question 58

What was the "Black Legend"? Who promoted it, and why?

Question 59

What was skepticism, and how did it find expression in the work of Michel de Montaigne?

Question 60

____________ were active in Japan and China in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, until authorities banned their teachings.

A)Calvinist missionaries
B)European humanists
C)Lutheran missionaries
D)Jesuit missionaries

Question 61

Answer the following questions:
Ptolemy's Geography

A)A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slavery.
B)A second-century work that synthesized the classical knowledge of geography and introduced the concepts of longitude and latitude. Reintroduced to Europeans in 1410 by Arab scholars, its ideas allowed cartographers to create more accurate maps.
C)Also known as the Mexica Empire, a large and complex Native American civilization in modern Mexico and Central America that possessed advanced mathematical, astronomical, and engineering technology.
D)The exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.
E)The vast and sophisticated Peruvian empire centered at the capital city of Cuzco that was at its peak from 1438 until 1532.
F)Spanish for "conqueror"; Spanish soldier-explorers, such as Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, who sought to conquer the New World for the Spanish crown.
G)The 1494 agreement giving Spain everything to the west of an imaginary line drawn down the Atlantic and giving Portugal everything to the east.
H)A small, maneuverable, three-mast sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century that gave the Portuguese a distinct advantage in exploration and trade.
I)The name for the four administrative units of Spanish possessions in the Americas: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and La Plata.
J)The notion that the Spanish were uniquely brutal and cruel in their conquest and settlement of the Americas.

Question 62

What motivated Europeans during this period of exploration? How did the Spanish, French, and English colonization of North America differ?

Question 63

Answer the following questions:
viceroyalties

A)A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slavery.
B)A second-century work that synthesized the classical knowledge of geography and introduced the concepts of longitude and latitude. Reintroduced to Europeans in 1410 by Arab scholars, its ideas allowed cartographers to create more accurate maps.
C)Also known as the Mexica Empire, a large and complex Native American civilization in modern Mexico and Central America that possessed advanced mathematical, astronomical, and engineering technology.
D)The exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.
E)The vast and sophisticated Peruvian empire centered at the capital city of Cuzco that was at its peak from 1438 until 1532.
F)Spanish for "conqueror"; Spanish soldier-explorers, such as Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, who sought to conquer the New World for the Spanish crown.
G)The 1494 agreement giving Spain everything to the west of an imaginary line drawn down the Atlantic and giving Portugal everything to the east.
H)A small, maneuverable, three-mast sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century that gave the Portuguese a distinct advantage in exploration and trade.
I)The name for the four administrative units of Spanish possessions in the Americas: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and La Plata.
J)The notion that the Spanish were uniquely brutal and cruel in their conquest and settlement of the Americas.

Question 64

Answer the following questions:
Inca Empire

A)A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slavery.
B)A second-century work that synthesized the classical knowledge of geography and introduced the concepts of longitude and latitude. Reintroduced to Europeans in 1410 by Arab scholars, its ideas allowed cartographers to create more accurate maps.
C)Also known as the Mexica Empire, a large and complex Native American civilization in modern Mexico and Central America that possessed advanced mathematical, astronomical, and engineering technology.
D)The exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.
E)The vast and sophisticated Peruvian empire centered at the capital city of Cuzco that was at its peak from 1438 until 1532.
F)Spanish for "conqueror"; Spanish soldier-explorers, such as Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, who sought to conquer the New World for the Spanish crown.
G)The 1494 agreement giving Spain everything to the west of an imaginary line drawn down the Atlantic and giving Portugal everything to the east.
H)A small, maneuverable, three-mast sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century that gave the Portuguese a distinct advantage in exploration and trade.
I)The name for the four administrative units of Spanish possessions in the Americas: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and La Plata.
J)The notion that the Spanish were uniquely brutal and cruel in their conquest and settlement of the Americas.

Question 65

Answer the following questions:
Aztec Empire

A)A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slavery.
B)A second-century work that synthesized the classical knowledge of geography and introduced the concepts of longitude and latitude. Reintroduced to Europeans in 1410 by Arab scholars, its ideas allowed cartographers to create more accurate maps.
C)Also known as the Mexica Empire, a large and complex Native American civilization in modern Mexico and Central America that possessed advanced mathematical, astronomical, and engineering technology.
D)The exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.
E)The vast and sophisticated Peruvian empire centered at the capital city of Cuzco that was at its peak from 1438 until 1532.
F)Spanish for "conqueror"; Spanish soldier-explorers, such as Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, who sought to conquer the New World for the Spanish crown.
G)The 1494 agreement giving Spain everything to the west of an imaginary line drawn down the Atlantic and giving Portugal everything to the east.
H)A small, maneuverable, three-mast sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century that gave the Portuguese a distinct advantage in exploration and trade.
I)The name for the four administrative units of Spanish possessions in the Americas: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and La Plata.
J)The notion that the Spanish were uniquely brutal and cruel in their conquest and settlement of the Americas.

Question 66

Answer the following questions:
Treaty of Tordesillas

A)A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slavery.
B)A second-century work that synthesized the classical knowledge of geography and introduced the concepts of longitude and latitude. Reintroduced to Europeans in 1410 by Arab scholars, its ideas allowed cartographers to create more accurate maps.
C)Also known as the Mexica Empire, a large and complex Native American civilization in modern Mexico and Central America that possessed advanced mathematical, astronomical, and engineering technology.
D)The exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.
E)The vast and sophisticated Peruvian empire centered at the capital city of Cuzco that was at its peak from 1438 until 1532.
F)Spanish for "conqueror"; Spanish soldier-explorers, such as Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, who sought to conquer the New World for the Spanish crown.
G)The 1494 agreement giving Spain everything to the west of an imaginary line drawn down the Atlantic and giving Portugal everything to the east.
H)A small, maneuverable, three-mast sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century that gave the Portuguese a distinct advantage in exploration and trade.
I)The name for the four administrative units of Spanish possessions in the Americas: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and La Plata.
J)The notion that the Spanish were uniquely brutal and cruel in their conquest and settlement of the Americas.

Question 67

Answer the following questions:
encomienda system

A)A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slavery.
B)A second-century work that synthesized the classical knowledge of geography and introduced the concepts of longitude and latitude. Reintroduced to Europeans in 1410 by Arab scholars, its ideas allowed cartographers to create more accurate maps.
C)Also known as the Mexica Empire, a large and complex Native American civilization in modern Mexico and Central America that possessed advanced mathematical, astronomical, and engineering technology.
D)The exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.
E)The vast and sophisticated Peruvian empire centered at the capital city of Cuzco that was at its peak from 1438 until 1532.
F)Spanish for "conqueror"; Spanish soldier-explorers, such as Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, who sought to conquer the New World for the Spanish crown.
G)The 1494 agreement giving Spain everything to the west of an imaginary line drawn down the Atlantic and giving Portugal everything to the east.
H)A small, maneuverable, three-mast sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century that gave the Portuguese a distinct advantage in exploration and trade.
I)The name for the four administrative units of Spanish possessions in the Americas: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and La Plata.
J)The notion that the Spanish were uniquely brutal and cruel in their conquest and settlement of the Americas.

Question 68

Describe the rise of Venice as a trading superpower. What accounts for the city's decline in the early sixteenth century?

Question 69

Describe the problems of the Spanish economy in the sixteenth century. Why did a state that extracted such wealth from the Americas have such a poor domestic economy?

Question 70

Answer the following questions:
Black Legend

A)A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slavery.
B)A second-century work that synthesized the classical knowledge of geography and introduced the concepts of longitude and latitude. Reintroduced to Europeans in 1410 by Arab scholars, its ideas allowed cartographers to create more accurate maps.
C)Also known as the Mexica Empire, a large and complex Native American civilization in modern Mexico and Central America that possessed advanced mathematical, astronomical, and engineering technology.
D)The exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.
E)The vast and sophisticated Peruvian empire centered at the capital city of Cuzco that was at its peak from 1438 until 1532.
F)Spanish for "conqueror"; Spanish soldier-explorers, such as Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, who sought to conquer the New World for the Spanish crown.
G)The 1494 agreement giving Spain everything to the west of an imaginary line drawn down the Atlantic and giving Portugal everything to the east.
H)A small, maneuverable, three-mast sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century that gave the Portuguese a distinct advantage in exploration and trade.
I)The name for the four administrative units of Spanish possessions in the Americas: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and La Plata.
J)The notion that the Spanish were uniquely brutal and cruel in their conquest and settlement of the Americas.

Question 71

Answer the following questions:
conquistador

A)A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slavery.
B)A second-century work that synthesized the classical knowledge of geography and introduced the concepts of longitude and latitude. Reintroduced to Europeans in 1410 by Arab scholars, its ideas allowed cartographers to create more accurate maps.
C)Also known as the Mexica Empire, a large and complex Native American civilization in modern Mexico and Central America that possessed advanced mathematical, astronomical, and engineering technology.
D)The exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.
E)The vast and sophisticated Peruvian empire centered at the capital city of Cuzco that was at its peak from 1438 until 1532.
F)Spanish for "conqueror"; Spanish soldier-explorers, such as Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, who sought to conquer the New World for the Spanish crown.
G)The 1494 agreement giving Spain everything to the west of an imaginary line drawn down the Atlantic and giving Portugal everything to the east.
H)A small, maneuverable, three-mast sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century that gave the Portuguese a distinct advantage in exploration and trade.
I)The name for the four administrative units of Spanish possessions in the Americas: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and La Plata.
J)The notion that the Spanish were uniquely brutal and cruel in their conquest and settlement of the Americas.

Question 72

Answer the following questions:
caravel

A)A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slavery.
B)A second-century work that synthesized the classical knowledge of geography and introduced the concepts of longitude and latitude. Reintroduced to Europeans in 1410 by Arab scholars, its ideas allowed cartographers to create more accurate maps.
C)Also known as the Mexica Empire, a large and complex Native American civilization in modern Mexico and Central America that possessed advanced mathematical, astronomical, and engineering technology.
D)The exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.
E)The vast and sophisticated Peruvian empire centered at the capital city of Cuzco that was at its peak from 1438 until 1532.
F)Spanish for "conqueror"; Spanish soldier-explorers, such as Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, who sought to conquer the New World for the Spanish crown.
G)The 1494 agreement giving Spain everything to the west of an imaginary line drawn down the Atlantic and giving Portugal everything to the east.
H)A small, maneuverable, three-mast sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century that gave the Portuguese a distinct advantage in exploration and trade.
I)The name for the four administrative units of Spanish possessions in the Americas: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and La Plata.
J)The notion that the Spanish were uniquely brutal and cruel in their conquest and settlement of the Americas.

Question 73

Answer the following questions:
Columbian exchange

A)A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slavery.
B)A second-century work that synthesized the classical knowledge of geography and introduced the concepts of longitude and latitude. Reintroduced to Europeans in 1410 by Arab scholars, its ideas allowed cartographers to create more accurate maps.
C)Also known as the Mexica Empire, a large and complex Native American civilization in modern Mexico and Central America that possessed advanced mathematical, astronomical, and engineering technology.
D)The exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.
E)The vast and sophisticated Peruvian empire centered at the capital city of Cuzco that was at its peak from 1438 until 1532.
F)Spanish for "conqueror"; Spanish soldier-explorers, such as Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, who sought to conquer the New World for the Spanish crown.
G)The 1494 agreement giving Spain everything to the west of an imaginary line drawn down the Atlantic and giving Portugal everything to the east.
H)A small, maneuverable, three-mast sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century that gave the Portuguese a distinct advantage in exploration and trade.
I)The name for the four administrative units of Spanish possessions in the Americas: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and La Plata.
J)The notion that the Spanish were uniquely brutal and cruel in their conquest and settlement of the Americas.

Question 74

What technologies enabled Europeans to travel out into the open oceans to search for and secure new trade routes to China and India? Where did the Europeans acquire these technologies?