Deck 11: The Later Middle Ages 1300-1450

Question 1

What battle provided the English and King Edward III a tremendous victory over mounted French knights in 1346?

A)Orléans
B)Normandy
C)Avignon
D)Crécy

Answer 1

Crécy

Question 2

How did the flagellants respond to the Black Death?

A)They dedicated themselves to caring for the ill and burying the dead, risking infection themselves as a form of Christian service.
B)They fled to mountain retreats they had prepared in case of war, where stored food permitted them to survive in hiding.
C)They whipped and scourged their bodies as penance, believing that the Black Death was God's punishment for humanity's wickedness.
D)They prayed and fasted with the hope that God would bring the plague to an end.

Answer 2

They whipped and scourged their bodies as penance, believing that the Black Death was God's punishment for humanity's wickedness.

Question 3

One important mode of influencing public opinion, used by the English and French kings during the Hundred Years' War, was

A)publishing broadsheets.
B)distributing free grain to the populace.
C)purchasing votes.
D)instructing priests to deliver patriotic sermons.

Answer 3

instructing priests to deliver patriotic sermons.

Question 4

Which of the following characterizes Joan of Arc's experience in the French military?

A)She was forbidden from entering the battlefield but offered strategic advice from the royal court.
B)The king made her co-commander of the army, and she led it to a string of victories.
C)Her enthusiasm could not overcome her inexperience, and her military blunders cost thousands of lives.
D)The king used her as a propaganda tool to show divine favor for his military activities, while firmly controlling the army behind the scenes.

Question 5

What were the achievements of the Avignon popes before the Great Schism?

A)They established political dominance throughout Italy and established a bureaucracy to govern the region.
B)They established direct papal control over the monastic orders and their clerical wealth.
C)They reformed the financial administration of the church and centralized its government.
D)They forced Islam out of its remaining footholds in Spain and the Balkans.

Question 6

The period of climate change in Europe between 1300 and 1450 is known as the

A)Great Schism.
B)"little ice age."
C)Black Death.
D)Great Flood.

Question 7

During the Great Schism, how did the powers of Europe align themselves?

A)Along economic lines, with wealthier countries gaining more from the division
B)Along the lines of traditional political alliances, with France and her allies supporting the French pope and the others favoring the Italian pope
C)Along religious lines, with regions influenced by Celtic Christianity supporting the French pope and others regions supporting the Italian pope
D)Along political lines, with the powers that had traditional monarchies supporting the French pope and the city-states supporting the Italian pope

Question 8

How did minority groups suffer during the subsistence crises of the fourteenth century?

A)Jews and lepers were accused of poisoning wells to kill Christians, and as a result, many were killed, beaten, or heavily fined.
B)Muslims and Jews were denied rations for city storage supplies, resulting in widespread death from starvation among these populations.
C)Muslims and Jews would only receive grain supplies if they gave over their children to be raised as Christians.
D)Lepers and gypsies were considered unworthy of sharing in limited food supplies, and so were slaughtered.

Question 9

What English weapon provided an advantage against the mounted French knights in the battles of Poitiers and Agincourt?

A)Battle axe
B)Longbow
C)Sword
D)Crossbow

Question 10

What changes around 1300 permitted a significant expansion in the movement of goods?

A)Improvements in ship design permitted year-round shipping.
B)The end of knightly warfare permitted trade to develop along peaceful, secure trade routes.
C)The development of fixed currency of known value gave merchants greater ability to negotiate prices.
D)Expansion of banking houses allowed merchants to draw on credit more effectively.

Question 11

What characteristic distinguished the English Parliament from other representative assemblies?

A)The English Parliament had a clear bicameral legislature with some representation for the commoners.
B)The nobles participated in the legislature rather than simply bringing their cases directly to the king.
C)The English Parliament provided a clear source of authority so that the politics of the royal court never gained significant political weight.
D)The frequency of the English Parliament's meetings established the sense and expectation that its authorization was required for certain types of legislation.

Question 12

Who benefited from the Black Death?

A)Merchants: They benefited from the demands for goods and food in devastated areas and expanded their efforts to form more uniform trade networks.
B)Workers: Those who survived demanded high wages after the Black Death, increasing the standard of living for the broad mass of people.
C)Nobles: They gained more secure control over their land and over the serfs due to the protection they had provided during the plague.
D)Kings: They were able to capture more land for their realms because many areas were depopulated and undefended because of the plague.

Question 13

The highly infectious nature of the plague was enhanced by

A)an influx of peasants seeking medical care.
B)urban congestion and lack of sanitation.
C)the total absence of healthcare facilities.
D)starving peasants' consumption of black rats.

Question 14

In issuing the Statute of Laborers (1351), what were English lords attempting to do?

A)Grant limited rights to workers
B)Fix the number of guild members
C)Forbid the creation of craft unions
D)Freeze salaries and wages at pre-1347 levels

Question 15

The establishment of new colleges and universities in the years following the Black Death

A)greatly weakened the international nature of medieval culture.
B)resulted in universities that were generally similar to the internationally oriented earlier universities.
C)enhanced the role of the papacy in European affairs.
D)led to the foundation of the Dominican and Franciscan orders.

Question 16

How did the English induce panic among the French troops at the Battle of Crécy?

A)By coordinating their attack with naval forces and striking the French all at once
B)By allying with the Flemish and trapping the French troops along the coast as the tide was arriving
C)By using the longbow to send a torrent of arrows into the French, followed by artillery from the ring of cannon
D)By using trained dogs in battle, which drove the French horses toward a cliff

Question 17

In general, during the plague, the clergy

A)fled to monasteries in the countryside.
B)cared for the sick and buried the dead.
C)refused to administer sacraments to plague victims.
D)let nuns take care of the sick.

Question 18

During the Hundred Years' War, the English kings were supported by some French barons because the latter

A)disapproved of the Babylonian Captivity.
B)were promised estates in England.
C)wanted to stop the French monarchy's centralizing efforts.
D)were economically dependent on the English wool trade.

Question 19

How did the cannon affect the power of monarchies?

A)Only central governments could afford cannons, enhancing the military power of the central states over their nobility.
B)Because cannons were seen as a dishonorable form of battle, nobles generally vacated their military posts, leaving monarchies with largely unfettered power.
C)The flexibility of cannon permitted many nobles to obtain them, sparking a long period of internal civil war.
D)Cannons were easily copied, which diluted kings' military power since they had to spread troops across the realms in case of threat from other countries as well as their own nobility.

Question 20

How were the consequences of the "little ice age" experienced in Europe?

A)Economic disruptions in one region had serious implications for its trading partners in other, distant regions.
B)Economic disruptions were responded to effectively by drawing on a broad pool of potential resources.
C)Economic disruptions were experienced severely in specific regions but sufficiently isolated to inhibit a general economic downturn.
D)Economic disruptions were not severely felt, for economic risk had been widely diversified.

Question 21

"Fur-collar crime" refers to

A)peasants who snuck onto noble lands and killed wild game to bring home and serve to their families.
B)a late reemergence of the Viking-style raids by Russian sailors known for their long, heavy coats.
C)groups of nobles who roamed the English countryside stealing from the rich and poor and demanding protection money.
D)merchants who forged account books in order to force peasants and laborers to pay for goods they had never received.

Question 22

What was the initial cause of the Hundred Years' War between England and France?

A)The French seizure of the port of Calais
B)The English execution of Joan of Arc
C)King Edward III of England's endorsement of Urban VI as the rightful pope
D)King Philip VI of France's seizure of Aquitaine

Question 23

The Statute of Kilkenny attempted to

A)force the Irish to move into cities and villages where the English landowners could better control and tax them.
B)institute a tax on Irish grazing practices so that English landlords could profit from their common lands.
C)protect the Irish from abuse by English landlords who instituted unauthorized fees and taxes.
D)maintain the ethnic purity of the English living in Ireland by preventing intermarriage or cultural assimilation.

Question 24

Which of the following groups joined in the Jacquerie rebellion in France, killing nobles and destroying noble property?

A)Knights
B)Peasants and small merchants
C)Bishops
D)Bankers

Question 25

According to Map 11.1: The Course of the Black Death in Fourteenth-Century Europe, the plague spread through Europe following the expansion of what?

A)The Hundred Years' War
B)The power of the monarchy
C)Trade and commerce routes
D)The Avignon papacy

Question 26

The following is an excerpt from a poem by the French troubadour Raimon de Cornet written in the 1330s: "Our bishops, too, are plunged in similar sin [to that of the pope],
For pitilessly they flay the very skin
From all their priests who chance to have fat livings.
For gold their seal official you can win
To any writ, no matter what's therein.
Sure God alone can make them stop their thievings."
Which of the following claims did Cornet make in this passage?

A)That the French people had forgotten their Christian duties
B)That God had forsaken France
C)That church officials could be bribed to ignore their spiritual and moral obligations
D)That church officials had made a formal pact with the Devil

Question 27

How did attitudes toward same-sex relations change from the Early to High Middle Ages?

A)In the Early Middle Ages, Roman traditions opposing same-sex relations were adopted by European rulers, but such laws or their application diminished by the High Middle Ages.
B)The influence of classical Greek culture in the High Middle Ages opened the era to an acceptance of same-sex relationships that previously the church had harshly condemned.
C)Monastic life in the Early Middle Ages had an active component of same-sex relationships, but the reforms of the thirteenth century banished such practices.
D)Authorities in the Early Middle Ages were little concerned with same-sex relationships, but in the High Middle Ages, such relationships became capital crimes.

Question 28

Why did Jan Hus gain so many followers?

A)His attack on the political power of monasteries and the wealth of clergy resonated with many people who were angry over the behavior of the clergy during the Black Death.
B)His attack on indulgences and papal offers of remission of sins resonated with many people who resented the costs of the Crusades.
C)His attack on papal authority and his call for the translation of the Bible into Czech resonated with many people who were opposed to the church's wealth and were experiencing an emerging Czech nationalism.
D)His attack on the Holy Roman emperor's attempts to seize church lands resonated with many people who resented nobles' abuses of their peasants.

Question 29

According to Map 11.3: Fourteenth-Century Revolts, where was the largest number of popular revolts during this period?

A)England and France
B)Spain and Portugal
C)Scotland and Ireland
D)Hungary and Poland

Question 30

Which of the following was characteristic of the rebellions that swept across Europe in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries?

A)They were primarily political movements.
B)They resulted in important reforms.
C)They involved both rural and urban laboring people.
D)They were treated with leniency by nobles.

Question 31

The following is an excerpt from the transcript of the trial of Joan of Arc (Evaluating the Evidence 11.2): "Asked whether she had heard her voice since Saturday, she answered: 'Yes, indeed, many times.' . . . Asked what it said to her when she was back in her room, she replied: 'That I should answer you boldly.' . . . Questioned as to whether it were the voice of an angel, or of a saint, or directly from God, she answered that the voices were those of Saint Catherine and of Saint Margaret. And their heads are crowned with beautiful crowns, most richly and preciously. And [she said] for [telling you] this I have leave from our Lord. . . ."
This exchange between Joan and her interrogators suggests which of the following?

A)That Joan was aware of the fact that she might be in the thrall of the Devil
B)That Joan was uncertain about who spoke to her, knowing only that the voices were divine
C)That Joan believed that all of her spiritual messages were given to her directly from Christ
D)That Joan believed herself to be in frequent communication with God and the saints

Question 32

Confraternities were part of a movement in which

A)nuns were authorized to perform the sacraments in regions in which no priest resided.
B)monks left monasteries in order to serve parishes without regular priests.
C)laymen and laywomen increasingly took control of parish affairs.
D)priests lived communally in order to save the church unnecessary expenses.

Question 33

"[N]ot only did talking to or being around the sick bring infection and a common death, but also touching of the sick or anything touched or used by them seemed to communicate this very disease to the person involved." In this quote from Giovanni Boccaccio, what knowledge of the Black Death is he sharing?

A)Any contact with the sickened individual, or items that the sick had contact with, would result in the infection of those initiating the physical contact.
B)The sick individual's clothing and bedding needed to be cleaned regularly.
C)The only way to avoid infection was to join a group of flagellants and be scourged and whipped, in order to be saved by God.
D)People need absolution from God before they have contact with the infected and the sick.

Question 34

In which of the following ways did Charles VII of France expand his authority?

A)He expelled the English from all French soil except Calais.
B)He eliminated nobles' militias and troops.
C)He eliminated papal authority in French cities.
D)He suppressed peasant revolts by placing troops throughout his dominion.

Question 35

What was theologian John Wyclif's main argument?

A)The conciliar movement was heretical.
B)Scripture alone should determine church belief and practice.
C)Popes should be elected by all members of the clergy.
D)Priests should be allowed to marry.

Question 36

The following is an excerpt from Christine de Pizan's "Advice to the Wives of Artisans" (Evaluating the Evidence 11.3): "She ought to oversee them to keep them from idleness, for through careless workers the master is sometimes ruined. And when customers come to her husband and try to drive a hard bargain, she ought to warn him solicitously to take care that he does not make a bad deal. She should advise him to be chary of giving too much credit if he does not know precisely where and to whom it is going, for in this way many come to poverty, although sometimes the greed to earn more or to accept a tempting proposition makes them do it."
This passage provides evidence in support of which of the following statements?

A)The significant involvement of the wives of artisans in their husbands' businesses
B)The sharp gender divisions of labor within artisan households
C)The legal barriers to the participation of women in artisanal work
D)The opposition of the church to the involvement of women in economic activities

Question 37

What was the typical goal of a woman pursuing a charge of rape?

A)To restore her honorable reputation
B)To gain financial compensation
C)To punish the perpetrator
D)To prove her innocence to the church

Question 38

The religious life of Bridget of Sweden demonstrates that

A)Christians still suffered discrimination in parts of European society.
B)mystical experiences were an important part of medieval Christianity.
C)women who took leadership of spiritual communities were often accused of witchcraft.
D)the nobility increasingly left leadership in local Christian communities to members of the merchant classes.

Question 39

How does Dante's Divine Comedy demonstrate the tensions of the fourteenth century?

A)It sympathizes with traditional noble values but recognizes the emerging merchant class as the source of future economic growth.
B)It romanticizes noble culture but praises the growing centralized monarchies for bringing stability.
C)It is a deeply Christian poem but also harshly criticizes some church officials.
D)It seeks to appeal to the common man but is written in the learned language of Latin.

Question 40

The immediate cause of the English peasant rebellion of 1381 was

A)the collection of a tax on all adult males.
B)the excommunication of John Wyclif.
C)the French victory at the Battle of Poitiers.
D)a sharp rise in grain prices.

Question 41

What caused the Great Famine of Europe between 1315 and 1322?

Question 42

What caused the proliferation of prostitution in the late Middle Ages?

Question 43

The English public was convinced that the Hundred Years' War was waged to

A)secure individual freedoms for English people.
B)safeguard England from a French invasion.
C)secure for King Edward the French crown he had been unjustly denied.
D)end the interference of the French in English foreign policy.

Question 44

How did early-fourteenth-century French kings respond to the Great Famine and its consequences?

A)By investing in manufacturing and industry
B)By investing in the reclamation of new lands
C)By attempting to stop grain speculation
D)By ignoring the suffering of their people

Question 45

Who were the flagellants?

Question 46

What caused the popular uprisings of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries? Who participated in them?

Question 47

Describe the events that led to the execution of Joan of Arc.

Question 48

The Great Schism began with the deposition of _____________ by the College of Cardinals.

A)Leo III
B)Urban VI
C)Pius XI
D)Boniface VII

Question 49

Why did so many nobles turn to crime in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?

Question 50

The period from about 1000 to about 1300 saw

A)a colder than usual climate in Europe.
B)a steady decline in population in Europe.
C)a warmer than usual climate in Europe.
D)a sharp drop in agricultural production in Europe.

Question 51

Between 1309 and 1376, a period known as the Babylonian Captivity, popes lived in

A)Avignon.
B)Milan.
C)Paris.
D)Mainz.

Question 52

Which of the following was an important difference between the plague that struck Europe in the fourteenth century and the one that struck India and China in the nineteenth century?

A)There are no reports of massive rat die-offs in fourteenth-century records.
B)The medieval plague was transmitted only through fleabites.
C)The fourteenth-century outbreak spread much slower than the nineteenth-century epidemic.
D)The fourteenth-century outbreak caused much less death and disruption than the nineteenth-century epidemic.

Question 53

How did the Black Death spread in the Middle Ages?

Question 54

The bubonic plague is usually limited to

A)dogs and cats.
B)cattle and horses.
C)deer and elk.
D)rats and other rodents.

Question 55

What evidence do we have of the "little ice age" of the fourteenth century?

Question 56

The following is an excerpt from an account of a speech given by the English rebel leader John Ball in the 1360s (Thinking Like a Historian): "My good friends, matters cannot go on well in England until all things shall be in common; where there shall be neither vassals nor lords; when the lords shall be no more masters than ourselves. How ill they behave to us! For what reasons do they thus hold us in bondage? Are we not all descended from the same parents, Adam and Eve? When Adam delved and Eve span, who was then the gentleman? What reason can they give, why they should be more masters than ourselves? . . . Let us go to the King and remonstrate with him; he is young, and from him we may obtain a favorable answer, and if not we must ourselves seek to amend our condition."
Based on the evidence provided by this passage, John Ball was determined to

A)murder all lords and princes.
B)fight for social and economic equality.
C)put an end to monarchy in England.
D)force the Roman Catholic Church out of England.

Question 57

What sparked the peasant rebellions in Flanders that erupted in the 1320s?

A)Civil war between noble factions
B)Religious conflict and controversy
C)Invasion by the Spanish
D)The imposition of burdensome taxes

Question 58

Which of the following was one of the causes of the Hundred Years' War?

A)A dispute over the succession to the Spanish throne
B)Disagreements over rights to land
C)Economic conflicts over long-distance trade
D)A religious dispute over the power of the papacy

Question 59

What was the Babylonian Captivity?

Question 60

Describe the events that led to the Great Schism.

Question 61

Answer the following questions:
Great Schism

A)Plague that first struck Europe in 1347 and killed perhaps one-third of the population.
B)A war between England and France from 1337 to 1453, with political and economic causes and consequences.
C)The period from 1309 to 1376 when the popes resided in Avignon rather than in Rome.
D)People who believed that the plague was God's punishment for sin and sought to do penance by flagellating (whipping) themselves.
E)The division, or split, in church leadership from 1378 to 1417 when there were two, then three, popes.
F)Voluntary lay groups organized by occupation, devotional preference, neighborhood, or charitable activity.
G)Deliberative meetings of lords and wealthy urban residents that flourished in many European countries between 1250 and 1450.
H)A massive uprising by French peasants in 1358 protesting heavy taxation.
I)Law issued in 1366 that discriminated against the Irish, forbidding marriage between the English and the Irish, requiring the use of the English language, and denying the Irish access to ecclesiastical offices.
J)People who believed that the authority in the Roman Church should rest in a general council composed of clergy, theologians, and laypeople, rather than in the pope alone.

Question 62

Answer the following questions:
flagellants

A)Plague that first struck Europe in 1347 and killed perhaps one-third of the population.
B)A war between England and France from 1337 to 1453, with political and economic causes and consequences.
C)The period from 1309 to 1376 when the popes resided in Avignon rather than in Rome.
D)People who believed that the plague was God's punishment for sin and sought to do penance by flagellating (whipping) themselves.
E)The division, or split, in church leadership from 1378 to 1417 when there were two, then three, popes.
F)Voluntary lay groups organized by occupation, devotional preference, neighborhood, or charitable activity.
G)Deliberative meetings of lords and wealthy urban residents that flourished in many European countries between 1250 and 1450.
H)A massive uprising by French peasants in 1358 protesting heavy taxation.
I)Law issued in 1366 that discriminated against the Irish, forbidding marriage between the English and the Irish, requiring the use of the English language, and denying the Irish access to ecclesiastical offices.
J)People who believed that the authority in the Roman Church should rest in a general council composed of clergy, theologians, and laypeople, rather than in the pope alone.

Question 63

Answer the following questions:
conciliarists

A)Plague that first struck Europe in 1347 and killed perhaps one-third of the population.
B)A war between England and France from 1337 to 1453, with political and economic causes and consequences.
C)The period from 1309 to 1376 when the popes resided in Avignon rather than in Rome.
D)People who believed that the plague was God's punishment for sin and sought to do penance by flagellating (whipping) themselves.
E)The division, or split, in church leadership from 1378 to 1417 when there were two, then three, popes.
F)Voluntary lay groups organized by occupation, devotional preference, neighborhood, or charitable activity.
G)Deliberative meetings of lords and wealthy urban residents that flourished in many European countries between 1250 and 1450.
H)A massive uprising by French peasants in 1358 protesting heavy taxation.
I)Law issued in 1366 that discriminated against the Irish, forbidding marriage between the English and the Irish, requiring the use of the English language, and denying the Irish access to ecclesiastical offices.
J)People who believed that the authority in the Roman Church should rest in a general council composed of clergy, theologians, and laypeople, rather than in the pope alone.

Question 64

Answer the following questions:
representative assemblies

A)Plague that first struck Europe in 1347 and killed perhaps one-third of the population.
B)A war between England and France from 1337 to 1453, with political and economic causes and consequences.
C)The period from 1309 to 1376 when the popes resided in Avignon rather than in Rome.
D)People who believed that the plague was God's punishment for sin and sought to do penance by flagellating (whipping) themselves.
E)The division, or split, in church leadership from 1378 to 1417 when there were two, then three, popes.
F)Voluntary lay groups organized by occupation, devotional preference, neighborhood, or charitable activity.
G)Deliberative meetings of lords and wealthy urban residents that flourished in many European countries between 1250 and 1450.
H)A massive uprising by French peasants in 1358 protesting heavy taxation.
I)Law issued in 1366 that discriminated against the Irish, forbidding marriage between the English and the Irish, requiring the use of the English language, and denying the Irish access to ecclesiastical offices.
J)People who believed that the authority in the Roman Church should rest in a general council composed of clergy, theologians, and laypeople, rather than in the pope alone.

Question 65

Answer the following questions:
confraternities

A)Plague that first struck Europe in 1347 and killed perhaps one-third of the population.
B)A war between England and France from 1337 to 1453, with political and economic causes and consequences.
C)The period from 1309 to 1376 when the popes resided in Avignon rather than in Rome.
D)People who believed that the plague was God's punishment for sin and sought to do penance by flagellating (whipping) themselves.
E)The division, or split, in church leadership from 1378 to 1417 when there were two, then three, popes.
F)Voluntary lay groups organized by occupation, devotional preference, neighborhood, or charitable activity.
G)Deliberative meetings of lords and wealthy urban residents that flourished in many European countries between 1250 and 1450.
H)A massive uprising by French peasants in 1358 protesting heavy taxation.
I)Law issued in 1366 that discriminated against the Irish, forbidding marriage between the English and the Irish, requiring the use of the English language, and denying the Irish access to ecclesiastical offices.
J)People who believed that the authority in the Roman Church should rest in a general council composed of clergy, theologians, and laypeople, rather than in the pope alone.

Question 66

Answer the following questions:
Black Death

A)Plague that first struck Europe in 1347 and killed perhaps one-third of the population.
B)A war between England and France from 1337 to 1453, with political and economic causes and consequences.
C)The period from 1309 to 1376 when the popes resided in Avignon rather than in Rome.
D)People who believed that the plague was God's punishment for sin and sought to do penance by flagellating (whipping) themselves.
E)The division, or split, in church leadership from 1378 to 1417 when there were two, then three, popes.
F)Voluntary lay groups organized by occupation, devotional preference, neighborhood, or charitable activity.
G)Deliberative meetings of lords and wealthy urban residents that flourished in many European countries between 1250 and 1450.
H)A massive uprising by French peasants in 1358 protesting heavy taxation.
I)Law issued in 1366 that discriminated against the Irish, forbidding marriage between the English and the Irish, requiring the use of the English language, and denying the Irish access to ecclesiastical offices.
J)People who believed that the authority in the Roman Church should rest in a general council composed of clergy, theologians, and laypeople, rather than in the pope alone.

Question 67

Answer the following questions:
Jacquerie

A)Plague that first struck Europe in 1347 and killed perhaps one-third of the population.
B)A war between England and France from 1337 to 1453, with political and economic causes and consequences.
C)The period from 1309 to 1376 when the popes resided in Avignon rather than in Rome.
D)People who believed that the plague was God's punishment for sin and sought to do penance by flagellating (whipping) themselves.
E)The division, or split, in church leadership from 1378 to 1417 when there were two, then three, popes.
F)Voluntary lay groups organized by occupation, devotional preference, neighborhood, or charitable activity.
G)Deliberative meetings of lords and wealthy urban residents that flourished in many European countries between 1250 and 1450.
H)A massive uprising by French peasants in 1358 protesting heavy taxation.
I)Law issued in 1366 that discriminated against the Irish, forbidding marriage between the English and the Irish, requiring the use of the English language, and denying the Irish access to ecclesiastical offices.
J)People who believed that the authority in the Roman Church should rest in a general council composed of clergy, theologians, and laypeople, rather than in the pope alone.

Question 68

Was the Black Death of the fourteenth century a crucial turning point in European history? Use evidence from the text to argue for or against this thesis.

Question 69

How did marriage change during the late Middle Ages?

Question 70

Answer the following questions:
Hundred Years' War

A)Plague that first struck Europe in 1347 and killed perhaps one-third of the population.
B)A war between England and France from 1337 to 1453, with political and economic causes and consequences.
C)The period from 1309 to 1376 when the popes resided in Avignon rather than in Rome.
D)People who believed that the plague was God's punishment for sin and sought to do penance by flagellating (whipping) themselves.
E)The division, or split, in church leadership from 1378 to 1417 when there were two, then three, popes.
F)Voluntary lay groups organized by occupation, devotional preference, neighborhood, or charitable activity.
G)Deliberative meetings of lords and wealthy urban residents that flourished in many European countries between 1250 and 1450.
H)A massive uprising by French peasants in 1358 protesting heavy taxation.
I)Law issued in 1366 that discriminated against the Irish, forbidding marriage between the English and the Irish, requiring the use of the English language, and denying the Irish access to ecclesiastical offices.
J)People who believed that the authority in the Roman Church should rest in a general council composed of clergy, theologians, and laypeople, rather than in the pope alone.

Question 71

Answer the following questions:
Babylonian Captivity

A)Plague that first struck Europe in 1347 and killed perhaps one-third of the population.
B)A war between England and France from 1337 to 1453, with political and economic causes and consequences.
C)The period from 1309 to 1376 when the popes resided in Avignon rather than in Rome.
D)People who believed that the plague was God's punishment for sin and sought to do penance by flagellating (whipping) themselves.
E)The division, or split, in church leadership from 1378 to 1417 when there were two, then three, popes.
F)Voluntary lay groups organized by occupation, devotional preference, neighborhood, or charitable activity.
G)Deliberative meetings of lords and wealthy urban residents that flourished in many European countries between 1250 and 1450.
H)A massive uprising by French peasants in 1358 protesting heavy taxation.
I)Law issued in 1366 that discriminated against the Irish, forbidding marriage between the English and the Irish, requiring the use of the English language, and denying the Irish access to ecclesiastical offices.
J)People who believed that the authority in the Roman Church should rest in a general council composed of clergy, theologians, and laypeople, rather than in the pope alone.

Question 72

In addition to all the other crises of the later Middle Ages (and in large part resulting from these crises and adding to them), there was an outbreak of popular uprisings all across Europe. What caused these uprisings? Against whom were they directed? What tactics did each side use? What were the goals of the rebels? How successful were they?

Question 73

The Hundred Years' War had serious consequences for both England and France. What were the immediate political, social, and economic results of the war on both sides of the English Channel? What were the long-term implications? Which side seems to have won?

Question 74

Answer the following questions:
Statute of Kilkenny

A)Plague that first struck Europe in 1347 and killed perhaps one-third of the population.
B)A war between England and France from 1337 to 1453, with political and economic causes and consequences.
C)The period from 1309 to 1376 when the popes resided in Avignon rather than in Rome.
D)People who believed that the plague was God's punishment for sin and sought to do penance by flagellating (whipping) themselves.
E)The division, or split, in church leadership from 1378 to 1417 when there were two, then three, popes.
F)Voluntary lay groups organized by occupation, devotional preference, neighborhood, or charitable activity.
G)Deliberative meetings of lords and wealthy urban residents that flourished in many European countries between 1250 and 1450.
H)A massive uprising by French peasants in 1358 protesting heavy taxation.
I)Law issued in 1366 that discriminated against the Irish, forbidding marriage between the English and the Irish, requiring the use of the English language, and denying the Irish access to ecclesiastical offices.
J)People who believed that the authority in the Roman Church should rest in a general council composed of clergy, theologians, and laypeople, rather than in the pope alone.

Question 75

The problems of the papacy, exemplified by the Babylonian Captivity, gave rise to the conciliar movement and led to schism in the church. What were the underlying causes of this development? What were the religious, social, and political consequences of this crisis in the Christian church?