Deck 20: The Revolution in Energy and Industry CA 1780-1850

Question 1

What was the result of the development of the British economy between 1780 and 1851?

A)Much of the growth in the gross national product was eaten up by population growth.
B)The large increase in wages resulted in a vast increase in personal consumption.
C)Average consumption per person decreased as industrial work drove down wages.
D)The large growth in population caused the gross national product to remain stagnant.

Answer 1

Much of the growth in the gross national product was eaten up by population growth.

Question 2

What did Henry Cort develop?

A)The first locomotive, after much experimentation
B)The first commercial steamship, initially used in North America
C)The puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined with coke
D)The steam engine, which became a major factor in the Industrial Revolution

Answer 2

The puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined with coke

Question 3

What was the major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution?

A)Thomas Newcomen's 1705 steam engine
B)The development of the internal combustion engine
C)The use of running water to power cotton-spinning machinery
D)James Watt's development of the steam engine between the 1760s and the 1780s

Answer 3

James Watt's development of the steam engine between the 1760s and the 1780s

Question 4

Who was William Cockerill?

A)The inventor of the spinning jenny
B)The chief financial backer of the first commercial railway in England
C)An English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium
D)The prime minister of Britain who opposed the Factory Act of 1833

Question 5

How did class-consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution?

A)Industrial workers were forced into ever-larger factories that provided the opportunity for them to recognize their common plight.
B)Forward-thinking radicals educated the laboring classes in the Marxist doctrine.
C)As modern industry created conflict between industrialists and laborers, individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling.
D)The government acted to protect the position and wealth of the new industrialists.

Question 6

What did James Watt gain from his partnership with Matthew Boulton?

A)Skilled workers
B)Precision parts
C)Contacts with government officials
D)Capital and skills in salesmanship

Question 7

The Great Exhibition of 1851 commemorated the

A)industrial dominance of Britain.
B)half-century of labor reforms in Britain.
C)creation of the German Zollverein.
D)launch of the Great Eastern Railroad.

Question 8

How did industry grow in continental Europe?

A)Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production.
B)Following the Napoleonic Wars, France experienced a boom in factory production as the economy shifted from wartime to peacetime production.
C)Russia industrialized very rapidly once the serfs were emancipated in 1861.
D)Austria-Hungary made almost no progress in industrialization in the nineteenth century.

Question 9

Thomas Malthus argued in his Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) that

A)the productivity of the Industrial Revolution would result in a rise in the standard of living.
B)population tends to increase beyond the means of subsistence.
C)government programs are necessary to prevent distress.
D)capitalism will prevent distress through an increase in productivity.

Question 10

How did cotton transform the textile industry?

A)Cotton provided a more secure source of raw material for textiles than wool or flax, since it was less susceptible to yearly changes in weather or environment.
B)Cotton was far less expensive than wool or flax, permitting a significant decrease in the cost of new textiles.
C)Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production.
D)Cotton could be produced in far greater quantity than flax or wool because it could be grown in many of the British colonies.

Question 11

Why did eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?

A)Wood had been over-harvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry.
B)The new industrial pollution began to destroy traditional old-growth forests.
C)The vast expansion of the British navy in the wars against France led to a problem of deforestation.
D)The widespread building of canals and roads required large amounts of wood and had caused many forests to be cut through.

Question 12

Who invented the spinning jenny?

A)Richard Arkwright
B)Samuel Crompton
C)Andrew Ure
D)James Hargreaves

Question 13

What did the Mines Act of 1842 prohibit?

A)The use of Irish laborers in English mines
B)Underground work for all women and girls as well as boys under ten
C)Night work in the mines
D)Work shifts longer than eight hours

Question 14

Industrial development in continental Europe was slowed for two decades by

A)the Napoleonic Wars.
B)the revolutions of 1830.
C)the revolutions of 1848.
D)the unification of Germany.

Question 15

How did railroads affect the nature of production?

A)The speed of rail travel required manufacturers to adopt more regularized work routines.
B)Railroads permitted factories to be established anywhere, without concern for access to other resources.
C)The availability of raw materials became more secure, supporting greater investment in machinery.
D)Markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.

Question 16

The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was

A)a government-sponsored response to urbanization.
B)usually a response to the wishes of the families.
C)replaced by the system of pauper apprenticeship.
D)outlawed by the Combination Acts.

Question 17

David Ricardo's iron law of wages states that

A)wages always move in proportion to productivity in the workplace.
B)the pressure of population growth will always sink wages to subsistence level.
C)wages of the working class always rise as a percentage of the wages of the upper classes.
D)population growth creates more highly talented people who produce greater profits.

Question 18

How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century?

A)Family members increasingly adopted new machines that reduced the time of household labor significantly.
B)Husbands became more involved in managing the household.
C)Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages.
D)Family members increasingly scattered to diverse places of employment, rarely working together.

Question 19

How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed?

A)More industrialists emerged from the working classes as they became familiar with the new machine technology.
B)More industrialists emerged from the working classes, as creditors recognized the vast profits in new enterprises and were willing to assume more risk in new ventures.
C)Industrialists increasingly emerged from the migrant communities, who carried new technologies across borders.
D)It became harder to form new firms, and instead, industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth.

Question 20

In nineteenth-century Germany, Fritz Harkort sought

A)to demonstrate that widespread economic growth could be achieved through agricultural development without having to develop industry.
B)to develop a private academy that would train engineers for industrial production.
C)to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense.
D)to lead a revolt by artisan craftsmen against the introduction of machine technology.

Question 21

The reformer Robert Owens sought to

A)create a single large national union for British workers.
B)defend the rights of private property against socialist claims.
C)free laborers from the restrictions of the Factory Acts.
D)form a committee of industrialists to advise the government on industrial policy.

Question 22

Who were the Luddites?

A)Irish peasants who formed secret societies against British landowners
B)Dutch agricultural workers who rebelled against their falling standard of living in comparison to the urban workers
C)British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work
D)Scottish Highlanders who formed community groups that worked building railroads across Great Britain

Question 23

In his 1835 study of the cotton industry, what did Andrew Ure conclude about conditions in most factories?

A)They were terrible but gradually improving.
B)They were not harsh and even quite good.
C)They were so bad as to require governmental intervention.
D)They were problematic only because the workers were lazy and ignorant.

Question 24

In the eighteenth century, railroad construction on the European continent

A)was much cheaper than it had been in Britain.
B)featured varying degrees of government involvement.
C)was generally the work of private entrepreneurs.
D)generally followed the British pattern.

Question 25

What was the key demand of the Chartist movement?

A)Employers must be required to provide basic education for child workers under the age of ten.
B)All women must be paid equally to men.
C)Britain must permit the import of grain without duties attached in order to keep food prices low.
D)All men must be given the right to vote.

Question 26

Owing to the Industrial Revolution, living and working conditions for the poor

A)stagnated or even deteriorated until around 1850.
B)improved only after 1840.
C)deteriorated throughout the nineteenth century.
D)changed little during the nineteenth century.

Question 27

What was the key development in the eighteenth century that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature?

A)Industrialization of the continent
B)Establishment of limited liability investment
C)Recruitment of bank deposits from the landed aristocracy
D)Influx of British investment

Question 28

In 1850, in what occupational area did the largest number of British people work?

A)Artisans and skilled craftsmen
B)Factory and industrial labor
C)Farming and agriculture
D)Transportation

Question 29

Why were the young, generally unmarried women who worked for wages outside the home confined to certain "women's jobs"?

A)The sexual division of labor replicated a long-standing pattern of gender segregation and inequality.
B)Men, as breadwinners for their families, demanded the best and highest-paying jobs.
C)Governments, concerned that factory work would interfere with the growth of the national population, increasingly regulated what women could do.
D)Most religions condemned work outside the home for women.

Question 30

In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that

A)the British middle classes were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery."
B)in general, the living conditions of the working class were "slowly improving."
C)the class-consciousness of the working class would lead to "social revolution."
D)"the working class was itself responsible" for most of the problems its members faced.

Question 31

How did iron become the basic building block of the British economy in the nineteenth century?

A)The spread of coke smelting and the development of steam-powered rolling mills increased production enormously and reduced the price of iron products.
B)Government-funded research led the way in the development of inexpensive processes for the production of iron products.
C)British capitalists used new techniques developed in American iron foundries to increase the manufacture of inexpensive iron products.
D)Breakthroughs in Russian iron production dramatically lowered the price of iron early in the nineteenth century.

Question 32

What major problem in the textile industry was solved by the inventions of James Hargreaves and Richard Arkwright?

A)Spinners were producing far more thread than weavers could use.
B)A weaver required several spinners to stay steadily employed.
C)Neither spinners nor weavers could keep up with the enormous demand for cotton cloth.
D)Merchants who ran the putting-out system required a better system of transportation of raw materials and finished goods.

Question 33

How did older members of the population seek to control the sexuality of working-class youths?

A)They supported the establishment of sex-segregated employment.
B)They required women to offer proof of virginity in order to obtain a position in a factory.
C)They established stiff fines and punishments for extramarital sex.
D)They required factory owners to build workers' dormitories with strict curfews and lockdowns.

Question 34

The Factory Act of 1833 constituted a major victory in the prevention of the exploitation of children in that it

A)allowed children ten and older to work only if they worked with their family.
B)banned children under nine years of age from employment.
C)banned children under fourteen years of age from employment.
D)allowed children aged fourteen to eighteen to work a maximum of eight hours a day.

Question 35

Why do many historians now believe that the continued concentration by the French on artisan production of luxury items made sense in an era of industrialization?

A)France, after a generation of revolution and war, was not in a position to industrialize.
B)France had long dominated that sector of production; it allowed France to capitalize on its know-how and international reputation.
C)The large British lead in industrial technology discouraged the French throughout most of the nineteenth century.
D)The French economy, which was overwhelmingly agricultural and concentrated on small-scale farming, did not lend itself to industrialization.

Question 36

Why were cottage workers, accustomed to the putting-out system, reluctant to work in the new factories even when they received good wages?

A)Cottage workers liked the paternalistic relationship they had with the merchant capitalist.
B)In a factory, workers had to keep up with the machine and follow its relentless tempo.
C)Working in a factory meant getting up very early every day.
D)Cottage workers wanted to remain close to their local parish church.

Question 37

What was an effect of the Factory Act of 1833?

A)It limited the work of children and thereby broke the pattern of families working together in factories.
B)It required employers to keep logs of all work-related injuries and accidents and provide copies to local authorities.
C)It established the first minimum wage for workers, although it did not apply to children.
D)It authorized workers to form unions if the factory had more than twenty-five employees.

Question 38

In the "separate spheres" pattern of gender relationships,

A)women were expected to produce sufficient income for the family to provide for themselves.
B)women generally stopped working outside of the home after the first child was born.
C)men took on significant childcare and domestic roles so that women could work outside of the home.
D)women increasingly gained access to employment opportunities that had traditionally been reserved for men.

Question 39

As the business world grew increasingly complex, what did the wives and daughters of successful businessmen discover in eighteenth-century Europe?

A)There were still many opportunities for active participation in the business world.
B)Formal education, from which they were excluded, had become very important as a means of success and advancement in the business world.
C)There were few job opportunities for women, as most businessmen assumed that middle-class wives and daughters should avoid work in offices and factories.
D)Governments passed legislation forbidding middle-class women from working in offices and factories.

Question 40

Which law outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain?

A)Factory Act of 1833
B)Mines Act of 1842
C)Coercive Acts of 1766
D)Combination Acts of 1799

Question 41

What challenges did western European countries face as they attempted to catch up to industrialized Britain?

Question 42

Explain the concept of "separate spheres" and why it was widely accepted.

Question 43

What were some of the economic consequences of the railroad?

Question 44

The following is an excerpt from the testimony of Ann Eggley, an eighteen-year-old mine worker (Evaluating the Evidence 20.2): "I'm sure I don't know how to spell my name. We go at four in the morning, and sometimes at half-past four. . . . We get out after four, sometimes at five, in the evening. We work the whole time except an hour for dinner, and sometimes we haven't time to eat. I hurry [move coal wagons underground] by myself, and have done so for long. I know the corves [small coal wagons] are very heavy, they are the biggest corves anywhere about. The work is far too hard for me; the sweat runs off me all over sometimes. I am very tired at night. Sometimes when we get home at night we have not power to wash us, and then we go to bed. Sometimes we fall asleep in the chair. Father said last night it was both a shame and a disgrace for girls to work as we do, but there was naught else for us to do."
Which of the following is implied by Eggley's testimony?

A)She was subject to sexual harassment in the mines.
B)Her father did not live up to his responsibility for his children.
C)Everyone in her family was required to work in order to get by.
D)She was not paid for her work.

Question 45

What was the Zollverein, or customs union, meant to accomplish?

Question 46

The following is an excerpt from the testimony of Sir Robert Peel during an 1818 debate in the House of Commons about child labor laws (Evaluating the Evidence 20.1): "It was notorious that children of a very tender age were dragged from their beds some hours before day light, and confined in the factories not less than fifteen hours; and it was also notoriously the opinion of the faculty, that no children of eight or nine years of age could bear that degree of hardship with impunity to their health and constitution. It had been urged by the humane, that there might be two sets of young labourers for one set of adults. He was afraid this would produce more harm than good. The better way would be to shorten the time of working for adults as well as for children; and to prevent the introduction of the latter at a very early age. . . . The children . . . were prevented from growing to their full size. In consequence, Manchester, which used to furnish numerous recruits for the army, was now wholly unproductive in that respect. . . ."
What claim did Peel make in his testimony?

A)He asserted that children could not work in a factory for fifteen hours without doing harm to their health and constitution.
B)He speculated that there could be two shifts of young laborers for every one shift of adults, thus reducing the number of hours worked by children.
C)While he was concerned about the health of young laborers, he believed they were also free laborers, and once the principle of interference with free laborers was admitted, one could not predict how far it might be carried.
D)In his opinion, the main problem was that factory work stunted the growth of children and made them unfit for recruitment into the army.

Question 47

What was the function of the Crystal Palace?

A)It was Tsar Alexander I's answer to Versailles.
B)It was the location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London.
C)It was the nickname for the Archbishop of Canterbury's new cathedral.
D)It was an architectural masterpiece constructed entirely of marble.

Question 48

Why did both mill owners and families initially favor the family unit form of employment?

Question 49

The following is an excerpt from Peter Gaskell's The Manufacturing Population of England (Thinking Like a Historian). In it, he describes a textile worker prior to the advent of the textile factory: "Prior to the year 1760, manufactures were in a great measure confined to the demands of the home market. At this period, and down to 1800 . . . the majority of the artisans engaged in them had laboured in their own houses, and in the bosoms of their families. . . .
These were, undoubtedly, the golden times of manufactures, considered in reference to the character of the labourers. By all the processes being carried on under a man's own roof, he retained his individual respectability; he was kept apart from associations that might injure his moral worth, whilst he generally earned wages which were sufficient not only to live comfortably upon, but which enabled him to rent a few acres of land. . . ."
According to Gaskell, by what criteria was the period 1760-1800 the "golden times of manufactures"?

A)As measured by annual profits
B)As measured by annual output
C)As measured by the morality of owners
D)As measured by the morality of workers

Question 50

Based on Map 20.2: Continental Industrialization, ca. 1850, where is the largest emerging industrial area located?

A)The Ruhr
B)Prague
C)Berlin
D)Paris

Question 51

The following is an excerpt from Peter Gaskell's The Manufacturing Population of England (Thinking Like a Historian). In it, he describes a textile worker prior to the advent of the textile factory: ". . . the small farmer, spinner, or hand-loom weaver, presents as orderly and respectable an appearance as could be wished. It is true that the amount of labour gone through, was but small; that the quantity of cloth or yarn produced was but limited-for he worked by the rule of his strength and convenience. They were, however, sufficient to clothe and feed himself and family decently, and according to their station; to lay by a penny for an evil day, and to enjoy those amusements and bodily recreations then in being. He was a respectable member of society; a good father, a good husband, and a good son."
Which of the following claims did Gaskell make?

A)The preindustrial textile worker lived a sustainable, moral, and satisfying life.
B)The preindustrial textile worker was much worse off than the industrial textile worker.
C)The preindustrial textile worker was more productive than the industrial textile worker.
D)The preindustrial textile worker lived a life of sloth, poverty, and depravity.

Question 52

What were the Combination Acts of 1799, and why were they bitterly resented by many craft guilds?

Question 53

Why did continental European countries, when they began to industrialize after 1815, have advantages that Great Britain had lacked?

Question 54

In her advice to women in the middle class (Evaluating the Evidence 20.3), Sarah Stickney Ellis stated: "Much more congenial to the highest attributes of woman's character, are inquiries such as these: 'How shall I endeavor through this day to turn the time, the health, and the means permitted me to enjoy, to the best account? Is any one sick, I must visit their chamber without delay, and try to give their apartment an air of comfort, by arranging such things as the wearied nurse may not have thought of. Is any one about to set off on a journey, I must see that the early meal is spread, to prepare it with my own hands, in order that the servant, who was working late last night, may profit by unbroken rest. Did I fail in what was kind or considerate to any of the family yesterday. . . .'"
Based on this passage, what did Ellis believe was a woman's primary obligation each day?

A)To make sure that the servants understand what they are required to do during the day
B)To plan the day so that it will be as entertaining as possible
C)To think about how best to help those who need assistance
D)To meet with friends for tea and talk about the latest scandals involving acquaintances from the same social circle

Question 55

Based on Map 20.2: Continental Industrialization, ca. 1850, where are the most important emerging industrial areas in France located?

A)Bordeaux, Nantes, Mulhouse
B)Le Havre, Rouen, Paris
C)Lille, Paris, Nantes
D)Paris, Lyons, Lille

Question 56

What was the relationship between rapid population growth and industrialization in Britain?

Question 57

Why did the cotton-spinning jenny and the water frame prove to be crucial breakthroughs for industrialization?

Question 58

How did the background of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution developed?

Question 59

On Map 20.1: The Industrial Revolution in England, ca. 1850, what appears to be the largest industrial area?

A)London
B)The area surrounding Manchester and Liverpool
C)The area surrounding Sheffield
D)The area surrounding Bristol

Question 60

Based on Map 20.1: The Industrial Revolution in England, ca. 1850, what appears to be the most important components of the Industrial Revolution other than coal mining?

A)Pottery, iron, and machinery
B)Machinery and consumer goods
C)Machinery, hardware, and iron
D)Textiles, iron, and machinery

Question 61

Answer the following questions:
water frame

A)A term first coined in 1799 to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that began in Britain in the late eighteenth century.
B)A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765.
C)A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory.
D)The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London; an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.
E)Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
F)A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.
G)Awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes.
H)English laws passed from 1802 to 1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements.
I)English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
J)British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist businesspeople over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.
K)Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and later, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
L)A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James Watt's more efficient version, patented in 1769.
M)A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.
N)The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 24 miles per hour.

Question 62

Answer the following questions:
steam engines

A)A term first coined in 1799 to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that began in Britain in the late eighteenth century.
B)A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765.
C)A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory.
D)The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London; an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.
E)Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
F)A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.
G)Awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes.
H)English laws passed from 1802 to 1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements.
I)English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
J)British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist businesspeople over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.
K)Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and later, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
L)A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James Watt's more efficient version, patented in 1769.
M)A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.
N)The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 24 miles per hour.

Question 63

Answer the following questions:
Luddites

A)A term first coined in 1799 to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that began in Britain in the late eighteenth century.
B)A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765.
C)A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory.
D)The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London; an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.
E)Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
F)A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.
G)Awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes.
H)English laws passed from 1802 to 1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements.
I)English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
J)British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist businesspeople over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.
K)Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and later, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
L)A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James Watt's more efficient version, patented in 1769.
M)A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.
N)The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 24 miles per hour.

Question 64

Answer the following questions:
iron law of wages

A)A term first coined in 1799 to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that began in Britain in the late eighteenth century.
B)A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765.
C)A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory.
D)The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London; an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.
E)Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
F)A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.
G)Awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes.
H)English laws passed from 1802 to 1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements.
I)English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
J)British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist businesspeople over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.
K)Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and later, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
L)A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James Watt's more efficient version, patented in 1769.
M)A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.
N)The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 24 miles per hour.

Question 65

Why was Britain the first industrial nation?

Question 66

Answer the following questions:
Mines Act of 1842

A)A term first coined in 1799 to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that began in Britain in the late eighteenth century.
B)A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765.
C)A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory.
D)The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London; an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.
E)Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
F)A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.
G)Awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes.
H)English laws passed from 1802 to 1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements.
I)English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
J)British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist businesspeople over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.
K)Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and later, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
L)A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James Watt's more efficient version, patented in 1769.
M)A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.
N)The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 24 miles per hour.

Question 67

Answer the following questions:
tariff protection

A)A term first coined in 1799 to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that began in Britain in the late eighteenth century.
B)A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765.
C)A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory.
D)The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London; an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.
E)Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
F)A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.
G)Awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes.
H)English laws passed from 1802 to 1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements.
I)English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
J)British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist businesspeople over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.
K)Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and later, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
L)A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James Watt's more efficient version, patented in 1769.
M)A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.
N)The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 24 miles per hour.

Question 68

What was the impact of industrialization on the women of Britain? How does the evidence of the Ashley Mines Commission in Primary Source 20.2: The Testimony of Young Mine Workers broaden our understanding of this process? How have historians interpreted these changes?

Question 69

Explain how available forms of credit catalyzed or inhibited the Industrial Revolution in different countries.

Question 70

Answer the following questions:
Crystal Palace

A)A term first coined in 1799 to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that began in Britain in the late eighteenth century.
B)A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765.
C)A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory.
D)The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London; an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.
E)Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
F)A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.
G)Awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes.
H)English laws passed from 1802 to 1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements.
I)English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
J)British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist businesspeople over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.
K)Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and later, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
L)A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James Watt's more efficient version, patented in 1769.
M)A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.
N)The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 24 miles per hour.

Question 71

While Britain was the "workshop of the world," industrialization began to spread to the European continent soon after the fall of Napoleon in 1815. Trace the course of industrial development on the continent and determine the key features of this development. What were the positive and negative aspects of being a follower nation?

Question 72

Answer the following questions:
spinning jenny

A)A term first coined in 1799 to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that began in Britain in the late eighteenth century.
B)A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765.
C)A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory.
D)The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London; an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.
E)Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
F)A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.
G)Awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes.
H)English laws passed from 1802 to 1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements.
I)English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
J)British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist businesspeople over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.
K)Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and later, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
L)A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James Watt's more efficient version, patented in 1769.
M)A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.
N)The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 24 miles per hour.

Question 73

Answer the following questions:
Combination Acts

A)A term first coined in 1799 to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that began in Britain in the late eighteenth century.
B)A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765.
C)A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory.
D)The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London; an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.
E)Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
F)A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.
G)Awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes.
H)English laws passed from 1802 to 1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements.
I)English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
J)British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist businesspeople over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.
K)Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and later, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
L)A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James Watt's more efficient version, patented in 1769.
M)A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.
N)The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 24 miles per hour.

Question 74

Answer the following questions:
class-consciousness

A)A term first coined in 1799 to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that began in Britain in the late eighteenth century.
B)A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765.
C)A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory.
D)The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London; an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.
E)Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
F)A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.
G)Awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes.
H)English laws passed from 1802 to 1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements.
I)English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
J)British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist businesspeople over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.
K)Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and later, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
L)A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James Watt's more efficient version, patented in 1769.
M)A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.
N)The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 24 miles per hour.

Question 75

Answer the following questions:
separate spheres

A)A term first coined in 1799 to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that began in Britain in the late eighteenth century.
B)A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765.
C)A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory.
D)The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London; an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.
E)Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
F)A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.
G)Awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes.
H)English laws passed from 1802 to 1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements.
I)English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
J)British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist businesspeople over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.
K)Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and later, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
L)A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James Watt's more efficient version, patented in 1769.
M)A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.
N)The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 24 miles per hour.

Question 76

The Industrial Revolution not only transformed British industry and society, but also called forth a multifaceted reform effort to cope with the societal problems created by industrialization. What were the goals and motivations of both the parliamentary reform movement and the labor movement in nineteenth-century Britain? What were their successes and failures?

Question 77

Technological innovation was critical to the industrial development of Britain. Assess the impact of technology on the British economy by examining innovations in textile production.

Question 78

Answer the following questions:
Industrial Revolution

A)A term first coined in 1799 to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that began in Britain in the late eighteenth century.
B)A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765.
C)A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory.
D)The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London; an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.
E)Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
F)A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.
G)Awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes.
H)English laws passed from 1802 to 1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements.
I)English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
J)British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist businesspeople over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.
K)Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and later, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
L)A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James Watt's more efficient version, patented in 1769.
M)A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.
N)The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 24 miles per hour.

Question 79

The Industrial Revolution profoundly affected the British working classes. Describe its impact on working-class men, women, and children, and determine whether the Industrial Revolution was beneficial or harmful for the working class.

Question 80

Answer the following questions:
Rocket

A)A term first coined in 1799 to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that began in Britain in the late eighteenth century.
B)A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765.
C)A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory.
D)The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London; an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.
E)Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
F)A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.
G)Awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes.
H)English laws passed from 1802 to 1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements.
I)English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
J)British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist businesspeople over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.
K)Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and later, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
L)A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James Watt's more efficient version, patented in 1769.
M)A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.
N)The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 24 miles per hour.